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Hanlin Academy

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The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. It has also been translated as "College of Literature" and "Academy of the Forest of Pencils."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed secretarial and literary tasks for the court. One of its primary duties was to decide on an interpretation of the Chinese classics. This formed the basis of the Imperial examinations, which aspiring government bureaucrats had to pass to attain higher-level government posts. Painters working for the court were also attached to the academy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Academy membersEdit

Some of the more famous academicians of Hanlin were:

Bureau of TranslatorsEdit

Subordinated to the Hanlin Academy was the Bureau of Translators (Template:Zh).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Founded by the Ming dynasty in 1407, after the first expedition of Zheng He to the Indian Ocean, the Bureau dealt with the memorials delivered by foreign ambassadors and trained foreign language specialists. It included departments for many languages<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> such as the Jurchen,<ref name="Ko1855">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> "Tartar" (Mongol),<ref name="Rossabi2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Ko1855 2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="WylieCordier1897 2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Korean,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Ryukyuan, Japanese,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> <ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> Tibetan,<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> "Huihui" (the "Muslim" language, Persian)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Rossabi2014"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Rossabi2014 1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Vietnamese<ref name="khoavanhoc.edu.vn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Burmese languages,<ref name="khoavanhoc.edu.vn"/> as well as for the languages of the "various barbarian tribes" (Bai yi 百夷, i.e., Shan ethnic groups on China's southwestern borders), "Gaochang" (people of Turfan, i.e. Old Uyghur language),<ref name="Rossabi2014"/><ref name="Rossabi2014 1"/><ref name="CommitteeGoodrich1976">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Klaproth1985">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Klaproth1820">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Klaproth1820 2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Klaproth1812">Template:Cite book</ref> and Xitian (西天; (Sanskrit, spoken in India). In 1511 and 1579 departments for the languages of Ba bai (八百; Lao) and Thai were added, respectively.<ref>Template:Citation; pp. 617-618.</ref> A Malay language vocabulary (Manlajia Guan Yiyu) 滿剌加館譯語 (Words-list of Melaka Kingdom) for the Malay spoken in the Malacca Sultanate was compiled.<ref name="Braginsky2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Chew2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Lach2010">Template:Cite book</ref> A Cham language vocabulary 占城館 was created for the language spoken in the Champa Kingdom.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Braginsky2014 1">Template:Cite book</ref>

When the Qing dynasty revived the Ming Siyiguan 四夷館, the Manchus, who "were sensitive to references to barbarians", changed the name from yi 夷 "barbarian" to yi 彝 "Yi people", and changed the Shan exonym from Baiyi 百夷 "hundred barbarians" to Baiyi 百譯 "hundred translations".<ref>Wild (1945), p. 620.</ref>

The later Tongwen Guan set up by the Qing dynasty for translating western languages was subordinated to the Zongli Yamen and not the Hanlin.

1900 fireEdit

File:Hanlin Academy cropped.jpg
The Hanlin Academy in 1744, after a renovation under the Qianlong Emperor

The Beijing Hanlin Academy and its library were severely damaged in a fire during the Siege of the International Legations in Peking (now known as Beijing) in 1900 by the Kansu Braves while fighting against the Eight-Nation Alliance, close to the British Legation as an intimidation tactic. On June 22-23, the fire spread to the academy: Template:Quote

The flames destroyed many ancient texts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The academy operated continuously until its closure during the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

Foreign language vocabulariesEdit

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