Ellsworth Mountains
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox mountain The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land. They are bisected by Minnesota Glacier to form the Sentinel Range to the north and the Heritage Range to the south. The former is by far the higher and more spectacular with Mount Vinson (Template:Convert) constituting the highest point on the continent.<ref name=gnis>Template:Cite gnis</ref><ref name="BockheimOthers2015">Bockheim, J.G., Schaefer, C.E., 2015. Soils of Ellsworth Land, the Ellsworth Mountains. In: Bockheim, J.G. (Ed.), The Soils of Antarctica. World Soils Book Series, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 169–181.</ref> The mountains are located within the Chilean Antarctic territorial claim but outside of the Argentinian and British ones.
DiscoveryEdit
The mountains were discovered on November 23, 1935, by the American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth in the course of a trans-Antarctic flight from Dundee Island to the Ross Ice Shelf. He gave them the descriptive name Sentinel Range.<ref name=gnis/>
The mountains were mapped in detail by the U.S. Geological Survey from ground surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography, 1958–1966. When it became evident that the mountains comprise two distinct ranges, the US-ACAN restricted the application of Sentinel Range to the high northern one and gave the name Heritage Range to the southern one; the Committee recommended the name of the discoverer for this entire group of mountains.<ref name=gnis/>
GeologyEdit
Template:Main articles Geologically, the Ellsworth Mountains occupy a discrete block of continental crust known as the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountain terrane. This terrane was part of the early Paleozoic amalgamation of Gondwana and consists of a Template:Convert thick section of folded Cambrian–Permian strata, which accumulated on Grenville-age continental crust. It was likely once part of the Cape Fold Belt that was detached from southern Africa during the breakup of Gondwana and later incorporated into Antarctica.<ref name="WeberOthers1992a"/><ref name="CraddockOthers2017a">Craddock, J.P., Schmitz, M.D., Crowley, J.L., Larocque, J., Pankhurst, R.J., Juda, N., Konstantinou, A. and Storey, B., 2017. Precise U-Pb zircon ages and geochemistry of Jurassic granites, Ellsworth-Whitmore terrane, central Antarctica. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 129(1-2), pp.118-136.</ref>
The stratigraphy consists of the Template:Convert thick Early Cambrian-Middle Cambrian Heritage Group overlain by the Template:Convert thick Late Cambrian-Devonian Crashsite Group; the Template:Convert thick Permo-Carboniferous Whiteout Conglomerate (black diamictite) from Gondawanaland glaciation; and the Template:Convert thick Permian Polarstar Formation consisting of black argillite, siltstone, sandstone, and coal. Within the Heritage Group is the Union Glacier Formation of ashflow tuff-lahar deposits, the Hyde Glacier Formation of graywacke-argillite-conglomerate, the Drake Icefall Formation of black shales and marble, the Conglomerate Ridge Formation of conglomerate and quartzite, the Liberty Hills-Springer Peak-Frazier Ridge Formations of quartzite-argillite, and the Minaret Formation of marble. Within the Crashsite Group is the Howard Nunataks Formation of quartzites, the Mt. Liptak Formation of quartzites, and the Mount Wyatt Earp Formation of quartzites. Major deformation of the sedimentary rocks occurred during the Gondwanide orogeny, followed by later uplift.<ref name="WeberOthers1992a">Template:Cite book</ref>
ClimateEdit
Temperatures in the Ellsworth Mountains average around Template:Convert. The best time for expeditions is November through January, mid-summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Arranging an outing here is a difficult task, requiring either official scientific sponsorship or considerable financial resources.
MapsEdit
- Northern-Sentinel-Map.jpg
Northern Sentinel Range, USGS map
- Vinson-Map.jpg
Central and southern Sentinel Range, USGS map
- Union-Glacier.jpg
Northern Heritage Range, USGS map
- Liberty-Hills.jpg
Southern Heritage Range, USGS map
- Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly updated.
See alsoEdit
GalleryEdit
- Vinson-Massif.jpg
The central part of the mountains with Vinson Plateau, NASA satellite image
- Mount Gardner from SW by Christian Stangl (flickr).jpg
- Mount Press, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica.jpg
- Mount Shinn from North East by Christian Stangl (flickr).jpg
- Mount Tyree (Antarctica) from East by Christian Stangl (flickr).jpg
- Mount Vinson from NW at Vinson Plateau by Christian Stangl (flickr).jpg
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Geologic Map of the Ellsworth Mountains
- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
- Ellsworth Mountains. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
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