Ghulam Ishaq Khan

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Ghulam Ishaq KhanTemplate:Efn (20 January 1915 – 27 October 2006), commonly known by his initials GIK, was a Pakistani bureaucrat, politician and statesman who served as the seventh President of Pakistan from 1988 to 1993. He previously served as Chairman of the Senate from 1985 to 1988 under president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, and was sworn in shortly after Zia's death.

Raised in Bannu, Khan graduated from Peshawar University and entered the Indian Civil Service, opting for Pakistan after the independence in 1947. Appointed the first chairman of the Water and Power Development Authority by President Ayub Khan in 1961, Ghulam Ishaq also served as Finance Secretary from 1966 to 1970. A year later, he was appointed Governor of the State Bank by President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, before being made Defence Secretary in 1975, assisting with Pakistan's atomic bomb programme. He was retained by President Zia-ul-Haq as Finance Minister in 1977, overseeing the country's highest GDP growth average. Elected Chairman of the Senate in 1985, Khan was elevated to the presidency after Zia's death in an air crash on 17 August 1988. He was elected president on 13 December, as the consensus candidate of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad and Pakistan People's Party.

The oldest person to serve as president, Ghulam Ishaq Khan played a hawkish role against Communist Afghanistan, while relations with the United States deteriorated following the Pressler amendment. Domestically, Khan's term faced challenges: ethnic riots flared in Karachi, and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto accused him of frustrating her government as part of an alliance with conservative opposition leader Nawaz Sharif and the post-Zia military establishment. Khan invoked the Eighth Amendment and dismissed Benazir's government after just 20 months, on charges of rampant corruption and misgovernance. Sharif was elected Prime Minister in 1990, but Khan dismissed his government on similar charges three years later. The Supreme Court overturned the dismissal, but the gridlock ultimately led to both men resigning in 1993. He was the founder of his namesake Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute.

Retiring from public service, Khan served as rector Template:Citation needed of the GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology in his native province, dying from pneumonia in 2006. He is viewed contentiously by Pakistani historians; he is credited with personal austerity, but criticized for wielding an autocratic presidency that ousted two governments.<ref name="Telegraph UK">Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life and educationEdit

Ghulam Ishaq Khan was born in Ismail Khel, a rural locality on the outskirts of Bannu District, both villages in the North-West Frontier Province of the British Indian Empire, now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan.<ref name="Telegraph UK"/><ref name="Pakistan Herald">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was a Pashtun of the Bangash tribe. His family remains active in politics; his son-in-law is former federal minister Anwar Saifullah Khan while another son-in-law is former Sindh minister and advisor, Irfanullah Khan Marwat. A granddaughter of his, Samar Haroon Bilour, was married to Haroon Bilour of the ANP and another to Omar Ayub Khan, the grandson of former military dictator Ayub Khan and son of politician Gohar Ayub Khan.

After his schooling in Bannu, Khan first attended the Islamia College before making transfer to Peshawar University. He obtained double BSc, in Chemistry<ref name="Telegraph UK"/> and in Botany.<ref name="Telegraph UK"/><ref name="News International, 2015">Template:Cite news</ref>

Initially looking for a university job, Khan joined the Indian Civil Service in 1941, serving in various provincial assignments on behalf of British India.<ref name="News International, 2015"/> After independence in 1947, Khan opted for Pakistan and was assigned to the bureaucracy of the provincial government of North-West Frontier Province in 1947. He took over the provincial secretariat as the secretary of the irrigation department, which he held until 1955.<ref name="Telegraph UK"/>

Initial public serviceEdit

In 1956, Khan was appointed in the provincial government of Sindh as the Home Secretary, but was later appointed Secretary of Department of Development and Irrigation by the Sindh government.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> In 1958, he was elevated to federal government level, and assigned to the secretariat control of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), an appointment approved by the President Ayub Khan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> Since 1958, Khan had been serving on the Board of Governors of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), before being elevated to chairman in 1961. As Chairman, he played a vital role in the construction and financial development of Mangla Dam and Warsak Dam.<ref name="Palgrave-Macmillan">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1966, Khan left the chairmanship to be appointed as the Federal Finance Secretary to the Government of Pakistan until 1970, which he relinquished to incoming Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> After Pakistan's loss to India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Khan was called to administer all retail and commercial services pertaining to the national economy tattered by war.<ref name="Dawn archives, 2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1971, Bhutto appointed him Governor of State Bank of Pakistan when he was tasked to formulate and administer monetary and credit policy in accordance with Government policy with influence of socialism.<ref name="Independent, UK">Template:Cite news</ref> In the latter position, he questioned the wisdom of many of the economic policies of then-Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was keen to intensify his nationalization and socialist influence in the financial institutions that marked the slow down of the economy.<ref name="Independent, UK"/><ref name="United States Government">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Defence Secretary (1975–77)Edit

In 1975, Prime Minister Bhutto transferred him from Governor of the State Bank to the Ministry of Defence as Defence Secretary. It was a fortuitous move in that it brought him into close contact with the Pakistani military establishment and enabled him to closely manage the nuclear weapons program.<ref name="United States Government"/> Though an unusual assignment for a financial expert, this appointment made him a powerful bureaucrat in the country.<ref name="US Govt" /> During that time, Khan became closer to General Zia-ul-Haq and had later coveted for General Zia-ul-Haq's appointment as the chief of army staff.<ref name="United States Government"/>

As Defence Secretary, he helped manage Pakistan's atomic bomb project and had been directly associated with the program.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Khan was a vehement support of the program and saw it as a "national priory".<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> He backed the advocacy of theorist Abdul Qadeer Khan and helped establishing the Engineering Research Laboratories in Kahuta.<ref name="News International, 2015" /> He headed the Uranium Coordination Board (UCB) which consisted of AGN Kazi, Munir Ahmad and Agha Shahi. Khan recommended S A Nawab for the Hilal-i-Imtiaz medal in recognition of Nawab's work in establishing Khan Research Laboratories. Later, in the 1980s Khan helped consolidate the efforts at ERL under Lt. Gen. Zahid Ali Akbar as its first military director.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> He approved the survey by field officer, Brigadier Akbar in 1976. Khan also helped secure the funds for the ERL and lobbying for General Akbar's promotion as the Engineer-in-Chief in 1980.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> Khan cemented close relations with Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Munir Ahmad Khan, and remained Qadeer Khan's staunch loyal.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/>

His involvement and support earned him the nickname "Mr Nuke"<ref name="Telegraph UK"/><ref name="Independent, UK"/> by the U.S. diplomats, while the new media dubbed him as "Baba Atom Bomb".<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> On the contrary, Khan did not have the directorial role in the atomic bomb program until Munir Ahmad Khan retired.<ref name="Stanford University Press">Template:Cite book</ref> However, he maintained complete logistic and operational control over ERL project from the time of its inception using Major General S A Nawab who reported to Ghulam Ishaq at the Ministry of Defence. After Munir Ahmad Khan took retirement from Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), President Ghulam Ishaq Khan eventually consolidated the entire program under the civic-military control, and supervised the classified projects of the program.

Minister of Finance (1977–85)Edit

After Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was ousted in a staged coup d'état in 1977, Khan played a crucial role in the event of stabilizing chief of army staff General Zia-ul-Haq, in Bhutto's capacity.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> After meeting with the military leadership at the JS HQ, Khan reportedly marked that: "this action was going to harm the country, but since it could not be reversed, they should do their best to salvage whatever they could."<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> He was immediately elevated as Finance Minister by General Zia-ul-Haq, who acted as the Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA).<ref name="Greenwood Press">Template:Cite book</ref> A team of economic experts and technocrats were assembled in the management of Khan, giving him the authority over the Planning Commission, Economic Coordination Committee, and Executive Committee of the Space Research Council.<ref name="Greenwood Press"/> Khan worked towards controlling the national economy while harnessing the damaged Private sector.<ref name="Greenwood Press"/><ref name="Beard Books">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1977, Khan endorsed General Haq's bid for becoming the President of Pakistan, who tightened the grip of martial law in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 1980s, Khan backed the implementation of the economic Islamization by introducing the risk-free interest rate system as well as establishing the corporatization in the industrial sector.<ref name="Greenwood Press"/> Khan managed the revenue collection and provided the modern shape in the state–owned enterprises (SOEs) that were established in a nationalization in the 1970s.<ref name="Potomac Books">Template:Cite book</ref> His policies and economic expertise ultimately resulted in the improvement in GDP and GNP progress, helping Pakistan's economy become among the fastest-growing in South Asia.<ref name="Sushil Khanna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He maintained his ties with the nuclear society and gave strong priority for the nuclear deterrence as channelling financial funds for the development of the atomic bomb projects. Khan gave tax free status to the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI).<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1983, Khan was among the invited secret dignitaries who witnessed the first Cold fission test, Kirana-I; along with attendees General Zahid Ali Template:Small, General KM Arif Template:Small, AVM MJ O'Brian Template:Small), and Munir Ahmad Template:Small.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1984, Khan supported the referendum for Islamization held by President Zia.<ref name="Oxford University Press">Template:Cite book</ref>

Senate Chairman (1985–88)Edit

After the non-partisan general elections held in 1985, Khan was succeeded by Mahbub ul Haq– an economist.<ref name="US Govt"/> Khan decided to participate in the upcoming indirect senate elections as an independent.<ref name="US Govt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1985, he became the Chairman of the Senate and remained intact in that capacity until 1988.<ref name="US Govt"/>

After the controversial and mysterious aviation accident occurred in Bahawalpur, Khan appeared on national television and announced the death of General Zia-ul-Haq.<ref name="PTV archives">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> According to the Constitution of Pakistan, Khan was the second in the line of succession to the President of Pakistan. However, General Mirza Aslam Beg called out for the general elections in 1988.<ref>Blood, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Ed. by Peter R. (1995). Pakistan : a country study (6. ed., 1. print. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov. Print. Off. Template:ISBN.</ref> Until the elections, Khan served as an acting president in accordance with the Constitutional rules of succession.<ref name="US Govt"/>

President of Pakistan (1988–93)Edit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Reaching the mutual understanding with the leftist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Khan participated in presidential elections on a PPP platform.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Khan secured 608 votes in the elections, competing against four other candidates; he was also supported by the conservative IDA led by Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation"/> At the time of assuming the office of president, he became the oldest president of Pakistan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As president, Khan was marred with political struggle with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto who attempted for pushing the bill to reverse the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation"/> Furthermore, Khan was in a conflict with Prime Minister Bhutto in two areas; the appointment of the military chiefs of staff and the Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation"/> Khan consolidated his position in controlling the nuclear deterrence program, keeping all the control over its direction. Problems arose when Prime Minister Bhutto made contact with Munir Ahmad and Abdul Qadeer Khan over the program's direction, which frustrated Khan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" /> Economic growth slowed down and introduction of the US Embargo on Pakistan caused a great economic panic in the country.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" /> In the 1990s, Khan and Bhutto failed to arrest the 30% fall in the value of ₨. from 21 to 30 to the US $.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" />

Khan struggled to control the law and order in the country after witnessing the Soviet troops' withdrawal from Afghanistan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" /> Although, he maintained an ally of the United States.<ref name="EIR Archives">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Judicial and military appointmentsEdit

Soon after assuming the presidency, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan's conflict arise with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's invalid and inappropriate appointments in nation's court system, which were primarily political rather than meeting merit.Template:Rp<ref name="Princeton University Press, Haggard & Kaufman">Template:Cite book</ref> Many of Benazir government's recommendations for judicial appointments were voided and the judicial appointments made by the President himself became a controversial issue in the nation.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi University, Shah">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

The appointments of chiefs of staff in the command of the military was another issue where the President Khan was in conflict with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1989.Template:Rp<ref name="Lancer Publishers, RSN Singh">Template:Cite book</ref> President Khan also confirmed Admiral Yastur-ul-Haq Malik as the Chief of Naval staff and raised no objections.<ref name=Routledge.>Template:Cite book</ref>

Although, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan confirmed the nomination of Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey as Chairman joint chiefs and General Mirza Aslam Beg as chief of army staff in 1988, President Khan notably used his presidential powers to retain Admiral Sirohey as Chairman joint chiefs and defused any attempts made by Prime Minister Bhutto for General Beg as the new chairman joint chiefs to control the military.<ref name="Woodrow Wilson Center Press Kux">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan reportedly denied the term extension of General Mirza Aslam Beg despite Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's urging.<ref name=Routledge./> He also raised objections and further vetoed the appointment of Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul, former DG ISI, as Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army.<ref name="Routledge."/> Instead, he favoured appointing General Asif Nawaz as Chief of Army Staff.<ref name=Routledge./> On the advice of Prime Minister Sharif, he confirmed Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze as Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force.<ref name=Routledge./>

Dismissal of Bhutto and Sharif governmentsEdit

As economic and law and order crises deepened, Khan used the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan to dismiss Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's government over corruption charges and deteriorating law and order situation and called fresh elections.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> After holding the general elections in 1993, he supported Nawaz Sharif as the Prime Minister and his IDA government.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" />

Problems with Sharif arose with the issue of reversing the Eighth Amendment when Sharif tried to pass the bill.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> Eventually, he used the same Amendment to dismiss Sharif's government on similar charges. However, Sharif retaliated by bringing a lawsuit against him in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> President Khan's attempt to use the Eighth Amendment was deemed illegal by the Court and Sharif was reinstated as the Prime Minister.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> The political deadlock persisted and after the joint intervention of the judiciary and the military, both Khan and Sharif were forced to resign.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" />

Philanthropy, retirement and deathEdit

In 1988, Khan founded the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology,<ref name="newPaper_dawn">Template:Cite journal</ref> which runs programmes in engineering, science and technology. The university was established with the financial support from the BCCI.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> He invited A Q Khan who took the professorship of physics and delegated Asghar Qadir, a PAEC mathematician, to take professorship in mathematics.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/>

He again negotiated with the PPP for the presidency but eventually dropped as a candidate in favour of Farooq Leghari in general elections held in 1993.<ref name="Independent, UK" /> He retired from the national politics and avoided contact with international and domestic news media.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> He died on 27 October 2006, after a bout of pneumonia.<ref name="newPaper_dawn"/>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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