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County Armagh

Article Discussion

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}}Template:Main other County Armagh (Template:Irish place name {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland and one of the traditional thirty-two counties of Ireland. It is located in the province of Ulster and adjoins the southern shore of Lough Neagh. It borders the Northern Irish counties of Tyrone to the west and Down to the east. The county borders Louth and Monaghan to the south and southwest, which are in the Republic of Ireland. It is named after its county town, Armagh, which derives from the Irish Ard Mhacha, meaning "Macha's height". Macha was a sovereignty goddess in Irish mythology and is said to have been buried on a wooded hill around which the town of Armagh grew.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> County Armagh is colloquially known as the "Orchard County" because of its many apple orchards.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The county covers an area of Template:Convert, making it the smallest of Northern Ireland's six counties by size and the sixth-smallest county on the island of Ireland. With a population of 194,394 as of the 2021 census,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it is the fourth-most populous county in both Northern Ireland and Ulster. It is the 10th most populous of Ireland's 32 traditional counties, as well as the fifth-most densely populated. In addition to the city of Armagh and the western portion of the city of Newry, notable towns in the county include Lurgan, Portadown and Craigavon.

EtymologyEdit

The name Armagh derives from the Irish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning Macha's height/Macha's high place. Macha is a mythological figure who is mentioned in The Book of the Taking of Ireland. Macha is also said to have been responsible for the construction of the hill site of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (now Navan Fort near Armagh City) to serve as the capital of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kings (who give their name to Ulster) and is believed to be the high place from which the county takes its name.

Geography and featuresEdit

From its highest point at Slieve Gullion, in the south of the county, Armagh's land falls away from its rugged south with Carrigatuke, Lislea and Camlough mountains, to rolling drumlin country in the middle and west of the county. In the north it gives way to flatlands where rolling flats and small hills reach sea level at Lough Neagh.

File:Orchard, Grange Road, County Armagh, July 2013 (02).JPG
An orchard near Drummannon

County Armagh's boundary with Louth is marked by the rugged Ring of Gullion rising in the south of the county, whilst much of its boundary with counties Monaghan and Down goes unnoticed with seamless continuance of drumlins and small lakes. The River Blackwater marks the border with County Tyrone, and Lough Neagh otherwise marks the county's northern boundary.

Numerous uninhabited islands are located in the county's section of Lough Neagh: Coney Island Flat, Croaghan Flat, Padian, Phil Roe's Flat, and the Shallow Flat.

ClimateEdit

Despite lying in the east of Ireland, Armagh enjoys an oceanic climate strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream: featuring damp mild winters, and temperate, wet summers. Overall temperatures rarely drop below freezing during daylight hours, though frost is not infrequent in the months November to February. Snow rarely lies for longer than a few hours even in the elevated south-east of the county. Summers are mild and wet and, although with sunshine often interspersed with showers, daylight lasts for almost 18 hours during high-summer.

On 22 July 2021 the record for highest outside air temperature ever measured in Northern Ireland was set in Armagh City when a reading of 31.4 °C was registered at Armagh Observatory's weather station.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:Weather box

HistoryEdit

Template:Historical populations

Ancient Armagh was the territory of the Ulaid (also known as Voluntii, Ultonians, Ulidians, Ulstermen) before the fourth century AD. It was ruled by the Red Branch, whose capital was Emain Macha (or Navan Fort) near Armagh. The site, and subsequently the city, were named after the goddess Macha. The Red Branch play an important role in the Ulster Cycle, as well as the Cattle Raid of Cooley. However, they were eventually driven out of the area by the Three Collas, who invaded in the 4th century and held power until the 12th. The Clan Colla ruled the area known as Airghialla or Oriel for these 800 years.

The chief Irish clans of the county were descendants of the Collas, the O'Hanlons and Mac Cana, and the Uí Néill, the O'Neills of Fews. Armagh was divided into several baronies: Armagh was held by the O'Rogans, Lower Fews was held by O'Neill of the Fews, and Upper Fews were under governance of the O'Larkins, who were later displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland East was the territory of the O'Garveys, who were also displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland West, like Oneilland East, was once O'Neill territory, until it was then held by the MacCanns, who were Lords of Clanbrassil. Upper and Lower Orior were O'Hanlon territory. Tiranny was ruled by Ronaghan. Miscellaneous tracts of land were ruled by O'Kelaghan. The area around the base of Slieve Gullion near Newry also became home to a large number of the Clan McGuinness as they were dispossessed of hereditary lands held in the County Down.

St. Patrick is considered the first bishop of the Diocese of Armagh. The 9th-century Irish illuminated manuscript Book of Armagh (also known as the Cannon of Patrick) contains accounts of Patricks' life, his Confessio and a complete New Testament.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The book is now held at the library of Trinity College Dublin.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, County Armagh was a major center of guerrilla warfare, cattle raiding, and brigandage by local Rapparees; including Count Redmond O'Hanlon, Cormacke Raver O'Murphy, and Séamus Mór Mac Murchaidh.<ref>Tony Nugent (2013), Were You at the Rock? The History of Mass Rocks in Ireland, Liffey Press, Dublin. Pages 32–39.</ref>

County Armagh is presently one of four counties of Northern Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census.

The TroublesEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The southern part of the county has been a stronghold of support for the Provisional IRA, earning it the nickname "Bandit Country".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> South Armagh is predominantly nationalist, with much of the population being opposed to any form of British presence, especially that of a military nature. The most prominent opposition to British rule was the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 10 March 2009, the Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA), a republican paramilitary group that emerged from a split in the Provisional IRA, claimed responsibility for the fatal shooting of a PSNI officer in Craigavon, County Armagh—the first police fatality in Northern Ireland since 1998. The officer was fatally shot by a sniper as he and a colleague investigated "suspicious activity" at a house nearby when a window was smashed by youths causing the occupant to phone the police. The PSNI officers responded to the emergency call, giving a CIRA sniper the chance to shoot and kill officer Stephen Carroll.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AdministrationEdit

The county was administered by Armagh County Council from 1899 until the abolition of county councils in Northern Ireland in 1973.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

County Armagh remains officially used for purposes such as a Lieutenancy area – the county retains a lord lieutenant who acts as representative of the British Monarch in the county.<ref>See the Northern Ireland (Lieutenancy) Order 1975 (SI 1975 No. 156)</ref>

Currently the county is covered for local government purposes by three district councils, namely Armagh, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council, approximately the western third of Newry, Mourne and Down Council and a part of Mid Ulster District Council, centred around Peatlands Park.

Armagh ceased to serve as an electoral constituency in 1983 but remains the core of the Newry and Armagh constituency represented at Westminster and the Newry and Armagh constituency represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly. County Armagh also remains as a district for legal and property purposes; however, its baronies no longer have any administrative use.

The -XZ suffix is currently used on vehicle registration plates for vehicles registered in County Armagh. Other suffixes have been -IB and -LZ. These marks are followed by up to four numbers, e.g., JLZ 6789

DemographyEdit

Template:Bar box As of the 2021 Census, County Armagh recorded a population of 194,394.<ref name=":0" /> It is one of four counties in Northern Ireland with a Catholic majority, with 58% of the population coming from a Catholic community background. Around 10% of the population was born outside the United Kingdom and Ireland, mainly immigrants from the European Union and concentrated in the Craigavon urban area (Lurgan, Portadown and Craigavon).

Community background and religionEdit

Religion or religion brought up in (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Religion or religion brought up in Number (%)
Catholic 113,093 58.2
Protestant and Other Christian 66,021 34.0
None (no religion) 13,018 6.7
Other religion 2,262 1.2
Total 194,394 100.0
Religion (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Religion Number (%)
Christian 166,538 85.7
Catholic 107,058 55.1
Church of Ireland 24,437 12.6
Presbyterian 17,560 9.0
Methodist 4,194 2.2
Other Christian (including Christian related) 13,290 6.8
Protestant and Other Christian: Total 59,481 30.6
Other 2,037 1.0
Islam 882 0.5
Hinduism 168 0.09
Other religions 986 0.5
None/not stated 25,820 13.3
No religion 22,944 11.8
Religion not stated 2,876 1.5
Total 194,394 100.0

EthnicityEdit

Ethnic groups (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Ethnic group Number (%)
White: Total 188,347 96.9
White: British/Irish/Northern Irish/English/Scottish/Welsh
(with or without non-UK or Irish national identities) 		172,923 89.0
White: Other 14,542 7.5
White: Irish Traveller 675 0.3
White: Roma 207 0.1
Asian or Asian British: Total 2,445 1.3
Asian/Asian British: Indian 615 0.3
Asian/Asian British: Chinese 589 0.3
Asian/Asian British: Filipino 405 0.2
Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 192 0.01
Asian/Asian British: Arab 107 0.055
Asian/Asian British: Other Asian 537 0.3
Black or Black British: Total 1,597 0.8
Black/Black British: Black African 1,086 0.6
Black/Black British: Black Other 511 0.2
Mixed: Total 1,480 0.8
Other: Any other ethnic group: Total 522 0.3
Total 194,394 100.0

Country of birthEdit

Country of birth (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Country of birth Number (%)
United Kingdom and Ireland 175,548 90.3
Northern Ireland 162,213 83.4
England 5,931 3.1
Scotland 1,071 0.6
Wales 234 0.1
Republic of Ireland 6,099 3.1
Europe 14,440 7.4
European Union 13,946 7.2
Other non-EU countries 494 0.2
Rest of World 4,406 2.3
Middle East and Asia 2,356 1.2
Africa 921 0.5
North America, Central America and Caribbean 649 0.3
Antarctica, Oceania and Other 250 0.1
South America 230 0.1
Total 194,394 100.0

Languages spokenEdit

Main language of all usual residents aged 3 or over (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Main language Usual residents aged 3+ (%)
English 171,713 92.0
Polish 3,818 2.0
Lithuanian 2,860 1.5
Portuguese 1,745 0.9
Bulgarian 1,575 0.8
Romanian 725 0.4
Irish 564 0.3
All other languages 3,677 2.0
Total (usual residents aged 3+) 186,677 100.0

Knowledge of IrishEdit

Ability in Irish of all usual residents aged 3 or over (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Ability in Irish Number (%)
Speaks, reads, writes and understands Irish 9,803 5.3
Speaks and reads but does not write Irish 1,206 0.6
Speaks but does not read or write Irish 4,952 2.7
Understands but does not read, write or speak Irish 13,150 7.0
Other combination of skills 2,553 1.4
Has some knowledge of Irish: Total 31,665 17.0
No ability in Irish 155,012 83.0
Total (usual residents aged 3+) 186,677 100.0
  • In County Armagh, 2.95% claim to use Irish daily and 0.29% claim Irish is their main language.

Knowledge of Ulster ScotsEdit

Ability in Ulster Scots of all usual residents aged 3 or over (2021 Census)<ref name=":0" />
Ability in Ulster Scots Number (%)
Speaks, reads, writes and understands Ulster Scots 1,653 0.9
Speaks and reads but does not write Ulster Scots 723 0.4
Speaks but does not read or write Ulster Scots 1,795 1.0
Understands but does not read, write or speak Ulster Scots 8,813 4.7
Other combination of skills 1,310 0.7
Has some knowledge of Ulster Scots: Total 14,294 7.7
No ability in Ulster Scots 172,383 92.3
Total (usual residents aged 3+) 186,677 100.0
  • 0.98% claim to use Ulster Scots daily in County Armagh.

National identityEdit

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National identity Number %
Irish only 75,841 39.0%
British only 48,076 24.7%
Northern Irish only 32,569 16.8%
British and Northern Irish only 11,039 5.7%
Irish and Northern Irish only 3,327 1.7%
British, Irish and Northern Irish only 1,521 0.8%
British and Irish only 773 0.4%
Other identity 21,248 10.9%
Total 194,394 Total
All Irish identities 82,057 42.2%
All British identities 62,771 32.3%
All Northern Irish identities 49,424 25.4%

SettlementsEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break

Large townsEdit

(population of 18,000 or more and under 75,000 at 2001 Census)<ref name="NI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Medium townsEdit

(population of 10,000 or more and under 18,000 at 2001 Census)<ref name="NI"/>

Small townsEdit

(population of 4,500 or more and under 10,000 at 2001 Census)<ref name="NI"/>

  • none

Intermediate settlementsEdit

(population of 2,250 or more and under 4,500 at 2001 Census)<ref name="NI"/>

VillagesEdit

(population of 1,000 or more and under 2,250 at 2001 Census)<ref name="NI"/>

Template:Col-break

Small villages or hamletsEdit

(population of fewer than 1,000 at 2001 Census)<ref name="NI"/>

Template:Col-end

SubdivisionsEdit

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Baronies

File:Baronies of Armagh.jpg
The Baronies of County Armagh (1900)

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Parishes {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Townlands {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Col-end

TransportEdit

File:M1 Moira (1) - geograph.org.uk - 195736.jpg
The M1 near Lurgan
File:Train, Portadown station.jpg
Portadown railway station

County Armagh is traversed by two major highways – the M1 linking Belfast to Dungannon crosses the north of the county whilst the A1/N1 from Belfast to Dublin runs in the far south east. Other major roads in the county include the A3 and A29.

Armagh once had a well-developed railway network with connections to, among others, Armagh City, Culloville, Template:Rws, Markethill, Template:Rws, Tynan (see History of rail transport in Ireland) but today only Newry (Bessbrook), Template:Rws, Template:Rws, Template:Rws, and Template:Rws are served by rail.

There is a possible railway re-opening from Portadown to Template:Rws in the future.<ref>The Ulster Gazette. 16 May 2013</ref> Government Minister for the Department for Regional Development, Danny Kennedy MLA indicates railway restoration plans of the line from Portadown to Armagh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ulsterbus provides the most extensive public transport system within the county, including frequent bus transfers daily from most towns to Belfast. Northern Ireland Railways/Iarnród Éireann's Enterprise service provides connections to Dublin in little over an hour and Belfast in little over forty minutes, several times daily.

Inland waterwaysEdit

County Armagh is traversed by the Ulster Canal and the Newry Canal which are not fully open to navigation.

SportEdit

In association football, the NIFL Premiership, which operates as the top division, has one team in the county: Glenavon, with Portadown, Annagh United, Armagh City, Dollingstown, Loughgall and Lurgan Celtic competing in the NIFL Championship, which operates as levels two and three.

The Armagh County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association or Armagh GAA organises Gaelic games in the county.

People associated with County ArmaghEdit

Template:See also

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Places of interestEdit

GalleryEdit

  • Slieve Gullion.jpg

    View of Slieve Gullion

  • Enterprise train.jpg

    The Enterprise near Newry

  • BackofAughanduff.JPG

    South Armagh Countryside

  • Forkhill.JPG

    Forkhill Mountain

  • Navan.jpg

    Emain Macha

  • Moyry Castle, Geograph.jpg

    Moyry Castle

  • Kilnasaggart inscribed stone County Armagh 1.jpg

    Killnasaggart Stone, 700 A.D.

  • ArmaghCICathedral.jpg

    St. Patrick's Anglican Cathedral, est. 445

  • Cathedrale d Armagh.jpg

    Armagh City

  • Central Markethill County Armagh Northern Ireland.JPG

    The small town of Markethill

  • Stone bridge, Clare Glen, Tanderagee (2) - geograph.org.uk - 1590572.jpg

    Clare Glen Forest, Tandragee

  • Crossmaglen.jpg

    Approach to Crossmaglen

  • The Knock Bridge near Portadown - geograph.org.uk - 521158.jpg

    The Knock Bridge near Portadown on the Newry Canal

  • GosfordCastle.jpg

    Gosford Castle, outside of Markethill

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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