Fathers' rights movement

The fathers' rights movement is a social movement whose members are primarily interested in issues related to family law, including child custody and child support, that affect fathers and their children.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon">Template:HarvpTemplate:Page range too broad</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many of its members are fathers who desire to share the parenting of their children equally with their children's mothers—either after divorce or marital separation. The movement includes men as well as women, often the second wives of divorced fathers or other family members of men who have had some engagement with family law.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon"/><ref name="Kaye 1998b">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Page range too broad</ref>Template:Sfnp<ref name="Sacks 2006">Template:Cite news</ref> Most Fathers' rights advocates argue for formal gender equality.<ref name="a856"/>

Demographics

The fathers' rights movement exists almost exclusively in industrialized countries, where divorce has become more common.<ref name=Farrell2001>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification It emerged in the West from the 1960s onwards as part of the men's movement with organizations such as Families Need Fathers, which originated in the 1970s.<ref name="Gavanas 2004b">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Collier 2006">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page range too broad</ref> In the late twentieth century, the growth of the internet permitted wider discussion, publicity and activism about issues of interest to fathers' rights activists.<ref name="Lee">Template:Cite book</ref> Factors thought to contribute to the development of the fathers' rights movement include shifting household demographics brought about by rising divorce and falling marriage rates, changes in the understanding and expectations of fatherhood, motherhood and childhood as well as shifts in how legal systems impact families.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon"/><ref name="Changing Families">Template:Cite book</ref>

Fathers' rights groups in the West are primarily composed of white, middle or working class, heterosexual men.<ref name="Gavanas 2004b" /><ref name="Crowley 2006">Template:Cite journalTemplate:PbTemplate:Block indent</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Bertoia">Template:Cite journal</ref> Members tend to be politically conservativeTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp but do not share a single set of political or social viewsTemplate:Sfnp and are highly diverse in their goals and methods.Template:RTemplate:Sfnp Members of the fathers' rights movement advocate for strong relationships with their childrenTemplate:Sfnp and focus on a narrowly defined set of issues based on the concerns of divorced or divorcing men.Template:R Women, often new partners including second wives or other family members of men who have had some engagement with family law and mothers without custody, are also members of the fathers' rights movement, and fathers' rights activists emphasize this.<ref name="Kaye 1998b"/><ref name="Bertoia"/>Template:SfnpTemplate:Page needed Two studies of fathers' rights groups in North America found that fifteen percent of their members were women.Template:Sfnp<ref name="Bertoia"/>

The fathers' rights movement organizations Families Need Fathers and the Lone Fathers Association have campaigned for fathers' rights over many decades.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon"/><ref name="Kaye 1998b"/><ref name="Rhoades">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page range too broad</ref> Longer lasting organizations appear to result from the longterm dedication and commitment of key individuals.<ref name="Kaye 1998b"/><ref name="Rhoades"/> Other fathers' rights groups have tended to form and dissolve quickly.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon"/><ref name="Kaye 1998b"/><ref name="Rhoades"/>Template:Sfnp Internal disagreements over ideology and tactics are common,Template:Sfnp and members tend not to remain with the groups after they have been helped.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon"/><ref name="Kaye 1998b"/>

Political and social views

The fathers' rights movement has both liberal and conservative branches, with different viewpoints about how men and women compare. Although both groups agree on the victimization and discrimination against men, they disagree on why men and women differ (nature versus nurture) and traditional gender roles. The liberal version believes the differences between the genders are due to culture and supports equality between men and women; in contrast, the conservative branch believes in traditional patriarchal/complementary families and that the differences between genders are due to biology.<ref name="Williams 2002">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gavanas 2004a"/><ref name="Williams 2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Ross Parke and Armin Brott view the fathers' rights movement as one of three strands within the men's movement that deal almost exclusively with fatherhood, the other two being the good fathers' movement and groups forming the Christian Men's movement – the Promise Keepers being the largest.Template:Sfnp

Warren Farrell, a veteran of the women's, men's and fathers' movement since the 1970s, describes the fathers' rights movement as part of a larger "gender transition movement" and thinks that, similar to women in the 1960s, fathers are transitioning from gender-based to more flexible family roles. Farrell also believes the movement helps children by increasing the number who are raised equally by both parents, which in turn increases the children's social, academic, psychological, and physical benefits—in his opinion it becomes a children's rights issue with fathers acting as advocates.<ref name=Farrell2001/>Template:Failed verification

Members of the fathers' rights movement assert that fathers are discriminated against as a result of gender bias in family law;Template:R<ref name="Gavanas 2004a">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref><ref name="Williams 2003"/> that custody decisions have been a denial of equal rights;<ref name="Williams 2003"/><ref name="Ashe">Template:Cite book</ref> and that the influence of money has corrupted family law.Template:Sfnp The movement's primary focus has been to campaign (including lobbying and research) for formal equal rights for fathers, and sometimes for children, and to campaign for changes to family law related to child custody, support and maintenance, domestic violence and the family court system itself. Fathers' rights groups also provide emotional and practical support for members during separation and divorce.<ref name="Collier & Sheldon"/> The fathers' rights movement is considered to be a part of the broader manosphere, a set of Internet forums promoting masculinity along with opposition to feminism.<ref name="Sugiura p23">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Jones 2020">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Hodapp xv">Template:Cite book</ref>

Some fathers' rights groups have become frustrated with the slow pace of traditional campaigning for law reform; groups such as the originally UK-based Fathers 4 Justice have become increasingly vocal and visible, undertaking public demonstrations that have attracted public attention and influenced the politics of family justice.Template:R Following protests, some fathers' rights activists have been convicted of offenses such as harassment and assault.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fathers' rights groups have condemned threats and violent acts,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Flood2004>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Self-published inline<ref name="Gilchrist">Template:Cite news</ref> with Matt O'Connor of Fathers 4 Justice asserting that his organization was committed to "peaceful, non-violent direct action" and that members caught engaging in intimidation would be expelled.<ref name="Elliott">Template:Cite news</ref> An example of this was in January 2006, when O'Connor temporarily disbanded the group<ref name=disband>Template:Cite news</ref> after it was revealed that a fringe subsection of members were plotting to kidnap Leo Blair, the young son of Tony Blair, the former UK Prime Minister.<ref name="Foiled">Template:Cite news</ref> According to the police, the plot never progressed beyond the "chattering stage".<ref name="Police Aware">Template:Cite news</ref> Four months later the group was refounded.<ref name="Lottery Protest">Template:Cite news</ref>

Legal scholar Richard Collier writes that fathers' rights activists often base their arguments for reform on "anecdotal evidence and assertion" rather than "evidence-backed research", and argues that implementing their proposed changes to the law "may have potentially deleterious consequences" for mothers and children.<ref name="Collier 2015">Template:Cite book</ref> Collier, along with researchers Martha Fineman and Michael Flood, have said the movement perpetuates negative stereotypes of women as hostile, deceptive, vindictive, and irresponsibleTemplate:R as well as the stereotype that women are out to take advantage of men financially.<ref name=Rossi2004/><ref name="Kaye 1998a"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Collier links such negative views of women with ideas of a crisis of masculinity within the broader men's movement, often in tandem with "virulent" anti-feminism.Template:R

Main issues

Family court system

Members of the fathers' rights movement state that family courts are biased against fathers and shared custody.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Critics of the movement argue that fathers' groups ignore actual trends in family law that seek to affirm the symbolic importance of fathers within a heteronormative family structure.Template:R

Stephen Baskerville, president of the American Coalition of Fathers and Children and fathers' rights advocate, defines court-determined custody as not a right to parent one's children but as the power to prevent the other partner from parenting.Template:Sfnp He states that the outcome of divorce is overly one-sided and is initiated by mothers in more than two-thirds of cases – especially when children are involved. He also states that divorce provides advantages for women such as automatic custody of the children and financial benefits in the form of child support payments.<ref name="Divorce as revolution">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Members of the FR movement also state that family courts are slow to help fathers enforce their parental rights,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="New research shows bias in restraining orders">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and are expensive and time-consuming.<ref name="Government and Fatherlessness">Template:Cite book</ref>

Baskerville has also stated that family courts are secretive, censoring and punitive towards fathers who criticize them.Template:Sfnp He also claims that employees and activists within the courts support and benefit from the separation of children from their parents<ref name="Politics of Fatherhood - S. Baskerville">Template:Cite journal</ref> and that family law today represents civil rights abuses and intrusive perversion of government power.Template:Sfnp

OthersTemplate:Who contest these conclusions, stating that family courts are biased in favor of fathersTemplate:Citation needed and that the lower percentage of separated fathers as custodial parents is a result of choices made by fathers rather than bias of family courts.<ref name="Baker">Template:Cite book</ref> Other writers state that fathers' rights activists incorrectly maintain that the courts are biased against fathers while in reality the vast majority of cases are settled by private agreement and fathers voluntarily relinquish primary custody of their children, which explains the lower percentage of custodial fathers; and that the "bias" of courts is in favour of the primary caregiver, not mothers per se.<ref name="Baker" /><ref name="Rossi2004"/> Collier writes that fathers' rights activists "misread the gendered nature of law's regulation of shared parenting historically".Template:R According to sociologist Michael Flood, father's rights activists have exaggerated the disparity in custody awards between mothers and fathers, and ignored the fact that in the vast majority of cases, fathers voluntarily relinquish custody of their children through private arrangements; either because they are willing to do so, or because they do not expect a favorable court ruling.<ref name=Rossi2004>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Self-published source</ref>

Custody and parenting

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} According to the BBC, "Custody law is perhaps the best-known area of men's rights activism".<ref name="de Castella">Template:Cite news</ref> Journal Of Divorce and Remarriage a section written by Linda Nielsen, "One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and the family court system is what type of parenting plan is most beneficial for children after divorce". Stating that "children need two parents" and that "children have a fundamental human right to an opportunity and relationship with both their mother and father", members of the fathers' rights movement call for greater equality in parental responsibility following separation and divorce.<ref name="Parkin">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Shared Parenting Council">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They call for laws creating a rebuttable presumption of 50/50 shared custody after divorce or separation, so that children would spend equal time with each parent unless there were reasons against it.<ref name="Ottaman">Template:Cite book</ref> They point to studies showing that children in shared custody settings are better adjusted and have fewer social problems such as low academic achievement, crime, substance abuse, depression and suicide,<ref name="Politics of Fatherhood - S. Baskerville"/><ref name="Shared Parenting - Objections vs Facts">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Children Happier with shared parenting">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and state that shared parenting is in fact in the best interests of the child.<ref name="Fathers & Families Comment on NYT article"/><ref name="Children's rights"/> Warren Farrell states that for children, equally shared parenting with three conditions (the child has about equal time with mom and dad, the parents live close enough to each other that the child does not need to forfeit friends or activities when visiting the other parent, and there is no bad-mouthing) is the second best family arrangement to the intact two-parent family, followed by primary father custody and then primary mother custody, and he adds that if shared parenting cannot be agreed upon, children on average are better off psychologically, socially, academically, and physically, have higher levels of empathy and assertiveness, if their father is their primary custodial parent rather than their mother.<ref name=Farrell2001/>

Members of the fathers' rights movement and their critics disagree about the correlation of negative developmental outcomes for children to sole custody situations. Social scientist V. C. McLoyd states that father absence covaries with other relevant family characteristics such as the lack of an income from a male adult, the absence of a second adult, and the lack of support from a second extended family system and conclude that it is the negative effects of poverty, and not the absence of a father, that result in negative developmental outcomes.<ref name="Father Absent Homes">Template:Cite journal</ref> On the other hand, Professor Craig Hart states that although the consequences of poverty and having a single parent are interrelated, each is a risk factor with independent effects on children,<ref name="Shared Parenting Research">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Silverstein and Auerbach state that the negative outcomes for children in sole custody situations correlate more strongly to "fatherlessness" than to any other variable including poverty.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Is there really a fatherhood crisis?"/>

Members of the fathers' rights movement criticize the best interests of the child standard currently used in many countries for making custody decisions, which they describe as highly subjective and based on the personal prejudices of family court judges and court-appointed child custody evaluators,<ref name="Fathers & Families Comment on NYT article">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Children's rights">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Fatherphobia">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Family Feud">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and that courts are abusive when more than half custody is taken away from a willing, competent parent.<ref name="ACFC Appeal to Parents">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Members of the fathers' rights movement including Ned Holstein state that a rebuttable presumption of shared parenting is supported by a majority of citizens.<ref name="F&F Testimony">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Baskerville writes that proposals to enact shared parenting laws are opposed by divorce lawyers, and he says that "radical feminist" groups oppose shared parenting because of the possibility of domestic violence and child abuse.Template:Sfnp

Mo Yee Lee, after conducting a study of mothers and children, concluded that there are some advantages to joint custody arrangements; and overall, the degree of conflict between parents impacted the children more than the custody arrangement. <ref>Template:Cite journal; lay-summary Template:Webarchive</ref> Some feminist groups have stated that if shared parenting were ordered, fathers would not provide their share of the daily care for the children.<ref name="Baker"/> The National Organization For Women also questions the motives of those promoting shared parenting, noting that it would result in substantial decreases in or termination of child support payments.<ref name="Weiser">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stephen Baskerville states that shared parenting has been demonstrated to reduce parental conflict by requiring parents to cooperate and compromise, and that it is the lack of constraint by one parent resulting from the ability of that parent to exclude the other, that results in increased parental conflict.Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He further states that only when child support guidelines exceed true costs do parents ask for or seek to prevent changes in parenting time for financial reasons, adding that any argument that a parent is asking for increased parenting time to reduce child support is at the same time an argument that the other parent is making a profit from child support.Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Stephen Baskerville describes no-fault or unilateral divorce based on no fault as a power grab by the parent that initiates the divorce and he also states that fathers have a constitutional right to shared control of their children and through political action they intend to establish parental authority for both parents and for the well-being of their children.<ref name="Divorced From Reality">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Parental Authority">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Members of the fathers' rights movement state that a rebuttable presumption for shared parenting preserves a child's protection against unfit or violent parents.<ref name="F&F Position Paper">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pro-feminist sociologist Michael Flood states that supporters of shared parenting use it only as a symbolic issue related to "rights", "equality", and "fairness" and that the father's rights movement is not actually interested in the shared care of their children or the children's wishes, adding that fathers' rights groups have advocated policies and strategies that are harmful to mothers and children and also harmful to the fathers themselves.<ref name="Flood 2006">Template:Cite conference</ref> In contrast, social scientist Sanford Braver states that the bad divorced dad image is a myth that has led to harmful and dangerous social policies.Template:Sfnp

Some fathers' rights activists object to the term "visitation", which they see as denigrating to their level of authority as parents, and instead prefer the use of "parenting time".Template:Sfnp

Child support

Template:See also From the source Northwestern University Law Review. Authors Tait, Anderson explained that "child support is a ubiquitous kind of debt, common to all income and wealth levels, with data showing that approximately 30% of the U.S. adult population has either been subjected to pay child support or has received it." Members of the fathers' rights movement campaign for the reform of child support guidelines, which in most Western countries are based on maintaining the children's standard of living after separation, and on the assumption that the children live with one parent and never with the other.<ref name="Fathers Are Capable Too - Comments on Child Support Guidelines">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Recommendations for Child Support Guideline Revisement"/> Activists state that the current guidelines are arbitrary, provide mothers with financial incentives to divorce, and leave fathers with little discretionary income to enjoy with the children during their parenting time.<ref name="Divorce as revolution"/><ref name="Fathers Are Capable Too - Comments on Child Support Guidelines"/><ref name="The Subversion of Child Support">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the US, fathers' rights activists propose guidelines based on a Cost Shares model, in which child support would be based on the average income of the parents and the estimated child costs incurred by both parents.Template:Sfnp Laura W. Morgan has stated that it focuses on the relative living standards of divorcing parents rather than the best interests of the children and financially supporting them at the same level after divorce.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Solangel Maldonado states that the law should value a broader definition of fathering for poor fathers by reducing the focus on collecting child support and encouraging the informal contributions (such as groceries, clothes, toys, time with the children) of these fathers by counting these contributions as child support.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Members of the fathers' rights movement state that child support should be terminated under certain conditions, such as if the custodial parent limits access to the children by moving away against the wishes of the other parent, gives fraudulent testimony, or if paternity fraud is discovered,<ref name="Recommendations for Child Support Guideline Revisement">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> adding that two men should not have to pay child support for the same child.<ref name="Fathers Are Capable Too - Comments on Child Support Guidelines"/>

Stephen Baskerville states that it is often difficult for fathers in financial hardship or who take on a larger caregiving role with their children to have their child support payments lowered. He also states that unemployment is the primary cause of child support arrears, and further states that these arrearages make the father subject to arrest and imprisonment without due process.<ref name="Is there really a fatherhood crisis?">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stephen Baskerville states that the purpose of child support should be publicly determined, and enforcement programs must be designed to serve that purpose, observing the due process of law.Template:Sfnp

Some legal scholars and feminist writers have said that the fathers' rights movement puts the interests of fathers above the interests of children, for example by suggesting that it is acceptable for fathers to withdraw child support if they are not given access to their children, or by lobbying for changes in family law that would allegedly heighten children's exposure to abusive fathers, and would allegedly further endanger mothers who are victims of domestic violence.<ref name=Rossi2004/><ref name="Kaye 1998a">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Supporters of the fathers' rights movement assert that some women make false claims of domestic violence, sexual or child abuse in order to gain an upper hand in divorce, custody disputes and/or prevent fathers from seeing their children, and they state that lawyers advise women to make such claims.<ref name="Gavanas 2004b"/><ref name="Fatherphobia"/> They state that false claims of domestic violence and child abuse are encouraged by the inflammatory "win or lose" nature of child custody hearings, that men are presumed to be guilty rather than innocent by police and by the courts,<ref name="Recommendations for Child Support Guideline Revisement"/><ref name="Controlling DV Against Men">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lawyers and advocates for abused women assert that family court proceedings are commonly accompanied with allegations of domestic violence because of the prevalence of domestic violence in society rather than as a result of false allegations of domestic violence. They also assert that domestic violence often begins or increases around the time of divorce or separation.<ref name="Ottaman"/> Sociologist Michael Flood argues that fathers' rights groups have had a damaging impact on the field of domestic violence programming and policy by attempting to discredit female victims of violence, to wind back the legal protections available to victims and the sanctions imposed on perpetrators, and to undermine services for the victims of men's violence.<ref name="Flood 2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> Stephen Baskerville asserts that when child abuse occurs the perpetrator is not likely to be the father, and that child abuse most often occurs after the father has been separated from his children.<ref name="Divorce as revolution"/> Baskerville proposes that domestic violence and child abuse must be adjudicated as criminal assault, observing due process protections, and that government funding for programs addressing these issues must be made contingent on such protections.Template:Sfnp

Parenting time interference

Glenn Sacks states that some mothers interfere with the father's parenting time and that such interference should be stopped.<ref name="Parenting Time Interference a problem for dads">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sacks and Jeffery M. Leving state that parenting time interference can result from the custodial parent's relocation beyond a practical distance from the noncustodial parent and they campaign for a rebuttable presumption prohibiting such relocations.<ref name="Move Away">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Fathers' rights activists have also advocated for the inclusion of parental alienation syndrome, a proposed syndrome developed by Richard A. Gardner that alleges unjustified disruption of the relationship between a parent and a child is caused by the other parent.<ref>

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|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Neither PAS nor PAD are accepted by any legal or mental health organization.<ref name="Comerford2008">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Jordan2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> Despite lobbying, parental alienation syndrome was not included in the draft of the DSM manual that was released in 2010,<ref name="Rotstein2010">Template:Cite news</ref> though parental alienation disorder does appear as a "Condition Proposed by Outside Sources" to be reviewed by a working group.<ref name=CPOS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

No-fault divorce

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Stephen Baskerville states that laws establishing no-fault divorce did not stop at removing the requirement that grounds be cited for a divorce, so as to allow for divorce by "mutual consent"; it also allows either spouse to end the marriage without any agreement or fault by the other.Template:Sfnp Phyllis Schlafly states that no-fault divorce should be referred to as unilateral divorce.<ref name=Keynote>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stephen Baskerville states that laws establishing no-fault divorce can be seen as one of the boldest social experiments in modern history that have effectively ended marriage as a legal contract.Template:Sfnp He states that it is not possible to form a binding agreement to create a family, adding that government officials can, at the request of one spouse, end a marriage over the objection of the other.Template:Sfnp He states that no-fault divorce has left fathers with no protection against what he describes as the confiscation of their children.Template:Sfnp

Baskerville states that fault has entered through the back door in the form of child custody hearings, and that the forcibly divorced spouse ("defendant") is presumed guilty.Template:Sfnp Similarly, other members of the fathers' rights movement believe that men fail to get appropriate recognition of their innocence as a result of no-fault divorce.<ref name="Kaye 1998b"/>

Stephen Baskerville proposes "reasonable limits" on no-fault divorce when children are involved.Template:Sfnp Some members of the FRM support the end of the no-fault principle in child custody and divorce decisions.<ref name="Kaye 1998b"/><ref name="Khader">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Cheltenham">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some members of the fathers' rights movement state that the availability of divorce should also be limited.<ref name="Kaye 1998b"/>

Government involvement

Stephen Baskerville states that governments throughout the United States and other democracies are engaged, by accident or design, in a campaign against fathers and fatherhood, which in his view, lies at the root of a larger problem that threatens marriage, destroys families, devastates the lives of many children, and undermines parents, democracy and accountability.Template:Sfnp Baskerville also states that it is the removal of the father from the family through divorce that initiates problems for which the government is perceived as the solution rather than the problem, and that these problems are then used to justify the continued existence and expansion of the government.Template:Sfnp Members of the fathers' rights movement state that modern divorce involves government officials invading parents' private lives, evicting people from their homes, seizing their property, and taking away their children.Template:Sfnp<ref name="Gavanas 2002">Template:Cite book</ref>

Parental and reproductive rights

Fathers' rights advocates have worked for the right of unwed, otherwise fit, fathers to get custody if the mother tries to have their child adopted by a third party or if child welfare authorities place the child in foster care.<ref name="Williams 2002"/><ref name="Shanley">Template:Cite book</ref> Fathers' rights activists seek a gender-neutral approach in which unwed men and women would have equal rights in adoption issues, an approach that critics state does not sufficiently acknowledge the different biological roles in procreation and pregnancy, and the disparity in society's social and economic structures.<ref name="Shanley"/><ref name="isbn0-415-91027-7">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed In the US, some states have passed laws to protect the rights of unwed fathers to custody. Courts have increasingly supported these rights, though judges often require evidence that the father has shown interest in, and given financial and emotional support to, the mother during pregnancy.<ref name="Williams 2002"/><ref name="Godwin">Template:Cite book</ref>

Some fathers' rights advocates have sought the right to prevent women from having an abortion without the father's consent, based on the idea that it is discriminatory for men not to have the ability to participate in a decision to terminate a pregnancy.<ref name="Williams 2002"/><ref name="Sex & Society">Template:Cite book</ref> This option is not supported by any laws in the United States.<ref name="Buchanan 2007"/> Fathers' rights advocates Jeffrey M. Leving and Glenn Sacks have stated that "choice for men is a flawed solution."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Advocates have also expressed the desire to have a "financial abortion" in which the option exists to sever all responsibility for child support for an unwanted child. Commenting on this, legal scholar Kim Buchanan states, "The only way men's lack of a pregnancy opt-out can be framed as a gender injustice is to accept that men have a right to visit the consequences of unprotected sex (or contraceptive failure) exclusively on their female partners."<ref name="Buchanan 2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some feminists, however, such as former president of the feminist organization National Organization for Women, attorney Karen DeCrow, have supported the "financial abortion" concept, stating "if a woman makes a unilateral decision to bring pregnancy to term, and the biological father does not, and cannot, share in this decision, he should not be liable for 21 years of support... autonomous women making independent decisions about their lives should not expect men to finance their choice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Parental leave

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Pressure from father's rights groups, among others, have in several countries resulted in gender-neutral program(s) eligible for parental leave. While historically, maternity benefits were given to mothers based on the physical biology of childbirth, including the need to protect the health and financial well-being of the woman and child, parental leave benefits emphasize gender-neutral child-rearing, the benefits of the participation of fathers in children's care, and redress discrimination against men who wish to be involved with their infants.<ref>Baker, Maureen, Parental Benefit Policies and the Gendered Division of Labor The Social Service Review, Vol. 71, No. 1 (March 1997), pp. 51–71 [1]</ref><ref name="Reese 2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

Criticism

Advocates of substantive equality argue against formal equality frequently referenced by Fathers' right advocates.<ref name="a856">Template:Cite journal</ref> The gestation investment is seen by some as one justification for substantive equality between Fathers' rights and Mothers' rights.<ref name="b412">Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• Fathers' rights movement by country
• Masculism
• Men's rights movement
• Paper abortion
• Stay-at-home dad

Works cited

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Further reading

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