Iban language

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

File:WIKITONGUES- Sedang speaking Iban.webm

An Iban speaker, recorded in Malaysia.

The Iban language ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is spoken by the Iban, one of the Dayak ethnic groups who live in Brunei, the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It belongs to the Malayic subgroup, a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family.

Iban has reached a stage of becoming a koiné language in Sarawak due to contact with groups speaking other related Ibanic languages within the state.<ref name="Shin 2021">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is ranked as Level 5 (i.e. "safe") in term of endangerment on Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS).<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> Since 2024, the Iban language is included in Google Translate<ref name="Google"/> under Malaysia domain.

Classification

Iban comes from the Ibanic language group spoken in Sarawak, West Kalimantan,<ref name="Shin 2021"/> and Brunei within Borneo island.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref name="ANU Press"/> part of the Malayic subshoot of the Malayo-Polynesian branch in the Austronesian language family.<ref name="ANU Press"/> The Malayic languages originate from western Borneo,<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref name="ANU Press">Template:Cite book</ref> thus Iban is closely related to Malay, especially the Sarawakian dialect.<ref name="ANU Press"/> Other isolects in the Ibanic group of languages are Sebuyau, Mualang, Kantu, and Seberuang. These groups of languages can be identified by the word-final position in certain lexical forms of /-ai/. These lexical forms are similar to other Malayic languages with lexical forms of /-an/, /-ang/, or, less frequently, /-ar/.<ref name="Shin 2021"/>

The Iban language is also related to other dialects such as Sebuyau, Kendayan, Balau and Selaku.<ref name="Su Hie 2021">Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

According to the oral history of the Iban people, Benedict Sandin, in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the Kapuas Hulu Range, the border of Sarawak-Kalimantan. The Iban people arrived in Sarawak in the 16th century, and settled in the regions of Batang Lupar drainage basin and Undop river in southern Sarawak. From there, they migrated north, east, and west, and expanded into Saribas, Batang Sadong, Batang Layar, and Batang Lupar rivers. In the 1800s, they moved into the Rajang basin (middle region of Sarawak) from Batang Lupar river, Katibas river, and Saribas river (Saribas is a tributary of the Rajang River). By 1870s, they had reached Mukah and Oya rivers. In the early 1900s, they reached Balingian, Tatau, and Kemena rivers (near Bintulu). They also reached the Baram area and Limbang rivers around the same time in northern Sarawak and would become the largest ethnic group in Sarawak.<ref name="Shin 2021"/>

Brooke administration

Fearing that the Iban tribes outnumbered the pre-existing local tribes with detrimental environmental effects on lands intended for shifting cultivation, the Brooke government restricted the Iban people from further migration to other river systems such as the Baleh river. However, the Brooke government allowed the Ibans to settle in other areas such as Lundu, Balingian, Bintulu, Limbang and Baram to consolidate the government's authority there. As a result of this policy, several minority ethnic groups such as Bukitans living along the Batang Lupar River were assimilated into the Iban people, thus contributing to the growth of Iban tribe and the expansion of the Iban language in the state.<ref name="Shin 2021"/> The Iban language was taught in schools in the 1940s during the Brooke era.<ref name="Ethnic_language">Template:Cite journal</ref>

1958-1977: Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) foundation

During the period of Crown Colony of Sarawak, the Iban language was used in government official letters, courts, announcements, and notices. Radio Sarawak, started by the British, offered Iban language programmes. The Iban language, known under the name of "Asian language", was offered as an examination subject in the Sarawak Junior Certificate. The "Asian language" was renamed to "Iban language" in 1963. Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) was founded by the British in 1958 to collect and document oral Iban literature. BLB published more than 60 Iban language books during its lifetime until 1973 when it was replaced by a Malaysian federal government agency Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) in 1977. After that, the publication of books in Bornean languages came to a halt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The publication of the Nendak (name of an omen bird) magazine, which was started by BLB in 1967 also came to a halt.<ref name=":0" /> Jimbun Tawai, the former vice chairman of Sarawak Dayak Iban Association, called this period under Crown Colony as "golden era" of the Iban language.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

1977-2000s post BLB closure

After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named Klasik. Examples of works include ensera (Iban epic story) and cherita kelulu (morality novellas). Christian churches such as the Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban adat (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB.<ref name=":0" />

State-sponsored media such as Berita Rakyat was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat the communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of the communist insurgency in Sarawak in 1990. The state government's information department published another magazine named Pembrita and aimed to provide developmental news to the rural Iban populace, such as exemplary longhouses, lucrative cash crops, and animal husbandry. The magazine also called on the rural Ibans to modernise their ways of farming. There were no Iban newspapers in the 1990s and early 2000s. The high cost of imported paper materials and low advertising revenues contributed to the difficulties of Iban newspaper publishing.<ref name=":0" />

The Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of Jugah Barieng, paramount chief of the Iban, to record the oral history of the Iban people, producing Iban dictionaries and surveys of the rural-urban migration of the Iban people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> Cats FM is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>

The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988. From 1968 to 1969, teachers' training colleges offered Iban as an elective subject. It was only in 1988 that Iban was formalised as part of the Malaysian national curriculum.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> There are no Iban-medium schools in Sarawak.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) certificate examination.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught the Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015, while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most schools have a significant Iban population in the Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, the Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The introduction of Iban language subjects in schools results in the standardisation of Iban language spelling, dialect, and pronunciation from regional variations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban-language Bible or Bup Kudus as its use of the word "Allah" for God overlaps with the use of Allah as the name of God in Islam. While Christianity is the majority faith of the Iban, Islam has official federal status, which the government argues can "confuse" the Muslim populace in the state. The ban was lifted by the then deputy prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi after persistent protests.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2010-present: emergence of vernacular mass media

Newspapers The Borneo Post and Utusan Borneo started Iban language sections in 2010<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 2014 respectively.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Borneo Post stopped the Iban section in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A monthly Iban magazine named Pegari was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

RTM opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became TV Okey in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> TV Sarawak started the Iban language section in October 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Iban language support was added to Malaysian domain of Google Translate in 2024.<ref name="Google">Template:Cite news</ref>

Extent of use

The Iban language is allowed in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>

Rentap's battle cry while fighting against James Brooke in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”) is adopted by Sarawak Royal Ranger Regiment as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak Adenan Satem as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/> The Chinese-predominant Sarawak United Peoples' Party used the Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak Democratic Action Party has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together) that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by Sarawak FA football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>

Trades in the Sarawak bazaars are also frequently conducted in the Iban language.<ref name="Su Hie 2021"/>

Phonology

Consonants

Iban has the following consonant inventory:Template:Sfnp

Iban consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	voiced	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative			Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Lateral			Template:IPA link
Rhotic			Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link

Vowels

Iban has a six-vowel system, with five cardinal vowels plus schwa:Template:Sfnp

Iban vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open		Template:IPA link

Vowel sounds are nasalized when preceded by a nasal consonant.Template:Sfnp

Grammar

Template:More citations needed section Lexical roots can be expanded by many affixes in Iban, as exemplified here with the verb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chase'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chasing/playing with each other'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chasing something/someone'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to chase'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'being chased by'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'being chased by many'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'chaser'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'outrun/outpace'

There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes and infixes.

Type of noun affixes	Affix	Example of root word	Example of derived word
Prefix	pe-	lang}} (angry)	lang}} (hot tempered)
	pen-	lang}} (arrive)	lang}} (arrival)
	penge-	lang}} (love) (verb)	lang}} (love) (noun)
	be-	lang}} (property, possessions)	lang}} (rich)
	bepe-	lang}} (entertained)	lang}} (being entertained)
	beke- bete	lang}} (hang)	lang}} (hanging in group)
	ke-	lang}} (break)	lang}} (broken pieces)
	m- n- me- nge- nye	lang}} (cooked)	lang}} (cooking)
	di-	lang}} (kiss)	lang}} (being kissed)
	dipe-	lang}} (word, talk)	lang}} (being talk about, gossiped)
	se-	lang}} (tail)	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (one (person))
	sepe(m)-	lang}} (long)	lang}} (as long as, measurement of long)
	te-	lang}} (footstep)	lang}} (accidentally stepping on something)
Infix	Template:Angbr	lang}} (drip)	lang}} (dripping)
Suffix	-ka	lang}} (wear)	lang}} (wear) (command)
	-i	lang}} (salt)	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (marinade)
Circumfix	ng-...-kn	lang}} (waste)	lang}} (wasting, playing)
	be-...-ka	lang}} (hit, for)	lang}} (wears)

Other examples:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'love'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'was loved by'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'affection'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'busy'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to make someone busy'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'preoccupied'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'really preoccupied'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'give'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'giving each other' (present)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Clarify
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'gave' (past)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'will be given' (future)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'giver'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'call'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'calling each other' (present)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'calling' (present)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'was called' (past)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'will be called' (future)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'caller'

Personal pronouns

Iban has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural.Template:Sfnp

		singular	dual	plural
1st person	exclusive	lang}}	lang}}	lang}}
	inclusive	---	lang}}	lang}}
2nd person		lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}
3rd person		lang}}	lang}}	lang}}

Sample

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'for you'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'for me'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'for us'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my book'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my friend'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'my father'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'your look'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'your beloved'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'our school'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'for my beloved'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'for my child'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'from your mother'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'from my friend'

Pronouns are primarily put after subjects.

Possessive pronouns

Iban	English
lang}}	mine
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	your
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	his/her
lang}}	ours (both of us)
lang}}	belong to all of you
lang}}	theirs

Sample phases:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'This shirt is mine.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'This is yours.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That one belongs to both of us.'

Demonstrative determiners

There are three demonstrative determiners in Iban. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'this, these' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is the furthest from the speaker.

Pronoun	Iban	English
lang}}	lang}}	This book, these books
lang}}	lang}}	That dog, those dogs
lang}}	lang}}	That (furthest) flower(s)

These words can also act as demonstrative pronouns where they can stands on theirs own, replacing rather than modifying a noun.

Example:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'This is good.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That's ok.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Look at that.'

Demonstrative pronouns

In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects.

Demonstrative pronouns

	Form	Gloss
Proximal	lang}}	this person
Medial	lang}}	that person
Distal	lang}}	the other person (furthest)

Examples:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Why is this person acting in such a way?'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Where is he going?' (Referring to the second closest person to the speaker)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Where is the other (person) one?' (referring to third person which is the furthest from the speaker)

Adverbs

Demonstrative adverbs

Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('going here'), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('going there') and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

Demonstrative adverbs

	Form	Gloss
Proximal	lang}}	going here
Medial	lang}}	going there
Distal	lang}}	going there, going yonder

Examples:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Come here (you).'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Why are you going there?' (within the sight of the speaker)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Let's go there.' (referring to location far away from speaker)

Locatives

Locative determiners

	Form	Gloss
Proximal	lang}}	here
Medial	lang}}	there
Distal	lang}}	there, yonder

Examples:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I wait for you here.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I wait for you there.' (not far from the speaker's location)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I wait for you there.' (referring to a far place)

Manner

Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

Locative determiners

	Form	Gloss
Proximal	lang}}	like this, this way
Medial	lang}}	like that, that way
Distal	lang}}	like that, that way

Examples:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I want it to be like this.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Why did you treat him like this?'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'Try to do it like that.'

Interrogative words

Iban also has a few interrogative words: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Who

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – What

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Where (Dini and Ba ni also used to ask for specific location)

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – Why ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also used.)

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – When

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – How many

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – How

Vocabulary

The first Iban-English Dictionary was published in 1900 by Rev. William Howell, an Anglican priest based at Sabu, near Simanggang (Sri Aman) and D.J.S. Bailey, a Brooke administrative officer as A Sea Dyak Dictionary.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A Comprehensive Iban-English Dictionary, jointly published by The Dayak Cultural Foundation and The Tun Jugah Foundation in 2016, contains 31,000 entries and about 1900 pages.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/>

The Iban-Malay dictionary was first published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), in 1989. The second edition was published in 2015. It contains 11,530 entries dan 9,710 subentries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Writing system

According to Iban legend, an ancestor named Renggi devised a writing script on the skin of wood, but it was soaked in water and the writing vanished. Anguished with the tragedy, Renggi munched the script and swallowed it<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> where the script became ingrained in Renggi's brain and blood and also his descendants. Since then, the Ibans became adept at memorising oral traditions, just like exactly written in books.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Occasionally, the Ibans used personalised symbols as memory aids on their writing boards (papan turai).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Papan turai was used to record ritual poems such as pengap and sabak.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As the Iban language had no extant writing system of its own, Christian missionaries adopted the Latin alphabet in an attempt to codify the language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/> A Sea Dyak Dictionary, published in 1900, was important in the early development of the Iban as a written language.<ref name="Comprehensive dictionary"/> During the Crown Colony era, the Borneo Literature Bureau also worked on the written form of the Iban language.<ref name="Ethnic_language"/>

From 1947 to 1962, Dunging anak Gunggu invented an Iban syllabary known as the Dunging script.<ref name="omniglot">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Churchill 2012">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2010, Dr. Bromeley Philip of Universiti Teknologi MARA, who is also a grandnephew to Dunging,<ref name="Churchill 2012"/> created digital fonts for Dunging script, named "LaserIban", available for Windows and Macintosh computers. Dr Bromeley also launched a course to promote the use of LaserIban and had transcribed several traditional folktales from Latin alphabet into Dunging script.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the Dunging script is not widely adopted.<ref name="omniglot"/> As of 2011, only three people in the world mastered the Dunging script, namely Dr Bromeley himself, longhouse chief Tuai Rumah Bagat Nunui and teacher Ngambong Katoi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Dialects

Iban can be subdivided into different sub-ethnic groups, each of which speak in different dialects. The most formal, intermediate, and working dialect is the Saribas dialect, and mainly Betong and Saratok. Others such as Balau, Sebuyau, Ulu Ai, and Rejang are mutually intelligible throughout the Sarawak region. The exception is the Iban Remun/Milikin dialect, which is still understood by Ibans from other districts. In West Kalimantan, dialects such as Bugau, Seberuang, Mualang, Chengkang, Sebaru, and Dau are more disparate.

Dialect comparison

Comparison between Balau-Saribas and Mualang dialect

English	Balau-Saribas (Sarawak)	Mualang (Kalimantan)
Rooster	lang}}	lang}}
Smell	lang}}	lang}}
Stupid	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}
Twins	lang}}	lang}}
Window	lang}}	lang}}
Father	lang}}	lang}}
Feel	lang}}	lang}}
And	lang}}	lang}}
Animal	lang}}	lang}}
Arrange	lang}}	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Breathe	lang}}	lang}}

Sample text (Luke 2:10-11)

Mualang (West Kalimantan, Indonesia)

10 Baroꞌ mlikat Tuhan Allah madah ke sidaꞌ: “Nang kitaꞌ takot! Ku madah brita bayek ari Tuhan Allah ke kitaꞌ, te nyuroh gaga ugaꞌ bansa.

11 Malam toꞌ de kuta Daod^e udah adai Penyelamat kitaꞌ, Al Maseh Raja te dedanyi Tuhan Allah, nyaꞌ mah Tuhan.

Iban (Sarawak, Malaysia)

10 Tang ku melikat nya bejaku ngagai sida, “Anang takut! Laban aku mai ngagai kita Berita Manah ti ngasuh ati semua mensia gaga:

11 sehari tu, di nengeri David, Juruselamat kita udah ada, iya nya Kristus ti Tuhan!

Sebuyau (Sarawak, Malaysia)

10 Tapi kenu mlikat nia bepadah ka hida-eh, “Nang kita takut! Tegal aku minching ka kita Behita Badas te mela ati semua mensia hindang:

11 chahi tia, de nenggehi David, Penyelamat kita udah ada, iya nia Kehistus te Petaha!

Comparison between Balau-Saribas and Remun

English	Balau-Saribas	Remun/Milikin
No	lang}}	lang}}
See	lang}}	lang}}
Know	lang}}	lang}}
Shirt	lang}}	lang}}
Run	lang}}	lang}}
Silence!	lang}}	lang}}
Stupid	lang}}	lang}}
No/Did not	lang}}	lang}}
Tomorrow	lang}}	lang}}
Later	lang}}	lang}}
Mat	lang}}	lang}}
Good	lang}}	lang}}

Sample phases in Iban Remun

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I did not see it.')
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} – {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ('I don't know.')

Comparison between Standard Iban and Sebuyau

English	Standard Iban	Sebuyau/Kua'
You	lang}}	lang}}
Why	lang}}	lang}}
Stupid	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}
No	lang}}	lang}}
Later	lang}}	lang}}
Tomorrow	lang}}	lang}}
Know	lang}}	lang}}
To hurry	lang}}	lang}}
Side dishes	lang}}	lang}}
Come out	lang}}	lang}}
Restless	lang}}	lang}}
Untidy	lang}}	lang}}
Like this	lang}}	lang}}
Causes	lang}}	lang}}
Shocked	lang}}	lang}}
Slow	lang}}	lang}}

Examples

Numbers

English	Iban	Iban Standard
One	lang}}	lang}}
Two	lang}}	lang}}
Three	lang}}	lang}}
Four	lang}}	lang}}
Five	lang}}	lang}}
Six	lang}}	lang}}
Seven	lang}}	lang}}
Eight	lang}}	lang}}
Nine	lang}}	lang}}
Ten	lang}}	lang}}

Family

English	Iban
Father	lang}}
Mother	lang}}
Grandfather	lang}}
Grandmother	lang}}
Uncle	lang}}
Aunt	lang}}
Siblings	lang}}
Elder brother/Elder sister	lang}}
Younger brother/sister	lang}}
Grandchildren	lang}}
Great-grandchildren	lang}}

For extended family in Iban

English	Iban
Parent-in-law	lang}}
Father-in-law	lang}}
Mother-in-law	lang}}
Stepfather or stepmother	lang}}
Siblings-in-law	lang}}
Brother-in-law	lang}}
Sister-in-law	lang}}
Great-grandfather	lang}}
Great-grandmother	lang}}
Nibling	lang}}
Nephew	lang}}
Niece	lang}}
Cousin	lang}}
One's parent to parents-in-law	lang}}

Example;

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That is my wife's nibling.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That is my husband's niece.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That is my husband's parent-in-law.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That is my husband's father-in-law.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'That is my wife's cousin.'

Days

English/Roman	Iban
Day before yesterday	lang}}
Yesterday	lang}}
Today	lang}}
Tomorrow	lang}}
Day after tomorrow	lang}}
3 days later	lang}}
The fourth day	lang}}

Example:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'We'll meet again the third day.'
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'I saw him two days ago.'

Months

The Iban calendar is one month ahead of the Gregorian calendar as follows:

English/Gregorian	Iban
January	lang}}
February	lang}}
March	lang}}
April	lang}}
May	lang}}
June	lang}}
July	lang}}
August	lang}}
September	lang}}
October	lang}}
November	lang}}
December	lang}} (first month of Iban calendar)

Sample phrases

Iban	English/Roman
lang}}	How are you?
lang}}	What is your name?
lang}}	How much is this?
lang}}	Where is ___?
lang}}	Where are you from?
lang}}	I come from ___
lang}}	What is the time now?
lang}}	Good evening!
lang}}	Good afternoon!
lang}}	Welcome!
lang}}	Don't be naughty!
lang}}	Couldn't make it
lang}}	Hold on/Wait a second
lang}}	Nevermind/it does not matter
lang}}	Do you want to fight?
lang}}	Going back
lang}}	Let's get to know each other
lang}}	Love, passion
lang}}	I miss you/I am missing you
lang}}	Who came/is with you?
lang}}	I came / went with ___; I am with ___
lang}}	Please listen (Saratok dialect)
lang}}	Silent, please
lang}}	Where are you going?
lang}}	Too expensive/difficult
lang}}	Too difficult
lang}}	Couldn't care less/what is that for!
lang}}	Good morning, teacher
lang}}	I don't know
lang}}	Let's we drinkTemplate:Clarify
lang}}	I want to go to the town tomorrow
lang}}	I'm going to work
lang}}	I want to go to sleep/bed
lang}}	Who is being naughty?
lang}}	You are pretty/beautiful (for women)
lang}}	You are handsome (for men)
lang}}	I will always love you
lang}}	I feel like I have seen you before

Bible translation and Sample Text

Human Rights

English: Article 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Malay: Perkara 1 – Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama dalam hak. Mereka dikurniakan akal dan hati nurani dan harus bertindak antara satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.

Standard Iban: Pekara 1 : Semua mensia ada meratai enggau hak ke sebaka. Sida diberi penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu enda tau enda begulai enggau pangan diri dalam serakup entara bala menyadi.

Balau Iban Dialect: Pekaha 1 : Semua mensia ada bebas enggau hak ti sebaka. Sida dibehi penau runding enggau ati behesi alu enda tau enda begulai enggau dihi sama dihi dalam gehempung entaha bala menyadi.

Other Iban Dialect: Pekaro 1 : Semuo mensio ado bebas enggau hak ti sebako. Sida diberi penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu enda tau enda begulai enggau diri samo diri dalam serakup entaro balo menyadi.

Pikaro 1 : Simuo minsio ado bibas nggau hak ti sibako. Sida dibiri penau runding enggau ati tuchi lalu endo tau endo bigulai enggau diri samo diri dalam sirakup intaro balo minyadi.

Sources

• Template:Cite book [Paperback reprint in the 1988 by Penerbit Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya. Template:ISBN]
• Template:Cite thesis
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Citation

External links

• Digitized books about Iban at the SOAS library
• Ator Sambiang Mass Baru: The Holy Eucharist in Iban (1980) Anglican eucharistic liturgy digitized by Richard Mammana