Fourteener
Template:Short description Template:About
In the mountaineering parlance of the Western United States, a fourteener (also spelled 14er) is a mountain peak with an elevation of at least Template:Convert. The 96 fourteeners in the United States are all west of the Mississippi River. Colorado has the most (53) of any single state; Alaska is second with 29. Many peak baggers try to climb all fourteeners in the contiguous United States, one particular state, or another region.
Qualification criteriaEdit
The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways:
- Topographic elevation is the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level.<ref name=NAVD_88>All elevations in the 48 contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). For further information, please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note.</ref><ref name=range>If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values, the arithmetic mean is shown.</ref>
- Topographic prominence is how high the summit rises above its surroundings.<ref name=prominence>The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit. The summit may be near its key col or quite far away. The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua, Template:Convert away.</ref><ref name=range/>
- Topographic isolation (or radius of dominance) is how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation.<ref name=isolation>The topographic isolation of a summit is the great-circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation.</ref>
Not all summits over 14,000 feet qualify as fourteeners.<ref>Blake, Kevin S. 2002. Colorado Fourteeners and the Nature of Place Identity. Geographical Review 92(2): 155–179.</ref> Summits that qualify are those considered by mountaineers to be independent. Objective standards for independence include topographic prominence and isolation (distance from a higher summit), or a combination of the two. However, fourteener lists do not always use such objective rules consistently.Template:Citation needed
A rule commonly used by mountaineers in the contiguous United States is that a peak must have at least Template:Convert of prominence to qualify.Template:Cn By this rule, Colorado has 53 fourteeners, California has 12, and Washington has 2.Template:Citation needed
According to the Mountaineering Club of Alaska, the standard in Alaska uses a Template:Convert prominence rule rather than a Template:Convert rule.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By this rule, Alaska has at least 21 peaks over Template:Convert and its 12 highest peaks exceed Template:Convert.Template:Citation needed
FourteenersEdit
Template:GeoGroup Template:See also The following table lists the 96 mountain peaks of the United States with at least Template:Convert of topographic elevation and at least Template:Convert of topographic prominence. Of these, 53 rise in Colorado, 29 in Alaska, 12 in California, and 2 in Washington (Liberty Cap is part of the crater atop Mt Rainier). The 22 highest fourteeners all rise in Alaska.
Topographic prominenceEdit
The table above uses a minimum topographic prominence criterion of Template:Convert and includes 96 peaks. The number of peaks included depends upon the minimum topographic prominence criterion. A criterion of Template:Convert includes 90 peaks, Template:Convert includes 77 peaks, Template:Convert includes 63 peaks, and Template:Convert includes 46 peaks.
The following U.S. summits have 14,000 ft of elevation, but have less than 300 ft of topographic prominence:
- Denali, Browne Tower, 14,530, Alaska: Prominence = Template:Convert. Why this became included on some fourteener lists is unclear.
- Mount Cameron, 14,238, Colorado: Prominence = 118 feet.
- El Diente Peak, 14,159, Colorado: Prominence = 239 feet. On many fourteener lists.
- Point Success, 14,158, Washington: Prominence = 118 feet.
- Polemonium Peak, 14,080+, California: Prominence = 160–240 feet.
- Starlight Peak, 14,080, California: Prominence = 80–160 feet.
- North Conundrum Peak, 14,040+, Colorado: Prominence = 200–280 feet.
- North Eolus, 14,039, Colorado: Prominence = 159–199 feet.
- North Maroon Peak, 14,014, Colorado: Official Prominence = 234 feet. On many fourteener lists, partially due to analysis with higher-resolution topographic data suggesting its true prominence is greater than 300 feet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Thunderbolt Peak, 14,003, California: Prominence = 223 feet.
- Sunlight Spire, 14,001, Colorado: Prominence = 195–235 feet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
- Mt Saint Elias, South Central Alaska.jpg
Mount Saint Elias, Alaska
- Mount foraker.jpg
Mount Foraker, Alaska
- MtBlackburn-KennicottGlacier.jpg
Mount Blackburn, Alaska
- MountSanford.jpg
Mount Sanford and Mount Wrangell, Alaska
- Elbert.JPG
Mount Elbert, Colorado
- Mount Williamson.jpg
Mount Williamson, California
- White Mountain CA.JPG
White Mountain Peak, California
- Longs.JPG
Longs Peak, Colorado
- Mount Shasta 1.jpg
Mount Shasta, California
- Maroon Bells (11553)a.jpg
Maroon Bells (Maroon Peak and North Maroon Peak), Colorado
- Pikes Peak by David Shankbone.jpg
Pikes Peak, Colorado
- BLANCA.JPG
Blanca Peak, Colorado
- San Miguel Mountains.jpg
Wilson Peak, Colorado
See alsoEdit
- List of mountain peaks of North America
- List of mountain peaks of Greenland
- List of mountain peaks of Canada
- List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains
- List of mountain peaks of the United States
- List of the highest major summits of the United States
- List of the most prominent summits of the United States
- List of the most isolated major summits of the United States
- List of extreme summits of the United States
- List of mountain peaks of Alaska
- List of mountain peaks of California
- List of mountain peaks of Colorado
- [[List of mountain peaks of Hawaii|List of mountain peaks of HawaiTemplate:Okinai]]
- List of mountain peaks of Montana
- List of mountain peaks of Nevada
- List of mountain peaks of Utah
- List of mountain peaks of Washington (state)
- List of mountain peaks of Wyoming
- List of mountain peaks of México
- List of mountain peaks of Central America
- List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean
- United States of America
- Physical geography
- Eight-thousander, peak with at least 8,000 m. elevation
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- United States Geological Survey (USGS)
- United States National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
- Colorado 14ers on 14ers.com
- Bivouac.com
- Peakbagger.com
- Peaklist.org
- Peakware.com
- Summitpost.org
Template:United States topic Template:US Fourteeners Template:US highestTemplate:US prominentTemplate:US isolated Template:Mountain peaks of the United States Template:Authority control Template:Coord