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Huston Smith

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Huston Cummings Smith (May 31, 1919 – December 30, 2016) was a scholar of religious studies in the United States,<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":4" /> He authored at least thirteen books on world's religions and philosophy, and his book about comparative religion, The World's Religions (originally titled The Religions of Man) sold over three million copies as of 2017.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Review of PBS Bill Moyers' interview of Huston Smith" Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Born and raised in Suzhou, China, in an American Methodist missionary family, Smith moved back to the United States at the age of 17 and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1945 with a PhD in philosophy.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> He spent the majority of his academic career as a professor at Washington University in St. Louis (1947–1958), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1958–1973) and Syracuse University (1973–1983).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1983, he retired from Syracuse and moved to Berkeley, California, where he was a visiting professor of religious studies at the University of California, Berkeley, until his death.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early lifeEdit

On May 31, 1919, Huston Cummings Smith was born in Dzang Zok, Suzhou, China, to Methodist missionaries and spent his first 17 years there. His first language was Mandarin Chinese, spoken in the Suzhou dialect.<ref name=":5"/>

Upon emigrating to the United States to complete his education, he received a BA from Central Methodist University in 1940 and a PhD in philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1945.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Smith, Huston; Why Religion Matters, Harper-Collins: San Francisco, 2001.</ref>

While at Chicago, he married Eleanor Wieman, the daughter of Henry Nelson Wieman, a professor at the University of Chicago Divinity School.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She later changed her name to Kendra.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They had three daughters, Karen, Gael, and Kimberly Smith.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Academic careerEdit

Smith taught at the University of Denver from 1945 to 1947, and then at Washington University, for the next 10 years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

In 1958, Smith was appointed professor of philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he remained until 1973.<ref name=":0" /> While there, he participated in experiments with psychedelics that professors Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert conducted at Harvard University. In 1964, during a trip to India, Smith stayed in a Gyuto Tibetan Buddhist monastery. During his visit he heard the monks chanting and realized that each individual was producing a chord, composed of a fundamental note and overtones. He returned to record the chanting in 1967 and asked acoustic engineers at MIT to analyze the sound.<ref>Template:YouTube</ref> They confirmed the finding, which is an example of overtone singing. Smith has called this the singular empirical discovery of his career. The recording was released as Music of Tibet (1967). Royalties from the album continue to support the Gyuto Tantric University.<ref>Allmusic.com listing</ref><ref>NPR story of recording and MIT analysis</ref><ref>Official Website of Recording</ref> Because of his belief in religion, however, Smith was mistrusted by his colleagues, leading MIT to prohibit him from teaching graduate students.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1973, Smith moved to Syracuse University, where he was Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion and Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Philosophy until he took emeritus status in 1983.<ref name=":0" /> That year, Smith moved to Berkeley, California, where he remained a visiting professor of religious studies at the University of California, Berkeley until his death.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> In 1997, Smith entered into an agreement with the Syracuse University Archives to donate his papers, resulting in a large collection of published books, articles, reviews, or endorsements.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Religious practiceEdit

During his career, Smith studied Vedanta under Swami Satprakashananda, founder of the Vedanta Society of St. Louis,<ref name="Sawyer 2014 51">Template:Cite book</ref> Zen Buddhism, studying under Goto Zuigan, and Sufism of Islam for more than ten years each.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Sawyer 2014 51"/>

As a young man, Smith suddenly turned from traditional Methodist Christianity to mysticism, influenced by the writings of Aldous Huxley and Gerald Heard. In 1947, before moving from Denver to St. Louis, Smith set out to meet with Heard. Heard invited him to his Trabuco College (later donated as the Ramakrishna Monastery of the Vedanta Society of Southern California) in Trabuco Canyon, Southern California. Heard made arrangements to have Smith meet Huxley. Smith recounts in the 2010 documentary Huxley on Huxley meeting Huxley at his desert home.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smith was told to look up Swami Satprakashananda of the Vedanta Society of St. Louis once he settled in St. Louis. So began Smith's experimentation with meditation and association with the Vedanta Societies of the Ramakrishna Order.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smith developed an interest in the Traditionalist School formulated by René Guénon, Frithjof Schuon and Ananda Coomaraswamy.

Due to his connection with Heard and Huxley, Smith went on to meet Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (Ram Dass), and others at the Center for Personality Research, where Leary was research professor. The group began experimenting with psychedelics and what Smith later called "empirical metaphysics".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The experience and history of the group are described in Smith's book Cleansing the Doors of Perception. During this period, Smith was also part of the Harvard Psilocybin Project, an attempt to raise spiritual awareness through entheogenic plants. However, he gave voice to the contrast between himself and Leary when he reminisced about encountering the exile Tim Leary in Switzerland, years later (early 1970s): “he was still a fugitive from lawful society—kicked out of it as he had been kicked out of West Point, Harvard University, and Zihuatanejo.”<ref>Forte, Robert 1999 Timothy Leary: Outside Looking In. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press. p. 267 ISBN 9780892817863</ref>

During his tenure at Syracuse University, he was informed by leaders of the Onondaga tribe about the Native American religious traditions and practices, which resulted in an additional chapter in his book on the world's religions. In 1990 the Supreme Court ruled that the use of peyote as a religious sacrament by Native Americans was not protected under the US Constitution. Smith took up the cause as a religion scholar. With his help in 1994, Congress passed the American Indian Religious Freedom Act amendment, providing legislative protection to a religious practice that the Supreme Court had decided lacks constitutional protection.<ref>Review of One Nation Under God</ref>

Smith was a practicing Christian, with a Vedantic understanding, who credited his faith to his missionary parents who had "instilled in me a Christianity that was able to withstand the dominating secular culture of modernity".<ref>Smith, Huston (2005). The Soul of Christianity: Restoring the Great Tradition. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. "Acknowledgments" p. 167. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Public activitiesEdit

File:Huston Smith 2004.jpg
Smith in 2004

Television and filmEdit

While at Washington University, Smith was the host of two National Educational Television series (NET – the forerunner of PBS): The Religions of Man and Search for America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1996, Bill Moyers devoted a 5-part PBS special to Smith's life and work, The Wisdom of Faith with Huston Smith. Smith produced three series for public television: The Religions of Man, The Search for America, and (with Arthur Compton) Science and Human Responsibility. His films on Hinduism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Sufism have all won awards at international film festivals.

  • The Wisdom of Faith with Huston Smith: A Bill Moyers Special: A Personal Philosophy, 1996, PBS, DVD
  • The Roots of Fundamentalism: A Conversation with Huston Smith and Phil Cousineau, 2006, GemsTone, DVD<ref>[1] Official Roots Website</ref>
  • Death and Transformation: The Personal Reflections of Huston Smith, 2007, Fons Vitae, DVD
  • The Arc of Life: Huston Smith on Life, Death & Beyond, Huston interviewed by Ken Dychtwald, on his life and career 2012, GemsTone, DVD<ref>[2]Official Arc Website</ref>
  • The Official Huston Smith Archive<ref>[3]Official Huston Smith Archive Website</ref> includes both complete NET television series episodes of The Religions of Man<ref>[4] Official Religions of Man Archive Website</ref> and Search for America<ref>[5] Official Search for America Archive Website</ref>

Community engagementEdit

File:Brandon Williamscraig Huston Smith 20090705 9262.jpg
Brandon Williamscraig and Huston Smith in their first community dialogue at Epworth United Methodist Church in Berkeley, CA., in 2009.

Throughout his career, Smith made himself available to the communities where he resided. Toward the end of his life, while living in Berkeley, California, he participated in the Pacific Coast Theological Society at the Graduate Theological Union. He also attended local churches, including Trinity United Methodist, First Congregational Church, and Epworth United Methodist. On the occasion of publishing Tales of Wonder, in 2009 he co-convened "community conversations" at Epworth, during which he responded to questions about his life and work.<ref>Huston Smith and Brandon Williamscraig July 5, 2009 Introduction</ref><ref>ABC - Conversations with Huston Smith</ref>

Awards and honorsEdit

For his lifelong commitment to bringing the world's religions together to promote understanding, social justice and peace, Smith received the Courage of Conscience Award from the Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Smith was named to be one of the first recipients of the Order of Universal Interfaith and Universal Order of Sannyasa's Interfaith-Interspiritual Sage Award in January 2010. He received the award at his home on February 23, 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Pacific Coast Theological Society celebrated "the lifetime of achievements of Professor Emeritus Huston Smith by considering the relationship between theology, mythology, and science" in a special session in 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, the society presented Smith with their Codron Prize for The World's Religions.<ref>Brandon Williamscraig accepts the Codron Prize for Huston Smith</ref>

LegacyEdit

QuotesEdit

  • "Institutions are not pretty. Show me a pretty government. Healing is wonderful, but the American Medical Association? Learning is wonderful, but universities? The same is true for religion... religion is institutionalized spirituality."<ref>Mother Jones, November/December 1997.</ref>
  • "The goal of spiritual life is not altered states, but altered traits."<ref>Huston Smith (2003/1992). "Encountering God". In Huston Smith, Phil Cousineau (2003). The Way Things Are: Conversations With Huston Smith on the Spiritual Life. University of California Press. Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN</ref>Template:Rp

PublicationsEdit

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  • Beyond the Postmodern Mind, 1982, reprint ed. 1989, Quest Books, Template:ISBN
  • The Illustrated World's Religions: A Guide to Our Wisdom Traditions, 1995, HarperOne, Template:ISBN<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Why Religion Matters: The Fate of the Human Spirit in an Age of Disbelief, 2001, HarperOne, 1st ed.:Template:ISBN, reprint 2002: Template:ISBN<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Islam: A Concise Introduction, HarperOne, 2001, Template:ISBN<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • The Soul of Christianity: Restoring the Great Tradition, 2005, HarperOne, 1st ed. Template:ISBN<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • A Seat at the Table: Huston Smith in Conversation with Native Americans on Religious Freedom, 2006, University of California Press, Template:ISBN (cloth) edited and with a Preface by Phil Cousineau
  • Tales of Wonder: Adventures Chasing the Divine, (autobiography), 2009, HarperOne, Template:ISBN
  • And Live Rejoicing: Chapters from a Charmed Life—Personal Encounters with Spiritual Mavericks, Remarkable Seekers, and the World's Great Religious Leaders, 2012, With contributions from Phil Cousineau

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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