Drinking
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Drinking is the act of ingesting water or other liquids into the body through the mouth, proboscis, or elsewhere. Humans drink by swallowing, completed by peristalsis in the esophagus. The physiological processes of drinking vary widely among other animals.
Most animals drink water to maintain bodily hydration, although many can survive on the water gained from their food. Water is required for many physiological processes. Both inadequate and (less commonly) excessive water intake are associated with health problems.
Methods of drinkingEdit
In humansEdit
When a liquid enters a human mouth, the swallowing process is completed by peristalsis which delivers the liquid through the esophagus to the stomach; much of the activity is assisted by gravity. The liquid may be poured from the hands or drinkware may be used as vessels. Drinking can also be by sipping or sucking, typically when imbibing hot liquids or drinking from a spoon. Infants employ a method of suction wherein the lips are pressed tight around a source, as in breastfeeding: a combination of breath and tongue movement creates a vacuum which draws in liquid.<ref name=Flint137>Flint, pp. 137–138.</ref>
In other land mammalsEdit
By necessity, terrestrial animals in captivity become accustomed to drinking water, but most free-roaming animals stay hydrated through the fluids and moisture in fresh food,<ref name=Mayer59>Mayer, p. 59.</ref> and learn to actively seek foods with high fluid content.<ref name="pmid35831501">Template:Cite journal</ref> When conditions impel them to drink from bodies of water, the methods and motions differ greatly among species.<ref name=Broom105>Broom, p. 105.</ref>
Cats, canines, and ruminants all lower the neck and lap in water with their powerful tongues.<ref name=Broom105/> Cats and canines lap up water with the tongue in a spoon-like shape.<ref name=Smith238>Smith, p. 238.</ref> Canines lap water by scooping it into their mouth with a tongue which has taken the shape of a ladle. However, with cats, only the tip of their tongue (which is smooth) touches the water, and then the cat quickly pulls its tongue back into its mouth which soon closes; this results in a column of liquid being pulled into the cat's mouth, which is then secured by its mouth closing.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ruminants and most other herbivores partially submerge the tip of the mouth in order to draw in water by means of a plunging action with the tongue held straight.<ref name=Smith237>Smith, p. 237.</ref> Cats drink at a significantly slower pace than ruminants, who face greater natural predation hazards.<ref name=Broom105/>
Many desert animals do not drink even if water becomes available, but rely on eating succulent plants.<ref name=Broom105/> In cold and frozen environments, some animals like hares, tree squirrels, and bighorn sheep resort to consuming snow and icicles.<ref>Mayer, p. 54.</ref> In savannas, the drinking method of giraffes has been a source of speculation for its apparent defiance of gravity; the most recent theory contemplates the animal's long neck functions like a plunger pump.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Uniquely, elephants draw water into their trunks and squirt it into their mouths.<ref name=Broom105/>
In birdsEdit
Template:Excerpt Most birds scoop or draw water into the buccal areas of their bills, raising and tilting their heads back to drink. An exception is the common pigeon, which can suck in water directly by inhalation.<ref name=Broom105/>
In insectsEdit
Most insects obtain adequate water from their food: When dehydrated from a lack of moist food, however, many species will drink from standing water.<ref name="Chapman577">Template:Cite book</ref> Additionally, all terrestrial insects constantly absorb a certain amount of the air's humidity through their cuticles.<ref name="Chapman577"/> Some desert insects, such as Onymacris unguicularis, have evolved to drink substantially from nighttime fog.<ref name="Chapman577"/>
In marine lifeEdit
Amphibians and aquatic animals which live in freshwater do not need to drink: they absorb water steadily through the skin by osmosis.<ref name=Broom105/><ref name=Curtis569>Curtis, p. 569.</ref> Saltwater fish, however, drink through the mouth as they swim, and purge the excess salt through the gills.<ref name=Curtis569/> Saltwater fishes do drink plenty of water and excrete a small volume of concentrated urine.
Hydration and dehydrationEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Like nearly all other life forms, humans require water for tissue hydration. Lack of hydration causes thirst, a desire to drink which is regulated by the hypothalamus in response to subtle changes in the body's electrolyte levels and blood volume. A decline in total body water is called dehydration and will eventually lead to death by hypernatremia. Methods used in the management of dehydration include assisted drinking or oral rehydration therapy.
An overconsumption of water can lead to water intoxication, which can dangerously dilute the concentration of salts in the body. Overhydration sometimes occurs among athletes and outdoor laborers, but it can also be a sign of disease or damage to the hypothalamus. A persistent desire to drink inordinate quantities of water is a psychological condition termed polydipsia. It is often accompanied by polyuria and may itself be a symptom of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.<ref name=Provan120>Provan, p. 129.</ref>
Human water requirementsEdit
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A daily intake of water is required for the normal physiological functioning of the human body. The USDA recommends a daily intake of total water: not necessarily by drinking but by consumption of water contained in other beverages and foods. The recommended intake is 3.7 liters (appx. 1 gallon) per day for an adult male, and 2.7 liters (appx. 0.75 gallon) for an adult female.<ref name=USDA2011> Template:Cite book</ref>
Other sources, however, claim that a high intake of fresh drinking water, separate and distinct from other sources of moisture, is necessary for good health – eight servings per day of eight fluid ounces (1.8 liters, or 0.5 gallon) is the amount recommended by many nutritionists,<ref name="bbc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although there is no scientific evidence supporting this recommendation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=JASN2008>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Evidence-based hydration experts say that the amount of drinking water needed depends on ambient temperature, activity level, body size, and sweat rate.<ref name="lifekit">How much water do you actually need? Here's the science</ref> Research shows drinking when thirsty will maintain hydration to within about 2% of the needed level.<ref name="lifekit" /> Drinking beyond thirst might be beneficial for people who need to perform tasks that require intense concentration, and those with kidney disease, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and people with a weak sense of thirst (which may include more older people).<ref name="lifekit" />
Alcoholic beveragesEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The term "drinking" is often used metonymically for the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Most cultures throughout history have incorporated some number of the wide variety of "strong drinks" into their meals, celebrations, ceremonies, toasts and other occasions.<ref>Gately, pp. 1–14.</ref> Evidence of fermented drinks in human culture goes back as early as the Neolithic Period,<ref>Patrick, Clarence Hodges. Alcohol, Culture, and Society. AMS Press, 1952, p. 13.</ref> and the first pictorial evidence can be found in Egypt around 4,000 BC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Alcohol consumption has developed into a variety of well-established drinking cultures around the world. Despite its popularity, alcohol consumption poses significant health risks. Alcohol abuse and the addiction of alcoholism are common maladies in developed countries worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A high rate of consumption can also lead to cirrhosis, gastritis, gout, pancreatitis, hypertension, various forms of cancer, and numerous other illnesses.<ref>Fiebach, p. 387.</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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External linksEdit
- "Are You Drinking Enough?", recommendations by the European Hydration Institute (Madrid)