Emperor Zhezong

Emperor Zhezong of Song (4 January 1077 – 23 February 1100), personal name Zhao Xu, was the seventh emperor of the Song dynasty of China. His original personal name was Zhao Yong but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after his coronation. He reigned from 1085 until his death in 1100, and was succeeded by his younger half-brother, Emperor Huizong, because his son died prematurely.

Emperor Zhezong was the sixth son of Emperor Shenzong. He ascended the throne at the age of nine under the supervision of his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Gao.

ReignEdit

Emperor Zhezong lowered taxes, stopped negotiations with the Tangut-led Western Xia state, and resumed armed conflict which eventually forced Western Xia to enter a more peaceful stance with the Song Empire. However, Emperor Zhezong was unable to stop fighting between conservative members of his government and the more liberal members who supported Wang Anshi's reforms and in fact, the fighting intensified during Emperor Zhezong's reign.Template:Citation needed This split would eventually contribute to the Northern Song dynasty's demise in the 12th century.

Yuanyou era (1086-1093)Edit

Empress Gao's regencyEdit

Empress Gao may have engineered 8-year-old Zhezong's enthronement to make herself regent.Template:Sfn As regent, Empress Dowager Gao appointed conservatives such as Sima Guang as Chancellor, who halted the New Policies set forth by Wang Anshi before dying in 1086. The conservatives achieved some success in reversing the reforms.Template:Sfn

Emperor Zhezong was powerless and it was not until Grand Empress Dowager Gao's death in 1093 that the emperor was able to reinstate Wang Anshi's reforms and reduce the late Sima Guang's influence. By then, factionalism was a greater concern than the practicality of the reforms themselves; both the conservatives and the reformists engaged in infighting.Template:Sfn

Cheng Yi, a founder of Neo-confucianism and one of Zhezong's tutors, proposed that Li (principle) was an innate property that could provide moral guidance.

Shaosheng era (1094-1098)Edit

In 1094, Zhezong changed the era name to Shaosheng (紹聖), meaning "continuing sagacity", to signify the continuation of Shenzong's reformsTemplate:Sfn (partly due to Zhezong's sense of filial piety).Template:Sfn He promptly named the reformist Zhang Dun as grand chancellor.Template:Sfn The ensuing policy and personnel debates sharply polarized the bureaucracy.Template:Sfn Zhang Dun systematically purged the conservatives and silenced dissent while maintaining a relatively pragmatic revival of the New Policies. The reformists took revenge for the earlier exile of their fellow partisan Cai Que to Lingnan by using the Korean Affairs Institute to exile many conservatives to the same area. Meanwhile, a blacklist of 37 conservatives barred them and their descendants from serving in the government.Template:Sfn

Personal philosophyEdit

Zhezong's modifications to the imperial examinations required candidates to support a reformist stance. He argued that Empress Gao's conservative restoration (which had repealed many of the New Policies) harmed the people and the government. Zhezong preferred the sages of antiquity (such as Yao and Shun) and rejected the Han dynasty and Tang dynasty models of governance.Template:Sfn

War against the Western XiaEdit

During the renewed war against the Western Xia, the Song military consolidated borders, constructed fortifications, and slowly took territory from the Xia. This successful strategy expanded the Song dynasty to its greatest territorial extent.Template:Sfn

Yuanfu era (1098-1100)Edit

On May 18, 1099, Zhezong became ill in which the symptoms were constant coughing and constipation.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Zhezong did not get any better, even though he had taken many medications and so Zhezong asked his councilors to recommend physicians.<ref name=":0" /> Geng Yu, a physician, advised Zhezong and even though Zhezong followed his directions, there were no signs of him getting better.<ref name=":0" />

In July, his constipation was replaced by severe diarrhea and Zhezong could not get up from his bed to receive medicine.<ref name=":0" /> Geng recommended spleen-warming pills, an action Zhezong's mother supported.<ref name=":0" />

The coolness of the weather improved Zhezong's health; making him well enough to attend the celebration of his son Zhao Mao on August 8.<ref name=":0" /> But his illness returned so Zhezong cancelled his audiences for two days.<ref name=":0" /> When he saw his councillors on August 14, he told them that Geng gave him medicine to induce vomiting.<ref name=":0" /> He was slightly better but his appetite was gone and his belly constantly ached.<ref name=":0" /> Zhezong attended the banquet in honor of his son, in which he was in a very good mood and that his younger brother Zhao Ji also attended.<ref name=":0" /> However, Zhao Mao became sick. Zhezong, now in a bad mood due to his son's illness told his councillors that the royal doctors were treating Zhao Mao.<ref name=":0" /> On September 26, Zhao Mao was getting better but soon died making Zhezong cancelling his audiences for three days.<ref name=":0" /> His birthday was a great celebration but was cut short when after the birthday party, he fell ill and was vomiting all day long.<ref name=":0" /> He also contracted laryngitis and could only speak with great effort.<ref name=":0" /> By December 21, Zhezong was close to death; he had a weak pulse.<ref name=":0" />

Emperor Zhezong died on February 23, 1100, in Kaifeng at the age of 23 and was succeeded by his younger brother, Emperor Huizong.Template:Citation needed Huizong's mother, Empress Xiang, led a conservative restoration in court.Template:Sfn

FamilyEdit

Consorts and issueEdit

Empress Zhaoci, of the Meng clan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 1073–1131)
- Princess Xunmei ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 1094–1096), first daughter
Empress Zhaohuai, of the Liu clan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 1078–1113), personal name Qingjing ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
- Princess Shushen ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 1096–1164), third daughter
  - Married Pan Zhengfu ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; d. 1153) in 1112, and had issue (three sons)
- Princess Chunmei ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 1097–1099), fourth daughter
- Zhao Mao, Crown Prince Xianmin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; 1099), first son
Jieyu, of the Zhang clan (张婕妤)
Jieyu, of the Hu clan (胡婕妤)
Beauty, of the Han clan (韓美人)
Unknown
- Princess Shuhe ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; d. 1117), second daughter
  - Married Shi Duanli ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in 1110