Cleveland Museum of Art
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox museum
The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an art museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Located in the Wade Park District of University Circle, the museum is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian and Egyptian art and houses a diverse permanent collection of more than 61,000 works of art from around the world.<ref name="cmageneralinformation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The museum provides free general admission to the public. With a $920 million endowment (2023), it is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the United States.<ref name=newdirector2014>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With about 770,000 visitors annually (2018), it is one of the most visited art museums in the world.<ref name="RecordAttendence">Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
BeginningsEdit
The Cleveland Museum of Art was founded as a trust in 1913 with an endowment from prominent Cleveland industrialists Hinman Hurlbut, John Huntington, and Horace Kelley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The neoclassical, white Georgian Marble, Beaux-Arts building was constructed on the southern edge of Wade Park, at the cost of $1.25 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wade Park and the museum were designed by the local architectural firm, Hubbell & Benes, with the museum planned as the park's centerpiece.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Template:Convert green space takes its name from philanthropist Jeptha H. Wade, who donated part of his wooded estate to the city in 1881.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The museum opened its doors to the public on June 6, 1916, with Wade's grandson, Jeptha H. Wade II, proclaiming it, "for the benefit of all people, forever".<ref name="clevelandart.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wade, like his grandfather, had a great interest in art and served as the museum's first vice-president; in 1920 he became its president.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Today, the park, with the museum still as its centerpiece, is on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mid to late 20th century expansionEdit
In March 1958, the first addition to the building opened, doubling the museum's floorspace. This addition, which was on the north side of the original building, was designed by the Cleveland architectural firm of Hayes and Ruth.<ref>https://planning.clevelandohio.gov/dompdf/architectDomPrint.php?afil=437&archID=436</ref> They designed new gallery space and a new art library.
The museum again expanded in 1971 with the opening of the North Wing. With its stepped, two-toned granite facade, the addition designed by modernist architect Marcel Breuer provided angular lines in distinct contrast with the flourishes of the 1916 building's neoclassical facade. The museum's main entrance was shifted to the North Wing. The auditorium, classrooms, and lecture halls were also moved into the North Wing, allowing their spaces in the Original Building to be renovated as gallery space.
In 1983, a West Wing, designed by the Cleveland architectural firm of Dalton, van Dijk, Johnson, & Partners, was completed. This provided larger library space, as well as nine new galleries.
Between 2001 and 2012, the 1958 and 1983 additions were demolished. A new wrap-around building, and east and west wings were constructed. Designed by Rafael Viñoly, this $350 million project doubled the museum's total size to Template:Convert (gallery space over Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To integrate the new east and west wings with the Breuer building to the north, a new structure was built along the south side of the 1971 addition, creating extensive new gallery space on two levels, as well as providing for a museum store and other amenities. Viñoly covered the space created by the demolition of the 1958 and 1983 structures with a glass-roofed atrium. The east wing opened in 2009, and the north wing and atrium in 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The West Wing opened on January 2, 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Expansion in the 21st centuryEdit
The museum's building and renovation project, "Building for the Future",<ref name="clevelandart.org"/> began in 2005 and was originally targeted for completion in 2012 (though it was not completed until 2013)<ref name="RecordAttendence" /> at projected costs of $258 million.<ref name="nytimes2006">Carol Vogel (January 6, 2006), Cleveland Museum Gets New Director The New York Times.</ref> The museum celebrated the official completion of the renovation and expansion project with a grand opening celebration held on December 31, 2013, and additional activities that continued through the first week of 2014.<ref name="cma2013celebrationrelease">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The $350 million project—two-thirds of which was earmarked for the complete renovation of the original 1916 structure—added two new wings, and was the largest cultural project in Ohio's history.<ref name="clevelandart.org"/> The new east and west wings, as well as the enclosing of the atrium courtyard under a soaring glass canopy, have brought the museum's total floor space to Template:Convert (an increase of approximately 65%).
The first phase of the project had $9.3 million in cost overruns; the opening was delayed by 9 months. Museum director Timothy Rub assured the public that the increase in quality would be worth both the wait and expense.<ref>"Cleveland Museum of Art renovations beginning to see the light" Template:Webarchive, The Plain Dealer, March 29, 2008.</ref> In June 2008, after being closed for nearly three years for the overhaul, the museum reopened 19 of its permanent galleries to the public in the renovated 1916 building main floor.
On June 27, 2009, the newly constructed East Wing (which contains the Impressionist, Contemporary, and Modern art collections) opened to the public.
On June 26, 2010, the ground level of the 1916 building reopened. It now houses the collections of Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Sub-Saharan African, Byzantine, and Medieval art.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The expanded museum includes enhanced visitor amenities, such as new restrooms, an expanded store and café, a sit-down gourmet restaurant, parking capacity increased to 620 spaces, and a Template:Convert glass-covered courtyard.
On June 12, 2021, Cleveland Museum of Art opened a community arts center in Cleveland's Clark-Fulton neighborhood. It hosts former Parade the Circle floats, displays and art that were previously in temporary storage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Wade ParkEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Wade Park includes an outdoor gallery displaying part of the museum's holdings in the Wade Park Fine Arts Garden. The bulk of this collection is located between the original 1916 main entrance to the building and the lagoon. Highlights of the public sculpture include the large cast of Chester Beach's 1927 Fountain of the Waters; a monument to the Polish expatriate and American Revolutionary War-hero Tadeusz Kościuszko; and the 1928 bronze statuary sundial by Frank Jirouch, Night Passing the Earth to Day, which sits across Wade Lagoon from the museum, near the park's entrance on Euclid Avenue.
Auguste Rodin's The Thinker is installed at the top of the museum's main staircase. After being partially destroyed in a 1970 bombing (allegedly by the Weathermen),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the statue was never restored. Art historians knew that Rodin was involved in the original casting of this sculpture, and it was the last bronze casting of The Thinker made during Rodin's lifetime. The 1970 damage (noted on a plaque since mounted at the base of the statue's pedestal) is considered to have made this casting unique among the more than twenty original large castings of this work.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
CollectionsEdit
The Cleveland Museum of Art divides its collections into 16 departments, including Chinese Art, Modern European Art, African Art, Drawings, Prints, European Art, Textiles and Islamic Art, American Painting and Sculpture, Greek and Roman Art, Contemporary Art, Medieval Art, Decorative Art and Design, Pre-Columbian and Native North American Art, Japanese and Korean Art, Indian and Southeast Asian Art, and Photography. Artists represented by significant works include Olivuccio di Ciccarello, Botticelli, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, El Greco, Poussin, Rubens, Frans Hals, Richard Hunt, Gerard David, Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Dalí, Matisse, Renoir, Gauguin (The Call), Frederic Edwin Church, Thomas Cole, Corot, Thomas Eakins, Monet, Vincent van Gogh, Picasso, and George Bellows. The museum has been active recently in acquiring later 20th-century art, having added important works by Warhol, Jackson Pollock, Christo, Anselm Kiefer, Ronald Davis, Larry Poons, Leon Kossoff, Jack Whitten, Morris Louis, Jules Olitski, Chuck Close, Robert Mangold, Ching Ho Cheng, Mark Tansey and Sol LeWitt, among others.
The museum's African art collection consists of 300 traditional, sub-Saharan works from the Bini, Congo, Senufo, and Yoruba peoples, mostly donated by Cleveland collector Katherine C. White.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The museum is especially strong in the field of Asian art, possessing one of the best collections in the U.S.Template:Explain<ref name="detnews2007">Template:Cite news</ref>
In June 2004, the museum acquired an ancient bronze sculpture of Apollo Sauroktonos, believed to be an original work by Praxiteles of Athens. Because the work has a contested provenance, the museum continues to study the dating and attribution of the sculpture. In 2011, Michael Bennet, the Greek and Roman arts curator, announced that he had dated the piece to 350 B.C. to 250 B.C.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, the museum held a focus exhibition on the statue. It announced reattribution of the work as Apollo the Python-Slayer, and said that the statue was almost certainly an original work by Praxiteles himself, and that laboratory investigations and expert testimony conclusively show the bronze was neither a recent discovery nor recovered from the sea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2008, the United States Postal Service selected the Cleveland Museum's famed Botticelli painting entitled Virgin and Child with the Young John the Baptist as the Christmas stamp for that year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Modern European Painting and SculptureEdit
The Cleveland Museum of Art's Modern European Painting and Sculpture collection holds pieces dating from 1800 to 1960, and contains about 537 pieces. The collection contains Impressionism and Post-impressionism works, avant-garde art styles, and German Expressionism and Neue Sachlichkeit art.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Cupid and psyche.jpg
Cupid and Psyche, by Jacques-Louis David, 1817
- Francisco de Goya - Portrait of Don Juan Antonio Cuervo - 1943.90 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
- Joseph Mallord William Turner 012.jpg
- Berthe Morisot Reading.jpg
Reading, by Berthe Morisot, 1873
- The Red Kerchief, by Claude Monet, Cleveland Museum of Art, 1958.39.jpg
The Red Kerchief Portrait of Madame Monet, by Claude Monet
European Painting and SculptureEdit
This collection holds pieces dating from 1500 to 1800, with major works representing Italian Baroque, Spanish Baroque, Italian Renaissance, as well as significant French, British, and Dutch paintings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Caravaggio - The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew - Post-Restoration.jpg
The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew, Caravaggio, 1607 - Post-Restoration
- Mattia Preti - Saint Paul the Hermit - 1969.109 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tiff
Saint Paul the Hermit, Mattia Preti, 1663
- Portrait of a Woman by Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen, 1619 - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08862.JPG
Portrait of a Woman, by Cornelius Johnson, 1619
- Frans Hals - Tieleman Roosterman 1634.jpg
Tieleman Roosterman, Frans Hals, 1634
- Francisco de Zurbarán 054.jpg
- Clevelandart 1981.18.jpg
Holy Family on the Steps, Nicolas Poussin, 1648
- Hyacinthe Rigaud - Portrait of Cardinal Guillaume Dubois - 1967.17 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
- A Hare and a Leg of Lamb (Oudry).jpg
American Painting and SculptureEdit
The collection is concise, containing about 300 paintings and 90 sculptures. Major attractions in the collection include William Sideny Mount's The Power of Music, Frederich Edwin Church's Twilight in the Wilderness, and Albert Pinkham Ryder's The Racetrack (Death on a Pale Horse). A number of Cleveland-based artists are also included in the museum's holdings, placing an emphasis on local art.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Twilight in the Wilderness by Frederic Edwin Church (3).jpg
- Albert Pinkham Ryder 002.jpg
The Race Track (Death on a Pale Horse), by Albert Pinkham Ryder
PhotographyEdit
The Cleveland Museum of Art contains a small collection of fine art photography, dating back to 1893. Of special note are pieces from photography's first contributors, particularly French, English, and American photographers. Other highlights of the collection are "photography with complete sets of The North American Indian by Edward S. Curtis and Camera Work; surrealist photography created primarily between the two world wars; and Cleveland-specific subject matter produced by regional and national photographers".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- A Nakoaktok Chief's Daughter (2838815503).jpg
A Nakoaktok Chief's Daughter
- Allie Mae Burroughs print.jpg
Walker Evans, Allie Mae Burroughs, Wife of a Cotton Sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama, 1936.
Armor CourtEdit
The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Armor Court was established by the museum’s first director, Frederic Allen Whiting, and remains in its original location since the opening of the museum in 1916.<ref name="CMA armor court">Mikolic, Amanda (June 28, 2019). "105 Years in the Making: Building the Cleveland Museum of Art’s Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Armor Court", CMA Thinker. Retrieved 2025-03-04.</ref> It displays a variety of representative European arms and armor, along with regimental banners and tapestries, dating from medieval to renaissance times. Central to the collection is "Armor for Man and Horse with Völs-Colonna Arms", from Northern Italy (c. 1575), a full set of decorated armor for a knight and his horse, prepared for jousting. The combined weight of the man's and horse's armor is 114 pounds.<ref>Armor for Man and Horse with Völs-Colonna Arms, Cleveland Museum of Art. Retrieved 2025-03-04.</ref>
- Cleveland Armor Court.jpg
Armor Court
- Armor for Man and Horse - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
Armor for Man and Horse with Völs-Colonna Arms, Northern Italy, c. 1575
Decorative Art and DesignEdit
An internationally renowned collection, the Decorative Art and Design collection "consists of useful objects in which the form and decoration are the primary focus, not objects intended purely as sculpture"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Cabinet, c. 1690, ebony, metal and tortoise shell, André-Charles Boulle, Cleveland Museum of Art.JPG
A cabinet from 1690
- Edward Winslow (American, 1669-1753) - Tankard - 1952.264 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
Silver tankard made by Edward Winslow in 1725
Asian ArtEdit
- Mi Youren - Cloudy Mountains - 1933.220 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
Cloudy Mountains, Mi Youren, 1130
- Dragon; Tiger.tif
Dragon; Tiger, Muqi, 1250–1279
- Gurardian King, Japan - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
Close-mouthed Guardian King (Niō, Ungyō), Japan, Kamakura period.
Ingalls LibraryEdit
In addition to its comprehensive collection of fine art, the Cleveland Museum of Art is also home to the Ingalls Library, one of the largest art libraries in the United States. As part of the initial 1913 plan by the museum's founders, a library of 10,000 volumes was to be assembled, to include photographs and archival works. By the 1950s, the collection of books alone had surpassed 37,000 and the photographic collection neared 47,000. By the 21st century, the library had more than 500,000 volumes (and 500,000 digitized slides); renovation of the library space was one of the focal points in the museum's $350 million expansion. Established in 1989, the Museum Archives houses documentation about the Cleveland Museum of Art's role in the local community and the institutions the Cleveland Museum of Art has interacted with since its founding.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ARTLENS GalleryEdit
The ARTLENS Gallery is a series of interactive displays and a mobile app that allow visitors to view and interact with the museum's digitized collection. ARTLENS is divided into four components:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The ArtLens Wall is a 40-foot display that lets visitors browse and scale all works that are displayed in the museum, as well as some artworks that are not. The wall rotates through artworks in groups organized by criteria such as type, shape, and color.<ref name=":1" />
- The ArtLens Exhibition is a rotating selection of artworks that are showcased through digital gesture-based games and activities. Examples of these activities are automatically matching the shape of a user's hand gestures to an artwork, or having the user imitate poses found in various works, which are then scored for accuracy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The ArtLens Studio is a series of digital studios for visitors to make their own artwork, such as creating digital pottery by mimicking a potter's movements, or creating collages from images provided by the museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The ArtLens mobile application provides information about the museum and lists of all its artworks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The app is able to communicate via Bluetooth to beacons located throughout the museum to determine the user's location, and allows the user to mark and save artworks they come across. The app connects to the previously mentioned ArtLens Exhibition and Wall, and was developed in cooperation with Navizon to create an innovative way to explore museums, by integrating real-time indoor location.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following the launch of ARTLENS, the Cleveland Museum of Art conducted a two-year study to see how the gallery impacts visitor engagement.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Surveys from November 2017 and January 2018 of 438 ARTLENS visitors found that 76% of viewers felt that the gallery "enhanced their overall museum experience"; 74% felt that it "encouraged them to look closely at art and notice new things"; and 73% said that it "increased their interest in the museum's collection."<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Museum visitors born between 1981 and 1996 were 15% more likely to visit the gallery compared to older individuals.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> The ARTLENS system also gathers analytical data; the time patrons spent looking at artworks went from an average of two-to-three seconds to fifteen seconds.<ref name=":2" />
ProgramsEdit
The Cleveland Museum of Art also maintains a schedule of special exhibitions, lectures, films and musical programs. The department of performing arts, music and film hosts a film series<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the museum's Performing Arts Series,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which brings the creative energies of internationally renowned artists into Cleveland.
The department of education<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> at CMA creates programs for lifelong learning from lectures, talks and studio classes to outreach programs and community events, such as Parade the Circle",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chalk Festival<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the "Winter Lights Lantern Festival".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Educational programs include distance learning,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Art to Go",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the "Educator's Academy".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The museum is also home to the Ingalls Library, one of the largest art museum libraries in the United States with over 500,000 volumes.<ref name=Lib&Res2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Open Access collection materialsEdit
In January 2019, the Cleveland Museum of Art announced that it was waiving its rights to "roughly 30,000 of the 61,328 objects in its permanent collection considered to be in the public domain".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They are using the Creative Commons – Zero license for high-resolution images and data about its collection.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Additionally, metadata for more than 61,000 pieces in its collection have been made available.<ref name="CODART">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Open Access material is available on a special section of the museum website.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GovernanceEdit
AttendanceEdit
The museum reported attendance of 597,715 during the period between July 1, 2013, and June 30, 2014, the highest total in more than a decade.<ref name="cmapressreleasejuly14">"Cleveland Museum of Art Reports Strong Gains in Attendance, Membership, Fundraising", Press release, The Cleveland Museum of Art.</ref> In 2018, the museum had a record 769,435 visitors, replacing the previous record of 719,620 in 1987.<ref name="RecordAttendence" />
FinanceEdit
In 1958, a $35-million bequest by industrialist Leonard C. Hanna Jr. vaulted the Cleveland Museum of Art into the ranks of the country's richest art museums.<ref>Elaine Woo (July 20, 2008), "Cleveland art museum director gave it prestige", Los Angeles Times.</ref> Today, the museum receives operating support from the Ohio Arts Council through state tax dollars. It is also funded by Cuyahoga County residents through Cuyahoga Arts and Culture. The museum derives around two thirds of its $36 million budget from interest on its endowment, which was reported as $750 million in 2014.<ref>Jason Edward Kaufman (January 8, 2009), How the richest US museums are weathering the storm, The Art Newspaper.</ref><ref>Carol Vogel (May 20, 2014), "Cleveland Hires Leader Of Morgan", The New York Times.</ref> The museum has an acquisition fund of $277 million, from which it draws about $13 million a year for purchase of works for its collections.<ref>Judith H. Dobrzynski (March 14, 2012), "How an Acquisition Fund Burnishes Reputations", The New York Times.</ref>
MarketingEdit
The museum has also taken an active role in presenting music concerts and lectures. These include performances by Chanticleer (ensemble), Roomful of Teeth, and John Luther Adams among others.
- WinterLightsFest.JPG
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Winter Lights Lantern Festival.
- NocheFlamenca.JPG
CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Looted artEdit
In 2003 a controversy arose over The Aviator, a painting by Fernand Leger which had been owned by the German Jewish art dealer Alfred Flechtheim, due to an unexplained Nazi-era provenance gap.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2013, the museum announced that it would pay the heirs of Arthur Feldmann in order to keep a drawing confiscated from him by the Nazis before they killed him in the Holocaust. The drawing was Allegory of Christian Faith, by the 17th century German artist Johann Liss<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, the museum announced that it would return to Italy an ancient Roman marble portrait head of Drusus Minor stolen in 1944 from a provincial museum near Naples.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In August 2023, the Antiquities Trafficking Unit of the New York City District Attorney's office seized important ancient Roman bronze sculpture from the museum in connection with an investigation into looting and trafficking of ancient art at the site of the ancient Roman town of Bubon in southwestern Turkey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The museum then sued in the Federal District Court in Ohio to block the seizure, and while other looted works from other museums were returned to Turkey in December, the sculpture remained in the U.S. while the legal process continued.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2025, the Cleveland Museum of Art announced plans to repatriate the statue to Turkey. This decision followed extensive research conducted by the Cleveland Museum in collaboration with Turkish authorities at Bubon. The investigation involved collecting bronze and soil samples and creating molds of the statue's feet to compare with existing stone bases at the site. Lead isotope analysis confirmed a match, substantiating the statue's origin from the Bubon shrine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DirectorsEdit
- William M. Griswold (2014–)<ref name=newdirector2014 />
- Fred Bidwell (2013–2014, interim director)<ref name=newdirector2014 />
- David Franklin (2010–2013)<ref name=Litt2>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=newdirector2014 />
- Deborah Gribbon (2009–2010, interim director)
- Timothy Rub (2006–2009)<ref name="nytimes2006"/>
- Katharine Lee Reid (2000–2006)<ref name="nytimes2000">Judith H. Dobrzynski (January 5, 2000), Museum Chief in Cleveland The New York Times.</ref>
- Kate Sellars (1999–2000, interim director)<ref name="nytimes2000"/>
- Robert P. Bergman (1993–1999)<ref name="nytimes1999">William H. Honan (May 7, 1999), Robert P. Bergman, 53, Head Of Cleveland Museum of Art The New York Times.</ref>
- Evan H. Turner (1983–1993)<ref>Susan Heller Anderson (May 18, 1982), CLEVELAND MUSEUM CHOOSES DIRECTOR The New York Times.</ref>
- Sherman E. Lee (1958–1982)
- William M. Milliken (1930–1958)
- Frederic Allen Whiting (1913–1930)
In popular cultureEdit
The museum is the stand-in for the fictional S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and can be extensively seen in several office and establishing shots of the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In several scenes, the museum's atrium can be seen as the "lobby" for the Washington, D.C.–based government organization. The outside of the museum and elevator tower are in other shots as well.
See alsoEdit
- Landscape with a Windmill, 1646
- List of largest art museums
- List of most-visited art museums
- List of most-visited museums in the United States
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Template:In lang 門脇 興次 (前クリーブランド日本語補習校(Japanese Language School of Cleveland)教諭・千葉県立成田市立東小学校教諭). "補習授業校における国際理解教育の実践 : クリーブランド美術館におけるジャパニーズフェスティバルを通して." 在外教育施設における指導実践記録 24, 111–114, 2001. Tokyo Gakugei University. See profile at CiNii.
External linksEdit
- Template:Official website
- FRAME – The Cleveland Museum of Art is a member of FRAME (French Regional American Museum Exchange) and has presented and contributed to FRAME-sponsored exhibitions.
Template:Cleveland Template:Cleveland Museum of Art directors