House finch
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox The house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) is a North American bird in the finch family. It is native to Mexico and southwestern United States, but has since been introduced to the eastern part of North America and Hawaiʻi; it is now found year-round in almost all parts of the United States and most of Mexico, with some residing near the border of Canada. There are estimated to be 40 million house finches across North America, making it the second-most populous finch, just behind the American goldfinch. The house finch and the other two American rosefinches (Cassin's and purple finch) are placed in the genus Haemorhous.
DescriptionEdit
The house finch is a moderate-sized finch, Template:Convert long, with a wingspan of Template:Convert. Body mass can vary from Template:Convert, with an average weight of Template:Convert. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is Template:Convert, the tail is Template:Convert, the culmen is Template:Convert and the tarsus is Template:Convert.<ref name="cle">Template:Cite book</ref>
Adults have a long, square-tipped brown tail and are a brown or dull-brown color across the back with some shading into deep gray on the wing feathers. Breast and belly feathers may be streaked; the flanks usually are. In most cases, adult males' heads, necks and shoulders are reddish.<ref name=Sibley>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=H&W>Template:Cite book</ref> This color sometimes extends to the belly and down the back, between the wings. Male coloration varies in intensity with the seasons<ref name=IV>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and is derived from the berries and fruits in its diet.<ref name=Cornell>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result, the colors range from pale straw-yellow through bright orange (both rare) to deep, intense red. Adult females have brown upperparts and streaked underparts.
The house finch's songs typically consist of a series of high-pitched musical jumbles ending with a distinct high note, wheer. Calls from flight include a soft cheet or wheat, with perched birds giving a more drawn-out version.<ref name="cle" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Common House Finch on Branch.jpg
Adult male
- House finch female.jpg
Adult female
- Carpodacus mexicanus6.jpg
Yellow variant
Distribution and habitatEdit
House finches are mainly permanent residents throughout their range, some birds migrate to the south, with adult females moving longer distances than males.<ref name="Belthoff and Gautheraux">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="cle" /> Their breeding habitat is urban and suburban areas across North America, as well as various semi-open areas in the west from southern Canada to the Mexican state of Oaxaca; the population in central Chiapas may be descended from escaped cagebirds.<ref name=H&W/> Analyses of nest records from house finches in California spanning more than a century found that egg‐laying occurred significantly earlier in warmer springs.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Originally only a resident of Mexico and the southwestern United States, house finches were introduced to eastern North America in the 1940s. The birds were sold illegally in New York City<ref name=Cornell/> as "Hollywood finches", a marketing artifice.<ref name=IV/> To avoid prosecution under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, vendors and owners released the birds. They have since become naturalized; in largely unforested land across the eastern U.S. they have displaced the native purple finch and even the non-native house sparrow.<ref name = "Wooton">Template:Cite journal</ref> Sometime in the 19th century, they were introduced to Hawaiʻi and are now found on all its major islands except Niʻihau and Kahoʻolawe.<ref name="Caum">Template:Cite journal</ref>
According to the Partners in Flight database, there are estimated to be 40 million house finches across North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Instances of naturalization originating in escapes or releases of cage birds have been recorded in Europe, such as in 2020 in Murcia, (Spain).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Range increase of house finch from Christmas Bird Count data
- Carpodacus mexicanus map history1.svg
1958–1961
- Carpodacus mexicanus map history2.svg
1968–1971
- Carpodacus mexicanus map history3.svg
1978–1981
- Carpodacus mexicanus map history4.svg
1988–1990
FeedingEdit
House finches forage on the ground or in vegetation normally. They primarily eat grains, seeds and berries, being voracious consumers of weed seeds such as nettle and dandelion;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> included are incidental small insects such as aphids. They are frequent visitors to bird feeders throughout the year, particularly if stocked with sunflower or nyjer seed, and will congregate at hanging nyjer sock feeders. The house finch is known to damage orchard fruit and consume commercially grown grain, but is generally considered an annoyance rather than a significant pest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BreedingEdit
Nests are made in cavities, including openings in buildings, hanging plants, and other cup-shaped outdoor decorations. Sometimes nests abandoned by other birds are used. Nests may be re-used for subsequent broods or in following years. The nest is built by the female, sometimes in as little as two days.<ref name="Evanden" /> It is well made of twigs and debris, forming a cup shape, usually Template:Convert above the ground.<ref name="Evanden" />
During courtship, the male will touch bills with the female. He may then present the female with choice bits of food, and if she mimics the behavior of a hungry chick, he may feed her. The male also feeds the female during breeding and incubation of the eggs, and raising of the young,<ref name=" Thompson 1960">Template:Cite journal</ref> and the male is the primary feeder of the fledglings (who can be differentiated from the females by the pin feathers remaining on their heads). Females are typically attracted to the males with the deepest pigment of red to their head, more so than the occasional orange or yellowish-headed males that sometimes occur.<ref name="Cornell"/>
The female lays clutches of eggs from February through August, two or more broods per year with 2 to 6 eggs per brood, most commonly 4 or 5. The egg laying usually takes place in the morning, at one egg per day.<ref name=" Thompson 1960" /> The eggs are pale bluish-green with few black spots and a smooth, somewhat glossy surface. In response to mite infestation, which has a more deleterious effect on male chicks than on females, the mother finch may lay eggs containing females first, to reduce the length of time male chicks are exposed to mites. This strategy increases the likelihood that representative numbers of both sexes will survive.<ref name="Badyaev, Hamstra, Oh, and Seaman 2006">Template:Cite journal</ref> The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 14 days. Shortly after hatching, she removes the empty eggshells from the nest.<ref name="A Study of the House Finch" /><ref name="Life Histories of Familiar North American Birds: House Finch">Template:Cite journal</ref> The hatchlings are pink with closed eyes and tufts of fluffy down.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The female always feeds the young. The male usually joins in.<ref name=" Thompson 1960" /> The young are silent for the first seven or eight days, and subsequently start peeping during feedings.<ref name="Evanden">Template:Cite journal</ref> Initially, the mother carries fecal sacs out of the nest, but when the young become older, she no longer carries them all away, allowing droppings to accumulate around the edge of the nest.<ref name="Evanden" /> Before flying, the young often climb into adjacent plants and usually fledge at about 11 to 19 days after hatching.<ref name="Evanden" /> Dandelion seeds are among the preferred seeds for the young.<ref name="A Study of the House Finch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Contrary to the way most birds, even ones with herbivorous leanings as adults, tend to feed their nestlings animal matter to give them the protein necessary to grow, house finches are one of the few birds who feed their young only plant matter.<ref name="Cornell"/>
House finches are aggressive enough to drive other birds away from places such as feeders.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
- House Finches Courting and Feeding.jpg
Male house finch feeding a female as part of the courtship ritual
- Carpodacus mexicanus eggs.jpg
Nest and eggs
- Carpodacus mexicanus in nest.jpg
Same nest with young nestlings
- Carpodacus mexicanus nestlings.jpg
Older nestlings in nest in a tree cholla
- Father House finch feeds baby.jpg
Male house finch feeds a fledgling, who cheeps loudly and flaps its wings.
ThreatsEdit
The house finch may be infected by several parasites including Plasmodium relictum<ref name="Hartup, Oberc, Stott-Messick, Davis, and Swarthout">Template:Cite journal</ref> and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, which caused the population of house finches in eastern North America to crash during the 1990s.<ref name="Nolan, Hill, and Stoehr">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The mite Pellonyssus reedi is often found on house finch nestlings, particularly for nests later in the season.<ref name="Stoehr, Nolan, Hill, and McGraw">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The brown-headed cowbird, a brood parasite, will lay its eggs in house finch nests, although the diet house finches feed their young is inadequate for the young cowbirds, which rarely survive.<ref name="Kozlovic Knapton and Barlow">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 2012, house finches positive for West Nile virus were found in northwestern Riverside County, CA.<ref>Williams, G., B. Van Dyke, B. Haynes, T. Hallum, N. McConnell, J. Allred, R. Reneau, V. Strode, L.S. Mian and M.S. Dhillon. 2013. Mosquito and West Nile Virus Surveillance at Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control District during 2012. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vector Control Assoc. 81:147-153.</ref>
StatusEdit
The house finch is assessed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List due to its extensive range, increasing population trend, and large population size, none of which approach Vulnerable thresholds.<ref name="iucn"/> North American data indicate a substantial and statistically significant population increase (82.9% over 40 years, or 16.3% per decade) based on Breeding Bird Survey and Christmas Bird Count data.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Florida's Introduced Birds: House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) Template:Webarchive – University of Florida fact sheet
- House Finch - Carpodacus mexicanus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- Template:InternetBirdCollection
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} from Template:Citation