David Gelernter
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David Hillel Gelernter (born March 5, 1955) is an American computer scientist, artist, and writer. He is a professor of computer science at Yale University.
Gelernter is known for contributions to parallel computation in the 1980s, and for books on topics such as computed worlds (Mirror Worlds). Gelernter is also known for his belief, expressed in his book America-Lite: How Imperial Academia Dismantled Our Culture (and Ushered in the Obamacrats), that liberal academia has a destructive influence on American society. He is in addition known for his views against women in the workforce, and his rejection of the scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic climate change and evolution.
In 1993 Gelernter was sent a mail bomb by Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber. He opened it and the resulting explosion almost killed him, leaving him with permanent loss of use of his right hand as it destroyed four fingers, and permanent damage to his right eye.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Early life and educationEdit
Gelernter grew up on Long Island, New York.<ref name="auto2">Template:Cite book</ref> His father Herbert Gelernter was a physicist who, in the late 1950s and 1960s, became a pioneer in artificial intelligence and taught computer science at State University of New York at Stony Brook.<ref name="scientific">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>David Gelernter, "A Life That Made Sense", The Weekly Standard, September 7, 2015, at 5.</ref> Gelernter's grandfather was a rabbi, and Gelernter grew up as a Reform Jew; he later became a follower of Orthodox Judaism.<ref>Juliana Ochs, "Judaism: A Way of Being", Public Broadcasting Service, January 7, 2010.</ref>
He received his Bachelor of Arts in computer science from Yale University in 1976 and received a Master of Arts in Classical Hebrew literature from the same university.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He earned his Ph.D. from State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1982.<ref name="auto2"/>
CareerEdit
Computer scienceEdit
In the 1980s, Gelernter made seminal contributions to the field of parallel computation, specifically the tuple space coordination model, as embodied by the Linda programming system he and Nicholas Carriero designed (which he named for Linda Lovelace, the lead actress in the porn movie Deep Throat, mocking the naming of the programming language Ada in tribute to the scientist and first attributed computer programmer, Ada Lovelace).<ref name="deep-throat">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="auto2"/> Bill Joy cited the Linda system as the inspiration for many elements of JavaSpaces and Jini.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In January 1993 in his book Mirror Worlds: or the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox...How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean, Gelernter wrote: "...people and software work hand-in-glove – and sometimes hand-in-hand."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
On June 24, 1993, Gelernter was severely injured opening a mail bomb sent to him by the Unabomber. He recovered from his injuries, but his right hand (which he covers with a glove) and eye were permanently damaged.<ref name="eonomist">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nytimes_applechallenge">Template:Cite news</ref> Some in the press suggested that there were parallels between his thoughts on the need for a human element to computers and those of the Unabomber.<ref name="auto2"/> He chronicled the ordeal in his 1997 book Drawing Life: Surviving the Unabomber.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Two years after the bombing, the Unabomber sent Gelernter a letter, writing: "People with advanced degrees aren't as smart as they think they are."<ref name="auto1">"The Images Dancing in David Gelernter's Head"</ref>
Gelernter helped found the company Mirror Worlds Technologies, which in 2001 released Scopeware software using ideas from his 1992 book Mirror Worlds. Gelernter believed that computers can free users from being filing clerks, by organizing their data. The product never took off, however,<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the company ceased operations in 2004.<ref name="auto"/> In 2013, Mirror Worlds Technologies, LLC, a related company that had purchased its patents, filed a complaint of patent infringement against Apple, Best Buy, Dell, Hewlett Packard, Lenovo (United States), Lenovo Group, Microsoft, Samsung Electronic, and Samsung TeleCommunications in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.<ref name="dockets.justia.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ultimately, the company lost at the trial level and on appeal.<ref name="auto"/> A petition for writ of certiorari to have the case considered by the Supreme Court of the United States was denied in 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016, the case was dismissed with prejudice.<ref name="dockets.justia.com"/>
In July 2019, Gelernter, along with three other co-founders, started Revolution Populi: A blockchain-powered crypto clearing house and social network. The team also includes Rob Rosenthal, a 19-year veteran of Goldman Sachs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Writing and artEdit
Gelernter's paintings have been exhibited, sold, stolen and recovered in New Haven and Manhattan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Gelernter has critiqued what he perceives as cultural illiteracy among students. In 2015, he commented, "They [students] know nothing about art. They know nothing about history. They know nothing about philosophy. And because they have been raised as not even atheists, they don't rise to the level of atheists, insofar as they've never thought about the existence or nonexistence of God. It has never occurred to them. They know nothing about the Bible."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016 he said: "The [Yale] faculty and the students don't have a clue what's going on in the world."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PoliticsEdit
He is a former national fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and senior fellow in Jewish thought at the Shalem Center. In 2003, he became a member of the National Council on the Arts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Time magazine profiled Gelernter in 2016, describing him as a "stubbornly independent thinker. A conservative among mostly liberal Ivy League professors, a religious believer among the often disbelieving ranks of computer scientists..."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Endorsing Donald Trump for president, in October 2016, Gelernter wrote an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal calling Hillary Clinton "as phony as a three-dollar bill", and saying that Barack Obama "has governed like a third-rate tyrant".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In his capacity as a member of the Trump transition team, Peter Thiel nominated Gelernter for the Science Advisor to the President position; Gelernter met with Trump in January 2017, but did not get the job.<ref name="chafkin">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 2018, he said that the idea that Trump is a racist is "absurd".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In October 2020 he joined in signing a letter stating: "Given his astonishing success in his first term, we believe that Donald Trump is the candidate most likely to foster the promise and prosperity of America."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Gelernter has spoken out against women in the workforce, saying working mothers were harming their children and should stay at home.<ref name="auto1"/> Gelernter has also argued for the U.S. voting age to be raised, on the basis that 18-year-olds are not sufficiently mature.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Positions on scienceEdit
The Washington Post, profiling him in early 2017 as a potential science advisor to Donald Trump, called Gelernter "a vehement critic of modern academia" who has "condemned 'belligerent leftists' and blamed intellectualism for the disintegration of patriotism and traditional family values."<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Shortly thereafter, The Atlantic published a rebuttal of The Washington Post profile, saying it was "hard to imagine a more misleading treatment" of the "pioneering polymath" Gelernter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Gelernter has "expressed skepticism about the reality" of anthropogenic climate change,"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> rejecting the overwhelming scientific consensus in the field.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In July 2019, in a review of Stephen Meyer's book Darwin's Doubt: The Explosive Origin of Animal Life and the Case for Intelligent Design, which Gelernter wrote for the Claremont Review of Books, he also rejected the scientific consensus of evolutionary biology.<ref name="TCF-20190730">Template:Cite news</ref> On the other hand, Gelernter stipulates he "cannot accept" intelligent design either, saying that "as a theory, it would seem to have a long way to go."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In "A Response to David Gelernter's Attack on Evolution", Patheos, August 26, 2019, Bob Seidensticker writes: "Let's subtitle this story, 'Guy who made his career in not-biology is convinced by other not-biologists that Biology's core theory is wrong.Template:'"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Computer scientist and mathematician Jeffrey Shallit wrote: "Gelernter's review was not published in a science journal, but in a politics journal run by a far-right think tank. His review cites no scientific publications at all, and makes claims like 'Many biologists agree' and 'Most biologists think' without giving any supporting citations. So, not surprisingly ... Gelernter makes a fool of himself in his review, which resembles a 'greatest hits' of creationist misconceptions and lies."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Books and book reviewsEdit
Template:External media Gelernter's book Mirror Worlds (1991) "prophesied the rise of the World Wide Web."<ref name="edge09">John Markoff, technology writer and The New York Times reporter in an interview with David Gelernter</ref> Bill Joy, founder and chief scientist of Sun Microsystems, said Gelernter was "one of the most brilliant and visionary computer scientists of our time."<ref name="edge09" /> The New York Times called him a computer science "rock star".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In The Muse in the Machine (1994), Gelernter theorized that creativity is based on the degree to which people focus their attention, arguing that "low focus", when attention is wandering or emotions interfere with rationality, is when people are creative.<ref name="auto3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His book was harshly criticized.<ref name="auto3"/> Psychologist Stuart Sutherland, writing in Nature, called the theory wrong.<ref name="auto3"/> Cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker, director of the MIT Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, wrote: "It makes a great story, but if you look at the contemporary records and autobiographies, it doesn't work that way."<ref name="auto3"/>
In his 2009 book Judaism: A Way of Being, Gelernter wrote that God has withdrawn from the modern world, that Reform and Conservative Judaism do not work, that the purpose of life is to marry and rear a family, and that the feminist effort for male and female equality "is an act of aggression against both sanctity and humanity."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In his 2012 book America-Lite: How Imperial Academia Dismantled Our Culture (and Ushered in the Obamacrats), Gelernter argued that American higher education no longer cares about producing well-rounded and cultured students; academics instead believe that their role is to dictate how other Americans live and think. Scottish columnist Stephen Daisley wrote in Commentary magazine that Gelernter portrayed Obama's presidency as a symbol of the failure of American education and the success of its replacement with a liberal indoctrination system. As a solution, Gelernter proposed moving all of human knowledge to online servers so that the in-person college experience can be replaced by user-driven self-education. Daisley wrote, "America-Lite is lean, incisive, convincing, delightfully indelicate, and, in a break from the conventions of the literature on education, honest. It is a fine dissection—de-construction, if you must—of the corruption of higher education and the resulting debasement of political culture. If it makes its way on to a single college reading list, Hell will have frozen over."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Historian Russell Jacoby was critical in his review of Gelernter's book America-Lite, saying it contained insufficient arguments. Jacoby wrote that Gelernter blamed Jews for causing the breakdown of patriotism and the traditional family, writing, "Gelernter is Jewish, and it is not likely that a non-Jew would airily argue that obnoxious leftist Jews have taken over elite higher education."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Selected worksEdit
BooksEdit
- With David Padua & Alexandru Nicolau. Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing. Mass. Instit. of Tech. Pr., 1990.
- With Suresh Jagannathan. Programming Linguistics. Mass. Instit. of Tech., 1990.
- With Nicholas Carriero. How to Write Parallel Programs: A first course. Mass. Instit. of Tech. Pr., 1990.
- Mirror Worlds: or the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox...How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean. Oxford Univ. Pr., 1992.
- The Muse in the Machine: Computerizing the Poetry of Human Thought. MacMillan, Inc., 1994.
- 1939: The Lost World of the Fair. HarperCollins Pub., 1996.
- Drawing Life: Surviving the Unabomber. Simon & Schuster Adult Pub. Group, 1997.
- The Aesthetics of Computing. Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd, UK), 1998.
- Machine Beauty: Elegance and the Heart of Technology. Perseus Pub., 1998.
- Americanism: The Fourth Great Western Religion. Doubleday., 2007.
- Judaism: A Way of Being. Yale University Press, 2009.
- America-Lite: How Imperial Academia Dismantled Our Culture (and Ushered in the Obamacrats). Encounter Books, 2012, Template:ISBN
- The Tides of Mind: Uncovering the Spectrum of Consciousness. Liveright, 2016. W.W. Norton. Template:ISBN
ArticlesEdit
Gelernter has contributed to magazines such as City Journal, The Weekly Standard, and Commentary that are generally considered neoconservative.Template:Citation needed For seven months, he contributed a weekly op-ed column to the Los Angeles Times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He has published in The Wall Street Journal, the New York Post, the Los Angeles Times, and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
- "Three programming systems and a computational 'model of everything'". in Peter J. Denning, ed., ACM's new Visions-of-computing Anthology, 2001.
- "Twentieth Century Machines". in R. Stolley, ed., Life Century of Change (2000).
- "Computers and the pursuit of happiness". Commentary, Dec. 2000.
- "Now that the PC is dead...,". The Wall Street Journal millennium issue, 2000.
- "Americanism – & Its Enemies", July–August 2004.
- "The Inside-Out Web". Forbes, April 2007.
- "Machines That Will Think and Feel: Artificial intelligence is still in its infancy—and that should scare us", The Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2016.
- "Giving up Darwin". in Claremont Review of Books, Volume XIX, Number 2, Spring 2019 Template:Webarchive