HMS Norfolk (78)
Template:Short description Template:Other shipsTemplate:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English
Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristicsHMS Norfolk was a Template:Sclass2 heavy cruiser of the Royal Navy. The ship was the Lead ship of the Norfolk-subclass of which only two were built: Norfolk and Template:HMS. She served throughout the Second World War. During 1939-41 she operated in the Atlantic against German raiders and blockade runners. In March 1940 she was damaged by German dive bomber in the anchorage of Scapa Flow.
In May 1941 Norfolk and her sister ship Template:HMS detected the German battleship Template:Ship and the heavy cruiser Template:Ship whilst on patrol in Denmark Strait. The two cruisers guided the battleship Template:HMS and the battlecruiser Template:HMS to the German ships, but in the Battle of the Denmark Strait on 24 May, Hood was sunk and both Prince of Wales and Bismarck were damaged. Norfolk and Suffolk kept contact with the German ships and guided the Home Fleet to the scene. Norfolk directed a torpedo bomber attack from Victorious to the Bismarck, but these aircraft could only score one insignificant hit on Bismarck. Finally Bismarck shook off the shadowing Norfolk, Suffolk and Prince of Wales, and headed to port in France. When Bismarck was found back on 26 May, Norfolk was one of the few ships left with enough fuel, to continue the pursuit of Bismarck. In the evening of 26 may, torpedo bombers from the aircraft carrier Template:HMS rendered Bismarck steerless, allowing her persuers to catch up. In the morning of 27 May, the battleships Template:HMS and Template:HMS, Norfolk and the heavy cruisers Template:HMS destroyed the Bismarck with gunfire and torpedoes.
From 1942 onwards she operated in the Arctic, usually as part of the close covering force of Arctic convoys to Russia, where she was involved in the sinking of the German battleship Template:Ship.during the Battle of the North Cape.
CharacteristicsEdit
Norfolk was laid down in July 1927 at Govan by Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Ltd, launched on 12 December 1928,Template:Sfn and commissioned on 30 April 1930.Template:Sfn She was at maximum Template:Cvt long overall, and had a beam of Template:Cvt and a draught of Template:Cvt. The cruiser displaced Template:Cvt at standard displacement, in compliance with the tonnage restriction of the Washington Naval Treaty, and up to Template:Convert at full load. Norfolk was propelled by four Parsons steam turbines that drove four screw propellers. Steam was provided by eight oil-fired 3-drum water-tube boilers. The turbines were rated at Template:Cvt and produced a top speed of Template:Convert. The ship had a capacity of Template:Convert of fuel oil as built, which provided a cruising radius of Template:Convert at a speed of Template:Convert.Template:Sfn She had a crew of 710 officers and enlisted men.Template:Sfn
Norfolk was armed with a main battery of eight [[BL 8 inch Mk VIII naval gun|Template:Cvt guns]] in four twin turrets. She had a secondary battery consisting of four twin Template:Cvt dual-purpose guns.Template:Sfn The cruiser was to be equipped with multiple QF 2-pounder anti-aircraft guns, but these were not yet available when she was commissioned.Template:Sfn In 1939 her light anti-aircraft armament consisted of two octuple 2-pounder guns and two quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun|Template:Cvt Vickers AA machine guns]]. By 1945 this was modified to six quadruple 2-pounders, nine single Bofors 40 mm guns and eleven twin 20 mm guns. To compensate for the added weight of anti-aircraft armament and radars, the third ( "X" ) twin 8 inch turret was landed in 1944. Norfolk also mounted two quadruple [[British 21 inch torpedo|Template:Cvt torpedo]] tubes.Template:Sfn
The County-class heavy cruisers sacrified armour for speed and armament. As built there was no belt armour, but a Template:Cvt belt was added before the war. The sides and the barbettes used Template:Cvt plating, the lower deck Template:Convert, the turrets Template:Convert and only the ammunition magazines received Template:Cvt of armour plate on the sides.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
During the war, Norfolk underwent five refits and repairs : April-July 1940, July-September 1941, February-March 1942, April-May 1943 and February-October 1944.Template:Sfn On each occasion her anti-aircraft armament and radar equipment were updated with was available at the moment.Template:Sfn
Service historyEdit
Inter-war periodEdit
In July 1931, Norfolk and Devonshire were the first British Navy ships to visit the German harbor Kiel. In September 1931, the crew of the Norfolk were part of a mutiny that later became known as the Invergordon Mutiny.Template:Sfn The ship later served with the Home Fleet until 1932 and was then Flagship of the 8th Cruiser Squadron on the America and West Indies Station, based at the Royal Naval Dockyard on Ireland Island in the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, between 1932 and 1934. Norfolk left Bermuda on 21 November 1934 for England.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> From 1935 to 1939, Norfolk served with the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, before coming home to refit in 1939, being still in dockyard hands when war was declared.Template:Sfn
Second World WarEdit
At the outbreak of war in 1939, Norfolk was part of the 8th Cruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet.Template:Sfn In November she was part of the Northern Patrol guarding Denmark Strait against German blockade runners and raiders. On 23 November the German battleships Template:Ship and Template:Ship attacked the Northern Patrol between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and sank the armed merchant cruiser Template:HMS. Norfolk was involved in the chase for the two German battleships, but Scharnhorst and Gneisenau retreated at high speed and managed to return to Germany in bad weather.Template:Sfn In anticipation of a British reaction on the sortie of the two battleships, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (OKM) had organised a submarine trap East of the Shetland isles. In very bad weather, Norfolk was sighted on 28 November by Template:GS which signalled a contact report and alerted the nearby Template:GS under the command of the famous Günther Prien. Due to the bad weather, Prien managed only to launch one torpedo which missed, but Prien reported one hit, whilst German propaganda claimed the cruiser sunk.Template:Sfn
In order to counter a supposed Allied invasion of Norway, the Germans executed a raid on 16 March 1940 with eighteen Junkers Ju 88 of Kampfgeschwader 30 and sixteen Heinkel He 111 of Kampfgeschwader 26 at the naval base of Scapa Flow.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Norfolk received a bomb hit on the quarterdeck which blew a hole in the hull and flooded the aft shell magazines. She went into repairs for three months.Template:Sfn After these repairs had been completed Norfolk proceeded to a shipyard on the River Tyne for a new addition to her equipment – a radar set.
In November 1940, the German "pocket battleship" Template:Ship broke out into the Atlantic and on 5 November attacked Convoy HX 84 and sank five ships. Trying to anticipate every possible next move of the German raider, the Admiralty sent out ships to block a possible return to Germany, allocated battleships to convoy escort and organized hunting groups in the North Atlantic. Norfolk was sent out from Freetown northwards together with her sister ship Template:HMS and the aircraft carrier Template:HMS to block the raider from going to port in occupied France.Template:Sfn When in December the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} appeared in the South Atlantic, Norfolk was ordered to Freetown as part of Force K on trade protection duties. On 18 January 1941 Norfolk, under the command of Captain Phillips, acting upon a report from the armed merchant cruiser Arawa seeing in the far distance the gun flashes of the German auxiliary cruiser Template:Ship sinking the tanker British Union, joined in the search for the German raider together with her sister ship Template:HMS.Template:Sfn
BismarckEdit
On 21 May Norfolk, under the command of rear Admiral Frederic Wake-Walker,Template:Sfn was patrolling in the Denmark Strait against possible German raiders. When the British received news of an impeding attempt of the German battleship Template:Ship and heavy cruiser Template:Ship to breakout into the Atlantic, the Denmark Strait patrol was reinforced with NorfolkTemplate:'s sister ship Template:HMS, which was refuelling at Iceland. In the evening of 23 May the two cruisers were patrolling Template:Convert apart when Suffolk spotted the two German ships. Suffolk hid in the mist but when Norfolk made contact with the German ships she was spotted by Bismarck and the German battleship fired five salvoes at Norfolk before she too could escape in the mist. Norfolk and Suffolk continued to shadow Bismarck and Prinz Eugen with their radar and sent regularly contact reports, in order to guide a British force consisting of the battleship Template:HMS, the battlecruiser Template:HMS and six destroyers under the command of Admiral Lancelot Holland to the scene. At midnight Bismarck suddenly reversed course and tried to chase the cruisers away. Norfolk and Suffolk lost contact and as a result, Holland sent his destroyers away on a fruitless search for the German ships. When contact was finally regained Holland could close in on the German ships but now the British ships were approaching slowly on a converging course rather than the planned advantageous head-on approach.Template:Sfn In the ensuing Battle of the Denmark Strait Hood was sunk and both Bismarck and Prince Of Wales were damaged. Holland had not tried to involve the shadowing cruisers in his battle plan, the cruisers were too far away to close in before the battle was over. Only Suffolk fired a few salvoes which fell far too short.Template:Sfn
Both cruisers and the damaged Prince of Wales continued to shadow the German ships in order to guide the Home Fleet to them. During the afternoon of 24 May, Bismarck turned twice on her pursuers and had a brief gun duel with first Suffolk and then Prince of Wales. With these diversions, Prinz Eugen was able to slip away to continue merchant raiding independently whilst the damaged Bismarck wanted to head to the French port of Brest for repairs.Template:Sfn During the night an attack with nine Fairey Swordfish aircraft was launched from the approaching Home Fleet.Template:Efn In bad visibility the aircraft detected Bismarck at 23:30 and the shadowing British ships with their radar, and made contact with Norfolk to get a proper heading towards the enemy. The aircraft scored one hit but this did not affect Bismarck much.Template:Sfn Norfolk was trailing Bismarck with her radar on the port side. As the British ships entered the open Atlantic, they started to zigzag because of the U-boat danger. Norfolk had a fixed radar, not a rotating one, and was able to track Bismarck only during the first leg of the zigzag. When Bismarck turned away on 25 May at 03:06 to starboard and behind the trailing ships, the manoeuvre was detected too late and the British ships lost contact. Norfolk, Suffolk, Prince of Wales, and the approaching Home Fleet fanned out to regain contact but Bismarck had escaped.Template:Sfn
During the subsequent search for Bismarck, many British ships had to give up the hunt because of fuel shortage and because they were searching in the wrong direction, thinking Bismarck would either continue into the Atlantic or return to Norway. Wake-Walker anticipated Bismarck continuing to a French port and when Bismarck was found back on 26 May at 10:30 by air reconnaissance on her way to Brest, Norfolk was in a position to pick up the chase again. Bismarck was rendered steerless as a result of a torpedo aircraft attack the same day at 20:47 by the aircraft carrier Template:HMS from Force H. During the night Norfolk closed in together with the battleships Template:HMS and Template:HMS, but waited until the morning of 27 May to attack, whilst Bismarck was constantly being harassed by individual torpedo attacks of five destroyers under the command of Captain Philip Vian. Norfolk made contact with Bismarck at 07:53 but withdrew quickly waiting the arrival of Rodney and King George V. The British opened the battle at 08:47 and Norfolk joined at 08:54, firing from Template:Convert. At 08:59 she scored an important hit on the foretop of Bismarck, putting her central fire control station out of action. At 09:10 Norfolk fired four torpedoes from Template:Cvt which all missed.Template:Sfn During the battle she fired a total of 527 8-inch shells,Template:Sfn and carried out flank marking for the battleships.Template:Sfn Bismarck was put out of action by 09:30 and finally sank at 10:40.Template:Sfn After the battle Norfolk returned independently to the Clyde on 29 May and on its way she was bombed by one German aircraft but suffered no damage.Template:Sfn
Arctic convoysEdit
When the German army invaded the USSR in Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the British decided to send aid to the Soviets. A PQ convoy lane sending military supplies from the United Kingdom to Northern Russia was established by September 1941.Template:Sfn From October onward, Norfolk was employed as an escort for these Arctic convoys. Between 17 and 30 October she escorted the six merchant ships of Convoy PQ 2 to Arkhangelsk, in company of the destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS and three minesweepers. On 3 November the cruiser and the two destroyers escorted the twelve ships of the empty return convoy QP 2 back to the United Kingdom.Template:Sfn From then on she was attached to the Home Fleet as part of a force guarding a possible breakout attempt of the German battleship Template:Ship into the Atlantic.Template:Sfn
In April 1942 Norfolk was assigned as close cruiser escort for the Convoy PQ 14, with the cruiser Template:HMS with the destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS, but she was unable to link up with the other ships and did not sail to Northern Russia but instead stayed in the vicinity of Bear Island from where she could support either PQ 14 or the returning Convoy QP 10.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 13 May Norfolk sailed again towards Bear Island as part of a cruiser force in order to cover the return of the damaged cruiser Template:HMS from Murmansk to home waters, but Trinidad was sunk by German bomber aircraft before they could reach her. Between 21 and 29 May she sailed to Kola Bay as part of the close cruiser escort for Convoy PQ 16 and the returning QP 12.Template:Sfn By now, the Germans were opposing the passage of these convoys fiercely, but due to fuel shortages for their surface fleet, attacked mainly with aircraft and U-boats, so Norfolk was not much involved in the defence of the convoy.Template:Sfn
The next Convoy PQ 17 sailed on 27 June and again Norfolk was part of the close cruiser escort. Through intelligence the British learned that the German surface fleet had plans to intercept the convoy and the First Sea Lord Dudley Pound decided to recall all escorts and to scatter the convoy, resulting in the loss of twenty-three out of thirty-five ships of the convoy.Template:Sfn Due to the heavy losses and opposition, the next Convoy PQ 18 was delayed until 7 September, when the threat of interception by Tirpitz had receded. The cruiser escort with Norfolk did not stay close to the convoy but patrolled in the area northwest of Jan Mayen and covered the returning Convoy QP 14 as well.
Arctic convoys were then suspended to free forces for Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa in November.Template:Sfn Norfolk and her sister ship Template:HMS operated during Operation Torch as a covering force near the Azores for the American landings on the Atlantic coast of Morocco by the Western Task Force.Template:Sfn
In December 1942, the Arctic convoys were resumed. Pound insisted that these convoys were given protection against an attack by the German surface fleet stationed in Norway, by giving them cover of a cruiser force all the way to North Russia. The Home Fleet usually sailed as well but kept its distance. Norfolk was now usually attached to the Home Fleet or was on patrol around Iceland.Template:Sfn Only after the cruiser Template:HMS received severe storm damage did Norfolk replace her in the cruiser force for Convoy JW 53 in March 1943.Template:Sfn
Battle of North CapeEdit
In November 1943 the Arctic convoys were resumed again. The first pair of convoys Convoy JW 54A and Convoy JW 54B sailed unopposed, with Norfolk being part of the cruiser covering force,Template:Sfn but on 19 December, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Karl Dönitz told Hitler that the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} would attack and destroy the next convoy. Anticipating an attack by Scharnhorst, the commander of the Home Fleet Bruce Fraser organized a trap : for the next convoys Convoy JW 55A and Convoy JW 55B, the cruiser escort consisting of the 10th Cruiser Squadron with the cruisers Sheffield, Belfast and Norfolk would keep Scharnhorst at bay and shadow her so that he could stay undetected at distance with the battleship Template:HMS and race to the scene when needed. On 26 December at 09:21 Sheffield sighted Scharnhorst, and Norfolk opened fire at 09:30. Norfolk fired six salvoes and scored two hits on Scharnhorst in a brief gun duel, disabling the aft radar of the German ship. Scharnhorst withdrew and escaped at high speed.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The cruisers were not able to follow but positioned themselves correctly on the other side of the convoy where Scharnhorst tried a second attack three hours later. At 12:10 SheffieldTemplate:'s radar detected Scharnhorst at a distance of Template:Convert and a second engagement developed. Sheffield was straddled by several salvoes but then Scharnhorst changed target and hit Norfolk two times. The first hit put 'X' turret out of action, the second exploded midships below maindeck and killed six men. Fearing torpedo attacks, Scharnhorst broke off the action and turned for port in Norway. The cruisers kept shadowing but first Norfolk and then Sheffield dropped behind with engine trouble. Belfast remained in touch with Scharnhorst and guided Duke of York to the scene. Duke of York opened fire at 16:51, by 17:00 Norfolk had linked up and opened fire as well. By 19:45 the German battleship was sunk by gunfire from Duke of York and torpedoes from the escorting destroyers.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
After the battle of North Cape, Norfolk underwent a lengthy refit.Template:Efn On 11 January 1945 a British force consisting of the cruisers Norfolk and Template:HMS and four destroyers, executed a raid on Norwegian coastal shipping. Near Egersund they attacked a German convoy and sank two freighters and the escorting minesweeper M 273. Fighters from the covering escort carriers Template:HMS and Template:HMS repulsed a German counter-attack by torpedo aircraft. Norfolk was the flagship of Vice Admiral Rhoderick McGrigor off North Norway during Operation Judgement, an attack by the Fleet Air Arm on a U-boat base which destroyed two ships and Template:GS on 4 May 1945, in the last air raid of the war in Europe.Template:Sfn
Post-warEdit
Norfolk left Plymouth for a much needed refit at Malta, after transporting on 7 June the Norwegian Royal family back to Oslo after their five-year exile in London.Template:SfnAfter the war the large County-class cruisers with their large crews were too demanding on the available manpower of the Navy. Only the cruisers that had been extensively modernised during war such as Norfolk were retained in a training or staff role.Template:Sfn Between August 1945 and March 1946 she was part of the 5th Cruiser Squadron in the East Indies Station.Template:Sfn In January 1946 Norfolk became the flagship stationed at Batavia.Template:Sfn In 1949, Norfolk returned to Britain and was placed in Reserve. She was sold to BISCO for scrapping on 3 January 1950.Template:Sfn On 14 February 1950, she proceeded to Newport, arriving on 19 February, to be scrapped.Template:Sfn
FootnotesEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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