Effendi
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Effendi or effendy (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx; originally from Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a title of nobility meaning sir, lord or master, especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus. The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek aphentēs which is derived from Ancient Greek authentēs meaning lord.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials who have high ranks, such as bey or pasha. It may also indicate a definite office, as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form efendim (my master) was formerly used by slaves, and is commonplace in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something).<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |
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In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of agha was efendi. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers.Template:Citation needed lead
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become effendi, a title carrying "the same significance as the French Monsieur" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our 'Esquire' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]".<ref name=Garnettp5>Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. Turkish Life in Town and Country. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. p. 5.</ref>
The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title Template:Circa the 1930s.<ref>Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Volume II). Cambridge University Press, 27 May 1977. Template:ISBN, 9780521291668. p. 386.</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The Ottoman Turkish word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, in modern Turkish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, is a borrowing of the Medieval Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Byzantine Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "master, author, doer, perpetrator" (from which authentic).<ref>Template:LSJ.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:OEtymD</ref><ref>Template:OEtymD</ref> The word was widely used as a Greek title for Byzantine nobles as late as 1465, such as in the letters of Cardinal Bessarion concerning the children of Thomas Paleologus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other usesEdit
- Effendi ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) was also considered a title for a man of high education or social standing in an eastern (Mediterranean or Middle Eastern) country. It was an analogous to esquire, and junior to bey in Egypt during the period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, and was used a lot among the Egyptians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Effendi is still used as an honorific in Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey (as well as some other former Ottoman states), and is the source of the word أفندم؟ afandim?, Template:Langx, a particularly polite way of saying, "Excuse me?",<ref>Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf (1979) Langenscheidt's Universal Dictionary, Turkish-English, English-Turkish, Langenscheidt KG, Berlin and Leipzig Template:ISBN</ref> and can be used in answering the phone.Template:Citation needed
- The colonial military forces of British East Africa and German East Africa were built from a stock of Sudanese soldiers of the Egyptian army, which was nominally under the Ottoman Empire. These units entered East Africa with some officers who brought their title of effendi with them and, thus, it continued to be used for non-European officers of the two colonial forces. Up to the present the Swahili form afande is a way to address officers in the armies of Kenya, Tanzania<ref>See entry "Afande" in TUKI KAMUSI YA KISWAHILI-KIINGEREZA, by Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam; Toleo la 1 Edition (January 1, 2001), online here; "afande: respectful or formal address used by a soldier to his/her superior; respectful or formal answer of a soldier to his/her superior's call."</ref> and recently in Rwanda with the coming to power of RPF.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Effendi (Governor's Commissioned Officer) was the highest rank that African soldiers could reach in the King's African Rifles (KAR) and other British Colonial Auxiliary Forces units until 1961 (from then, promotions to commissioned officers became possible). They were equivalent to the Viceroy's Commissioned Officers in the British Indian Army. An Effendi's authority was confined to other KAR troops (askaris), and he could not command white troops. The KAR rank came into disuse during the 1930s and was reintroduced in 1956.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Effendi was also a non-European's officer rank in the Schutztruppe of German East Africa. Similar to the practice, Effendis were promoted by a governor's warrant, not by a kaiser's commission, as white commissioned officers were. Effendis had no authority over white troops. In the Schutztruppe this rank was used, together with other ranks of Ottoman origin like "Tschausch" (sergeant) and "Ombascha" (corporal).<ref>Armies in East Africa 1914-18, Osprey Men-at-Arms, Peter Abbott, 2002, Template:ISBN</ref> During the First World War askari NCOs were promoted to the rank of Effendi for exemplary service and leadership.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- In Bosnia and Herzegovina "Efendija" refers to Muslim clerics.Template:Citation needed
- In Indonesia and Malaysia, "Effendi" can be used as a masculine first name.Template:Citation needed
- In Pakistan and India, "Effendi" is the surname of some families whose ancestors migrated from Turkey or Afghanistan.Template:Citation needed
- In Afghanistan, some members of the former ruling Barakzai clan of Durranis also use "Effendi" or a variant "Affandi" as their surname.Template:Citation needed
- In China, "Effendi" (阿凡提) often refers to Nasreddin.Template:Citation needed
- Jazz pianist McCoy Tyner has one composition named "Effendi". It appears on his debut album, Inception.<ref name=gelfland>Gelfand, A. [[[:Template:Allmusic]] Allmusic Review] accessed February 19, 2009.</ref>
- Shoghi Effendi, born Shoghí Rabbání, acquired the title from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in his youth.
- The word “apándi” used among today's Uighurs Turkish is a form of Effendi. Apándi is nothing but master
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Baranovitch, Nimrod. "From the Margins to the Center." China Quarterly 175: 726-750 . Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003.
- Drompp, Michael. Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A History. Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.
- ReadLiterature.com - Definition of Efendi
- A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity