Men's rights movement

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Pp Template:Use dmy dates Template:Masculism sidebar The men's rights movement (MRM)<ref name="Rafail 2019">Template:Cite journal</ref> is a branch of the men's movement. The MRM in particular consists of a variety of groups and individuals known as men's rights activists (MRAs) who focus on social issues, such as specific government services, which adversely impact, or in some cases, structurally discriminate against, men and boys. Common topics discussed within the men's rights movement include family law, such as child custody, alimony and marital property distribution; homelessness; reproduction; suicide; domestic violence against men; false accusations of rape; circumcision; education; conscription; social safety nets; and health policies. The men's rights movement branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970s, with both groups comprising a part of the larger men's movement.

Many scholars describe the movement or parts of the movement as a backlash against feminism.<ref name="Backlash"/> Sectors of the men's rights movement have been described by some scholars and commentators as misogynistic,<ref name="Ruzankina 2010">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Dragiewicz 2011a" /><ref name="Schmitz 2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> hateful,<ref name="Ribeiro 2021">Template:Cite conference</ref><ref name="Schmitz 2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and, in some cases, as advocating violence against women.<ref name="Schmitz 2016" /><ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="Farrell 2019">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2018, the Southern Poverty Law Center categorized some men's rights groups as being part of a hate ideology under the umbrella of male supremacy while stating that others "focused on legitimate grievances".<ref name="SPLC Male Supremacy">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2024, UN Women claimed that men's rights movements as a whole are anti-rights movements.<ref name=unwomen/>

History

Forerunners

The term "men's rights" was used at least as early as February 1856 when it appeared in Putnam's Magazine. The author was responding to the issue of women's rights, calling it a "new movement for social reform, and even for political revolution", which the author proposed to counter with men's rights.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ernest Belfort Bax wrote The Legal Subjection of Men in 1896, deriding the women's rights movement as a farcical effort by women—the "privileged sex"—to prove they were "oppressed."<ref name="Bax 1908">Template:Cite book

• Reprinted as Template:Cite book</ref>

Three loosely connected men's rights organizations formed in Austria in the interwar period. The League for Men's Rights was founded in 1926 with the goal of "combating all excesses of women's emancipation".<ref name="Malleier 2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Wrussnig 2009">Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1927, the Justitia League for Family Law Reform and the Aequitas World's League for the Rights of Men split from the League of Men's Rights.<ref name="Malleier 2003"/><ref name="Wrussnig 2009"/> The three men's rights groups opposed women's entry into the labor market and what they saw as the corrosive influence of the women's movement on social and legal institutions. They criticized marriage and family laws, especially the requirement to pay spousal and child support to former wives and illegitimate children, and supported the use of blood tests to determine paternity.<ref name="Malleier 2003"/><ref name="Wrussnig 2009"/> Justitia and Aequitas issued their own short-lived journals Men's Rightists Newspaper and Self-Defense where they expressed their views that were heavily influenced by the works of Heinrich Schurtz, Otto Weininger, and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels. The organizations ceased to exist before 1939.<ref name="Malleier 2003"/><ref name="Wrussnig 2009"/>

Split from men's liberation movement

File:Warren Farrell photo.jpg

Warren Farrell, a proponent of the men's rights movement

The modern men's rights movement emerged from the men's liberation movement, which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when scholars began to study feminist ideas and politics.<ref name="Messner 1998">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn These scholars acknowledged men's institutionalized power while critically examining the consequences of hegemonic masculinity,<ref name="Messner 1998"/> believing that both men and women suffered in a patriarchal society.<ref name="Eagle 2003">Template:Cite book</ref> The men's liberation movement was led by psychologists who argued that femininity and masculinity were socially formed behaviors and not the result of genes. They tried to balance the two ideas that men were responsible for oppressing women, but also being oppressed themselves by strict gender roles.Template:R<ref name="Baker 1980">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Carrigan 1985">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:PbIn the mid-1970s, this movement began to focus on the oppression of men and less on the effects of sexism on women.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the late 1970s, the movement split into two separate strands with opposing views: the pro-feminist men's movement and the anti-feminist men's rights movement,<ref name="Messner 1998"/> which sees men as an oppressed group.Template:R<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:PbIn the 1980s, the men's rights movement focused only on the ways that sex roles discriminated against males rather than the oppression it inflicted on both genders. Author Herb Goldberg claimed that the U.S. was a "matriarchal society" because women have the power to transgress gender roles and assume masculine and feminine roles, while males are still constrained to the purely masculine role.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Reneé Blank and Sandra Slipp in 1994 compiled the testimonies of men who believed they were discriminated against based on their sex and race. This occurred in a time where women were entering the work force and obtaining managerial positions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:PbA major concern of the men's rights movement has been the issue of fathers' rights.Template:R In the 1980s and 1990s, men's rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the patriarchal gender order in the family, schools and the workplace.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sociologist Michael Kimmel states that their earlier critiques of gender roles "morphed into a celebration of all things masculine and a near infatuation with the traditional masculine role itself".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Organizations

One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded by Richard Doyle in 1971, from which the Men's Rights Association spun off in 1973.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Free Men Inc. was founded in 1977 in Columbia, Maryland, spawning several chapters over the following years, which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men (known since 2008 as the National Coalition for Men).Template:Sfn Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977,Template:R<ref name="Pelak 2006">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn the National Organization for Men was founded in 1983,Template:R and Fathers and Families was formed in 1994.<ref name="Chamberlain 2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the United Kingdom, a men's rights group calling itself the UK Men's Movement began to organize in the early 1990s.Template:Sfn The Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was founded in 2005, and in 2010 claimed to have over 30,000 members.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Save Indian Families protest (New Delhi, 26 August 2007).jpg

Protest in New Delhi for men's rights organized by the Save Indian Family Foundation.

Men's rights groups have formed in some European countries during periods of shifts toward conservatism and policies supporting patriarchal family and gender relations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the United States, the men's rights movement has ideological ties to neoconservatism.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Men's rights activists have received lobbying support from conservative organizations<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and their arguments have been covered extensively in neoconservative media.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Fringe political parties focusing on men's rights have been formed including, but not limited to, the Australian Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Israeli Man's Rights in the Family Party,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Justice for Men and Boys party in the UK.

Online presence

The men's rights movement has become more vocal and more organized since the development of the Internet,<ref name="Kimmel 2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> where activists tend to congregate.<ref name=TheWeek>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Katz 2015"/> Men's rights websites and forums have proliferated within the online manosphere.<ref name="Hodapp 2017">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Ging 2019">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:R While some of the groups have adversarial relationships with one another,Template:R they tend to be united in their misogyny, promotion of masculinity, and opposition to feminism.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Jane 2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Men's rights proponents often use the red pill and blue pill metaphor from the film The Matrix to identify each other online;<ref name=TheWeek/><ref name="Kelly 2013"/> those who accept the idea that men are the oppressed victims of a misandrist society are said to have "taken the red pill".Template:R<ref name="Zuckerberg 2018">Template:Cite book</ref> Paul Elam's site A Voice for Men (AVFM) functions as a central point of discussion and organization for men's rights issues.Template:Sfn Other sites dedicated to men's rights are Fathers Rights Foundation<ref name="Kelly 2013">Template:Cite news</ref> MGTOW.com (Men Going Their Own Way),Template:R and several Reddit forums such as /r/MensRights and /r/TheRedPill.Template:R<ref name="Rosin 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Clark-Flory 2014">Template:Cite news</ref>

Ideology

Many scholars consider the men's rights movement a backlash<ref name="Backlash">Template:Multiref2</ref> or countermovement<ref name="Williams 1995">Template:Cite journal</ref> to feminism. The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and profeminist ideas.Template:SfnTemplate:R Men's rights activists (MRAs) say feminism has surpassed its original goals and is now harming men.<ref name="Messner 1998"/><ref name="Maddison 1999" /><ref name="Cahill 2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> MRAs believe that men are victims of feminism and "feminizing" influences in society,<ref name="Allen 2015"/> and that entities such as public institutions now discriminate against men.<ref name="Beasley 2005">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Maddison 1999">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Men's rights activists argue that society has historically benefited women and femininity at the expense of men, an idea termed gynocentrism.Template:Sfn MRAs believe that patriarchy is a feminist myth and that feminism creates unfair advantages for women, causing men to become a disadvantaged group.Template:Sfn<ref name="O'Donnell p9">Template:Cite book</ref> They argue that men are not only oppressed, but also degraded and vilified; this idea of misandry or hatred of men is commonly used by MRAs to dispute feminist accusations of misogyny.Template:Sfn Feminism is portrayed as having degenerated from its original purpose as a movement for basic equality into an outlet for vindictive, irrational women to gain power and express their hatred of men.Template:Sfn

MRAs dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilegeTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and believe that men are victimized relative to women,Template:Sfn<ref name="Flood 2007">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Messner 1998"/><ref name="Clatterbaugh 2007b">Template:Cite book</ref> including in regard to what had been considered feminist concerns, such as domestic violence, pornography, prostitution, and sexism in mass media.Template:R The movement is divided between those who consider sexism equally harmful to both men and women and those who view men as disadvantaged relative to women, who benefit from "female privilege".Template:Sfn

Men's rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men's problems,Template:Sfn and some men's rights activists have viewed the women's movement as a plot to deliberately conceal discrimination against men and promote gynocentrism.<ref name="Messner 1998"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:R Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg have argued that women hold the true power in society through their roles as the primary caregivers of children, and that male power is an illusion.<ref name="Maddison 1999"/>

Sociologist Michael Messner states that the early men's rights movement "appropriates the symmetrical language of sex roles" first used by feminists, which implies a false balance of institutional power between men and women.Template:R Masculinities scholar Jonathan A. Allan described the men's rights movement as a reactionary movement that is defined by its opposition to women and feminism but has not yet formulated its own theories and methodologies outside of antifeminism.<ref name="Allen 2015">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:AnchorTopics

Men's rights proponents are concerned with a wide variety of matters, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues.Template:Sfn Some, if not all, men's rights issues stem from gender roles and, according to sociologist Allan G. Johnson, patriarchy.<ref name="Johnson 2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

Adoption

Men's rights activists seek to expand the rights of unwed fathers in case of their child's adoption.<ref name="Williams 2002">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn Warren Farrell argues that in failing to inform the father of a pregnancy, an expectant mother deprives an adopted child of a relationship with the biological father. He proposes that women be legally required to make every reasonable effort to notify the father of her pregnancy within four to five days.Template:Sfn In response, philosopher James P. Sterba agrees that, for moral reasons, a woman should inform the father of the pregnancy and adoption, but this should not be imposed as a legal requirement as it might result in undue pressure, for example, to have an abortion.Template:Sfn

Anti-dowry laws

Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) say that women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> SIFF is a men's rights organization in India that focuses on abuse of anti-dowry laws against men.<ref name="Men demand fair play">Template:Cite news</ref> SIFF has campaigned to abolish Section 498A<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of the Indian Penal Code, which penalizes cruelty by husbands (and the husband's family) in pursuit of dowry or for driving a wife to suicide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> SIFF states anti-dowry laws are regularly being abused to settle petty disputes in marriage<ref name="Gilani 2010">Template:Cite news</ref> and that they regularly receive calls from many men who allege their wives have used false dowry claims to imprison them.<ref name="Dhillon 2007">Template:Cite news</ref>

Child custody

Template:See alsoFamily law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. Men's rights adherents argue that the legal system and family courts discriminate against men, especially in regards to child custody after divorce.<ref name="Melville 2001">Template:Cite journal Also available through HeinOnline.</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fidler 2013">Template:Cite book</ref> They believe that men do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse and use statistics on custody awards as evidence of judicial bias against men.<ref name="Crean 1988">Template:Cite book</ref> Men's rights advocates seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family lawTemplate:Cn, for example by lobbying for laws that make joint custody the default custody arrangement except in cases where one parent is unfit or unwilling to parent.Template:Sfn<ref name="Crean 1988" /> They have appropriated the feminist rhetoric of "rights" and "equality" in their discourse, framing child custody as a matter of basic civil rights.<ref name="Messner 1998" /><ref name="Williams 1995" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Men's rights activists argue that the lack of contact with their children makes fathers less willing to pay child support.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Others cite the discredited parental alienation syndrome (PAS) or parental alienation as a reason to grant custody to fathers; they claim that mothers alienate children from their fathers and make false accusations of abuse in order to seek revenge against fathers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Rathus 2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref name="Hill 2019">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Fidler 2013" />

File:Fathers 4 Justice in Peterborough.jpg

Two protesters from UK-based fathers' rights group Fathers 4 Justice protesting in Peterborough in 2010.

Scholars and critics assert that empirical research does not support the notion of a judicial bias against men<ref name="Melville 2001"/> and that men's rights advocates distort statistics in a way that ignores the fact that the majority of men do not seek custody, and the overwhelming majority of custody cases are settled outside of court.<ref name="Crean 1988"/>

Academics critique the rhetorical framing of custody decisions, stating that men's rights advocates appeal for "equal rights" without ever specifying the legal rights they believe have been violated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Scholars and critics assert that the men's rights rhetoric of children's "needs" that accompanies their plea for fathers' rights is merely to deflect criticism that they are motivated by self-interest and masks men's rights advocates' own claims.<ref name="Williams 1995"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Dragiewicz 2011a" /> Critics argue that abusive men use allegations of parental alienation to counter mothers' legitimate concerns about their and their chlldren's safety.<ref name="Rathus 2019" /><ref name="Hill 2019" /><ref name="Fidler 2013" /> Deborah Rhode argues that, contrary to the claims of some men's rights activists, research shows that joint legal custody does not increase the likelihood that fathers will pay child support or remain involved parents.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Michael Flood argues that the fathers' and men's rights movement seems to prioritize re-establishing paternal authority over the children, rather than actual involvement, and that they prioritize principles of equality over the positive parenting and well-being of the children.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Circumcision

Template:See also ObserversTemplate:Who have stated that the 'intactivist' movement, an anti-circumcision movement, has some overlap with the men's rights movement.<ref name="Allen 2015"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most men's rights activists object to routine neonatal circumcision and say that female genital mutilation has received more attention than male circumcision.<ref name="Allen 2015"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Ross 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The controversy around non-consensual circumcision of children for non-therapeutic reasons is not exclusive to the men's rights movement, and involves concerns of feminists and medical ethics.<ref name="Povenmire 1999">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="El-Salam 2003" /> Some doctors and academics have argued that circumcision is a violation of the right to health and bodily integrity,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="El-Salam 2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news Pdf. Alternative pdf.</ref> while others have disagreed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Divorce

Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition to divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. Up until this time, husbands held legal power and control over wives and children.<ref>Template:Cite journal Pdf.</ref> The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.Template:Sfn Men's rights leader Rich Doyle likened divorce courts to slaughterhouses, considering their judgements unsympathetic and unreasonable.Template:Sfn

Men's rights activists have argued that divorce and custody laws violate men's individual rights to equal protection. Law professor Gwendolyn Leachman writes that this sort of framing "downplays the systemic biases that women face that justify protective divorce and custody laws".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Domestic violence

Template:See also Men's rights groups describe domestic violence committed by women against men as a problem that goes ignored, under-reported,<ref name="Miller 2005">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Doward 2003">Template:Cite news</ref> and under-researched,<ref name="Idriss 2022">Template:Cite journal</ref> in part because men are reluctant to label themselves as victims.<ref name="Doward 2003"/> They say that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships<ref name="Miller 2008">Template:Cite book</ref> and that domestic violence is gender-symmetrical.<ref name="Dragiewicz 2011b">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Loseke 2005" /> They cite controversial family conflict research by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles as evidence of gender symmetry.<ref>Citations:

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Harvnb
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Loseke 2005"/> Men's rights advocates argue that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against male partners.Template:Sfn Men's rights advocates have been critics of legal, policy and practical protections for abused women,<ref name="Loseke 2005"/><ref name="Dragiewicz 2011c">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kimmel 2010">Template:Cite book</ref> campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men<ref name="Miller 2005"/><ref name="Doward 2003"/> and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence against men.<ref name="Miller 2005"/> In the early 21st or late 20th century, the National Coalition for Free Men sued the Minnesota state, calling for funding to women's domestic violence programmes to be removed under the idea that they "discriminate against men".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In response to such claims, family violence scholar Richard Gelles published an article entitled "Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field" and accused the men's rights movement of distorting his research findings on men's and women's violence to promote a misogynistic agenda.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many domestic violence scholars and advocates have rejected the research cited by men's rights activists as flawed,<ref name="Potok 2012" /><ref name="Flood 2012">Template:Cite journal Pdf.</ref> disputing their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical,<ref name="Messner 1998" /><ref name="Miller 2008" /><ref name="Dobash 1992">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Kimmel 2002">Template:Cite journal Pdf.</ref> saying that their focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the severity of the problem of men's violence against women and children<ref name="Flood 2012" /> and to undermine services to abused women.<ref name="Miller 2008" /><ref name="Kimmel 2002" />

Education

Template:See also Men's rights adherents describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation compared to girls.<ref name="Kanani 2011"/> Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for what they believe is discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system.<ref name="Mills 2009">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Gender Gap in UK Degree Subjects">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs, as well as a curricula and assessment methods that supposedly favour girls, have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys.<ref name="Kanani 2011"/><ref name="Francis 2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

Men's rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports, and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also advocated clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including gender-segregated classrooms, and stricter discipline.<ref name="Francis 2005"/>

One primary characteristic of men's rights groups is the view of boys as a homogeneous group that shares common educational experiences; this means that it fails to account for how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, disability, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.<ref name="Francis 2005"/>

In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents. Compared to Australia, less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.<ref name="Mills 2009"/> However, Mary Curnock Cook, the British Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) chief executive, argued that in Britain "despite the clear evidence and despite the press coverage, there is a deafening policy silence on the issue. Has the women's movement now become so normalised that we cannot conceive of needing to take positive action to secure equal education outcomes for boys?"<ref name="Gender Gap in UK Degree Subjects"/>

Governmental structures

Men's rights groups have called for governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.<ref name="What about tax">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="For Him Minister"/><ref name="Wetzstein 2011">Template:Cite news</ref> Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, or for the abolition of the National Commission for Women.<ref name="What about tax"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, has been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but was rejected by the government headed by Prime Minister Tony Blair.<ref name="For Him Minister">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Minister for Men. Hansard, UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 November 2011.</ref> In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a White House Council on Boys and Men as a counterpart to the White House Council on Women and Girls, which was formed in March 2009.<ref name="Kanani 2011">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Wetzstein 2011"/>

Health

Men's rights groups view the health issues faced by men, and their shorter life spans compared to women globally, as evidence of discrimination and oppression.Template:Sfn<ref name="Haywood 2003"/> They claim that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.Template:Sfn They highlight certain disparities in funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, stating that, for example, prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.<ref name="Haywood 2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, women and minorities had typically been excluded from medical research until the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Viviana Simon states, "Most biomedical and clinical research has been based on the assumption that the male can serve as representative of the species." Medical scholars warn that such false assumptions are still prevalent.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Contrary to antifeminist assertions, empirical findings suggest that gender bias against females remains the norm in medicine.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Page needed Farrell argues that industrialization raised the stress level of men while lowering the stress-level of women by pulling men away from the home and the family, and pushing women closer to home and family. He cites this an explanation why men are more likely to die from all 15 leading causes of death than women at all ages. He argues that the U.S. government having an Office of Research on Women's Health but no Office of Research on Men's Health, along with the U.S. federal government spending twice as much money on Women's health, shows that society considers men more disposable than women.<ref name="Farrell 2014">Template:Cite AV media</ref>Template:Time needed

Scholars have critiqued these claims,<ref name="Flood 2012" /><ref name="Haywood 2003"/>Template:Sfn stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"Template:Sfn and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.Template:Sfn According to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers' health, and the ignorance of service providers", instead of blaming a feminist health movement.<ref name="Flood 2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Genevieve Creighton & John L Oliffe have stated that men engage in positive health practices, such as reducing fat intake and alcohol, to conform to positive masculine ideals.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some have argued that biology contributes to the life-expectancy gap. For example, it has been found that females consistently outlive males among primates. Eunuchs, castrated before puberty, have shown to live with varying differences, more than other males, pointing to testosterone levels playing a role in the life-expectancy gap.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Luy and Gast found that the female–male life expectancy gap is primarily due to higher mortality rates among specific sub-populations of men. They therefore state that social programs should be narrowly targeted to those sub-populations, rather than to men as a whole.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Homelessness

Glen Poole, author of the book Equality For Men, argues that homelessness is a gendered issue, saying that in Britain, most homeless people are male.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> A 2018 study focused on three Pennsylvania emergency departments found little difference in the number of men and women who self-reported as homeless; however, the study did not claim to reflect the homeless population in the United States as a whole.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Primary source inline In 2022, most homeless individuals were male. <ref>"State of Homelessness: 2023 Edition" National Alliance to end homelessness https://endhomelessness.org/homelessness-in-america/homelessness-statistics/state-of-homelessness/#key-facts</ref> Men are also more likely to be unsheltered than women. This may be partly due to the administrators of the homelessness system prioritizing vulnerability, age, or risk of violence over serving men and women equally. However, many reasons are found outside the homelessness system, like men being over-represented in the criminal justice system and more likely to drop out of school than women. <ref>"Demographic Data Project: Gender and Individual Homelessness" National Alliance to End Homelessness. https://endhomelessness.org/demographic-data-project-gender-and-individual-homelessness/</ref> For information on the homeless population of the United States as a whole, see Homelessness in the United States.

Incarceration

Men's rights campaigners believe that men receive harsher treatment than women in criminal justice systems around the world. They cite the disproportionate number of men in prison as evidence of this.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the United States,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> India<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and across the European Union,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 90–95% of prison inmates are male. Studies have shown that, compared with women who commit similar crimes, men are more likely to be incarcerated, receive longer prison sentences, and have to serve a greater portion of their sentences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Williams 2001">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Warren Farrell, a man convicted of murder in the United States is twenty times more likely to receive a death sentence than a woman convicted of murder.Template:Sfn There is also evidence that female sex offenders are treated with more leniency than their male counterparts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Farrell believes society considers women to be naturally more innocent and credible, and criticizes battered woman and infanticide defenses.Template:Sfn He criticizes conditions in men's prisons and the lack of attention to prison male-to-male rape by authorities.Template:Sfn

Military conscription

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Men's rights activists argue that the sole military conscription of men is an example of discrimination against men.Template:Sfn<ref name="Boyd 1996">Template:Cite book</ref> Historically, most societies have only required men to be conscripted. According to David Benatar, "perhaps the most obvious example of male disadvantage is the long history of social and legal pressures on men, but not on women, to enter the military and to fight in war, thereby risking their lives and bodily and psychological health. Where the pressure to join the military has taken the form of conscription, the costs of avoidance have been self-imposed exile, imprisonment, physical assault or, in the most extreme circumstances, execution."<ref name="Benatar 2012">Template:Cite book</ref> Around 80 countries worldwide still use conscription in various forms, and most of these have a male-only draft.<ref name="Benatar 2012"/> As of 2018, only two countries – Norway and Sweden – required women to be conscripted under the same formal conditions as men.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the United States, all males ages 18–25 are required to register for Selective Service. Failure to do so can result in fines, imprisonment, and ineligibility for student loans and federal employment. Women are not required to register. In 1971, draft resisters in the United States initiated a class-action suit alleging that male-only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.<ref name="Binkin 1993" /><ref name="Carelli 1981" /> When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple feminist groups, including the National Organization for Women.<ref name="Carelli 1981">Template:Cite news</ref> However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act,<ref name="Binkin 1993">Template:Cite book</ref> stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity'".<ref>Rostker v. Goldberg at Cornell University Law School.</ref> The 2016 decision by Defense Secretary Ash Carter to make all combat positions open to women relaunched debate over whether or not women should be required to register for the Selective Service System.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the case National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, the Southern District Court of Texas ruled the male-only draft unconstitutional.

Paternity fraud

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Men's and fathers' rights groups interest in "paternity fraud" or mistaken paternity falls into two main categories: men who are compelled to provide financial support for a child that has been proven by DNA testing not to be their biological offspring, and men who have been led to believe that the children they are raising are their own, and have subsequently discovered otherwise.<ref name="Cannold 2008"/> They hold biological views of fatherhood, emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood.<ref name="Cannold 2008"/><ref name="Majumber 2005">Template:Cite book</ref> They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man,<ref name="Salah 2005"/> and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non-biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history. In addition, they say non-biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship.<ref name="Cannold 2008"/>

Men's rights activists support the use of one-parent consent paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child's paternity;<ref name="Salah 2005"/> men's and fathers' rights groups have also called for compulsory paternity testing of all children.<ref name="Cannold 2008"/><ref name="Shepherd 2012">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father, but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them.<ref name="Majumber 2005"/> Prompted by these concerns, legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father.<ref name="Cannold 2008">Template:Cite journal Pdf. Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="Majumber 2005"/> Australian men's rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the informed consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children,<ref name="Salah 2005">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual's informed consent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Estimates of the extent of misattributed paternity vary considerably. Some campaigners claim that between 10% and 30% of children are being parented by men who are unaware that they are not the biological father, but Professor Leslie Cannold writes that these numbers have been inflated by an order of magnitude, with about 1% seen in Australia and the UK, and 3% observed in the US.<ref name="Cannold 2008"/> Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men's rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity, which he estimates at about 1–3%.<ref name="Shepherd 2012"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gilding opposed as unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children.<ref name="Shepherd 2012"/> Even the lowest estimates of the prevalence of paternity fraud suggest it affects tens of thousands of men in the US alone.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Rape

False accusations against men

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Men's rights activists believe there are a significant number of false accusations of rape,<ref name="Brotman 1992">Template:Cite news</ref> and have proposed legal changes to protect men in those situations.<ref name="Kimmel 1992">Template:Citation</ref>

Men's rights proponents believe that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser (victim) with anonymity encourages abuse of this kind.Template:Sfn Men's rights advocates have also claimed that rape "has been used as a scam."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Studies from the United States, Australia, and the Britain have found the percentage of estimated false or unsubstantiated rape allegations to be around 2% to 8%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Whilst false accusations of rape often receive much online and media attention, the vast majority do not lead to conviction or wrongful jail time despite the claims of some organisations.<ref name="Kay 2018">Template:Cite news</ref> A study from the British Home Office for example, shows that in the early 2000s, of 216 sexual assault cases that were classified as false allegations, only six led to an arrest and just two led to charges against the accused before ultimately being ruled as false.<ref name="Kay 2018" /><ref name="Newman 2017">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

To argue the issue of false accusations of rape, the categories of 'false' and 'unsubstantiated' are often conflated, such as the National Coalition for Men citing reports such as the 1996 FBI summary that finds a rate of 8% for unsubstantiated forcible rape, which is four times higher than the average for all index crimes as a whole.<ref name="False Accusations">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Primary-source-inline Experts emphasize that verified false allegations are a distinct category from unsubstantiated allegations, and conflating the two is fallacious.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These figures are widely debated due to the questionable methodology and small sample sizes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Gross 2009">Gross, Bruce (Spring 2009). "False Rape Allegations: An Assault On Justice" Template:Webarchive. The Forensic Examiner</ref>

Sexual violence against men

Template:See also Men's rights activists have also raised contention on the issue of sexual violence against men, especially in the context of the stigma surrounding male victims of rape and the legal troubles they face, including being counter-sued for rape, child support (see Hermesmann v. Seyer), and lack of action. Men's rights activists have also criticized the lack of attention towards prison male-to-male rape by authorities.<ref name="False Accusations" />Template:Primary-source-inline

Criminalization of marital rape

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Legislation and judicial decisions criminalizing marital rape are opposed by some men's rights groups in the United Kingdom,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn the United States<ref name="Loseke 2005">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and India.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} excerpt: "The Government has not included marital rape in its anti-rape ordinance appealing that it is a complex issue that involves multiple stakeholders... mens rights activists are constantly clamouring that Section 498(A), the Domestic Violence Act is being misused"</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the belief that sex within marriage is an irrevocable part of the institution of marriage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In India, there has been anxiety about relationships<ref name="Pandey 2010">Template:Cite news</ref> and the future of marriage that such laws have given women "grossly disproportional rights".<ref name="Dhillon 2006">Template:Cite news</ref> Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation, a men's rights organization, has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India, arguing that "no relationship will work if these rules are enforced".<ref name="Pandey 2010"/>

Critique of men's rights rape discourse

Feminist scholars Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton argue that content on the manosphere reveals anti-feminist arguments, including that sexual violence is a gender-neutral problem, feminists are responsible for erasing men's experiences of victimization, false allegations are widespread, and that rape culture is a feminist-produced moral panic. They contend it is important to engage [this topic] as there is a real danger that MRA (Men's Rights Activism) claims could come to define the popular conversation about sexual violence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Reproductive rights

Template:See also Men's rights campaigners assert that while a woman has several legal avenues to opt out of being a mother after conception (abortion, adoption, safe haven laws), a man has no choice in whether he becomes a father and is at the mercy of the mother's decision.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Moreover, a man who fathers a child as a result of reproductive coercion or a sexual assault by a woman can still be compelled to support the child financially.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Cases in Kansas, California and Arizona have established that a male raped as a minor by a woman can be held legally responsible for a child that results from the assault, a situation the director of the National Center for Men described as "off-the-charts ridiculous" that "wouldn't be tolerated" if the genders were reversed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Warren Farrell, "Roe v. Wade gave women the vote over their bodies. Men still don't have the vote over theirs—whether in love or war."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Third-party inline

In consequence, some advocate for "paper abortion", which would allow the biological father, before the birth of the child, to opt out of any rights, privileges, and responsibilities toward the child, including financial support.Template:Citation needed

In 2006, the American National Center for Men backed Dubay v. Wells, a lawsuit which concerned whether men should have the opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters argued that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The case and the appeal were dismissed, with the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stating that neither parent has the right to sever their financial responsibilities for a child and that "Dubay's claim that a man's right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman's right to abortion rests upon a false analogy".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Valenti 2012">Template:Cite book</ref>

Social security and insurance

Men's rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men.Template:Sfn Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total, women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.Template:SfnTemplate:Third-party inline

Suicide

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Men's rights activists point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women.<ref name="Haywood 2003"/>Template:Sfn In the United States for example, the male-to-female suicide death ratio varies, approximately, between 3:1 and 10:1,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and some studies have shown a higher suicidal intent in men.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In Australia, 75% of suicides are male,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with, on average, 6 men killing themselves each day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Studies have also found an over-representation of women in attempted or incomplete suicides and men in complete suicides.<ref name="Schrijvers 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> This phenomenon, described as the "gender paradox in suicide," is argued to derive from a tendency for females to use less lethal methods and greater male access and use of lethal methods.<ref name="Schrijvers 2012" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Prominent men's rights activists

Template:Expand section Most men's rights activists in the United States are white, middle-class, heterosexual men.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Katz 2015">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Cahill 2010"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Prominent advocates include Warren Farrell,<ref name="Maddison 1999"/> Herb Goldberg,<ref name="Maddison 1999"/> Richard Doyle,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Asa Baber.<ref>Template:Cite journal View online. Also available via HeinOnline.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> There are also women in the movement, including Helen Smith, Christina Hoff Sommers,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Erin Pizzey<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Bettina Arndt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Karen DeCrow

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Karen DeCrow was an American attorney, author, and activist and feminist, who served as president of the National Organization for Women from 1974 to 1977, she was also a strong supporter of equal rights for men in child custody decisions, arguing for a "rebuttable presumption" of shared custody after divorce.<ref name="Young 2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She also asserted that men as well as women should be allowed the decision not to become a parent, and was an avid supporter of father's rights movements, and argued that domestic violence is a "two-way street."<ref name="Young 2014"/> As a result, DeCrow found she was "increasingly at odds with the organization she had once led, though she never broke with it."<ref name="Young 2014" />

Marc Angelucci

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Marc Angelucci was an American attorney, men's rights activist, and the vice-president of the National Coalition for Men (NCFM).<ref name="Cassens Weiss 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a lawyer, he represented several cases related to men's rights issues, most prominently National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, in which the federal judge declared the male-only selective-service system unconstitutional, and Woods v. Horton, which ruled that the California State Legislature had unconstitutionally excluded men from domestic violence victim protection programs.<ref name="Licas 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Aviles 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Warren Farrell

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Warren Farrell is an American educator, activist and author of seven books on men's and women's issues.

Farrell initially came to prominence in the 1970s as a supporter of second wave feminism; he served on the New York City Board of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Generally considered the 'Father of Men's Rights Movement,'" Farrell advocates for "a gender liberation movement, with "both sexes walking a mile in each other's moccasins."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Herb Goldberg

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Herb Goldberg was the author of the book What Men Still Don't Know About Women, Relationships, and Love,The Hazards of Being Male: Surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege (1975), and What Men Really Want and Men's Secrets related to the formative men's movement. He was a professor emeritus of psychology at California State University, Los Angeles and a practicing psychologist in Los Angeles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Erin Pizzey

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Erin Pizzey is an English men's rights advocate, domestic abuse advocate and ex-feminist. She holds a controversial theory that most domestic violence between men and women is mutual and reciprocated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Ferguson 2014">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification Pizzey has released two notable works, Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear and Prone to Violence.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Undue weight inline In the 2024 New Year Honours she was named Commander of the Order of the British Empire.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bettina Arndt

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Bettina Arndt is an Australian men's right activist who was awarded the Order of Australia for gender equity in 2020.<ref name="Brancatisano 2020" /> Despite heavy criticism, the Council of the Award of Australia decided not to strip her of the award.<ref name="Brancatisano 2020">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Undue weight inline

Reception

Many authors have characterized the men's rights movement as misogynistic.<ref>See e.g.:

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Harvnb
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}

• Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that while some of the websites, blogs and forums related to the movement "voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men, what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many."<ref name="Potok 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Goldwag 2012">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Tarrant 2013">Template:Cite book</ref> After further research into the movement, the SPLC elaborated: "A thinly veiled desire for the domination of women and a conviction that the current system oppresses men in favor of women are the unifying tenets of the male supremacist worldview."<ref name="SPLC Male Supremacy" /> Other studies have pointed towards men's rights groups in India trying to change or completely abolish important legal protections for women as a form of "patriarchal anxiety" as well as being hostile towards women.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2024 UN Women described men's rights, anti-gender and gender-critical movements as examples of anti-rights movements and linked them to "hateful propaganda and disinformation to target and attempt to delegitimize people with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics."<ref name=unwomen>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The venue for the first Men's Rights Conference in the US received death threats, calls, and demonstrations<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> forcing the organizers to raise funds for extra security<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and eventually change the venue.

Professor Ruth M. Mann of the University of Windsor in Canada suggests that men's rights groups fuel an international rhetoric of hatred and victimization by disseminating misinformation via online forums and websites containing constantly-updated "diatribes against feminism, ex-wives, child support, shelters, and the family law and criminal justice systems."<ref name="Mann 2008" /> According to Mann, these stories reignite their hatred and reinforce their beliefs that the system is biased against men and that feminism is responsible for a large scale and ongoing "cover-up" of men's victimization. Mann says that although existing legislation in Canada acknowledges that men are also victims of domestic violence, men's rights advocates demand government recognition that men are equally or more victimized by domestic violence, claims not supported by the data.<ref name="Mann 2008">Template:Cite journal</ref> Mann also states that in contrast to feminist groups, who have advocated for domestic violence services on behalf of other historically oppressed groups in addition to women, such as individuals impacted by poverty, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc., men's rights groups have attempted to achieve their goals by actively opposing and attempting to dismantle services and supports put in place to protect abused women and children.<ref name="Mann 2008" />

Other researchers such as Michael Flood have accused the men's rights movement, particularly the father's rights groups in Australia, of endangering women, children, and even men who are at greater risk of abuse and violence.<ref name="Dragiewicz 2011a">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Flood 2010">Template:Cite journal Pdf. Template:Webarchive</ref> Flood states that the men's rights/father's rights groups in Australia pursue "equality with a vengeance" or equal policies with negative outcomes and motives in order to re-establish paternal authority over the well-being of children and women as well as positive parenting.<ref name="Flood 2010" />

See also

• Anti-feminism
• Fathers' rights movement by country
• Honey badger (men's rights)
• Manosphere
• Masculism
• Men's rights movement in India
• Men's studies
• Men Going Their Own Way
• Paternal rights and abortion
• The Red Pill, a 2016 documentary about the movement
• Toxic masculinity
• Violence against men
• The War Against Boys

References

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite news