Incubator escapee wiki

Incubator escapee wiki:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

Project page Discussion
< Incubator escapee wiki:Manual of Style

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:MoS guideline Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists

This page guides the presentation of numbers, dates, times, measurements, currencies, coordinates, and similar items in articles. The aim is to promote clarity, cohesion, and consistency, and to make the encyclopedia easier and more intuitive to use. For numbers, dates, and similar items in Wikipedia article titles, see the Naming conventions (numbers and dates) guideline.

Where this manual gives options, maintain consistency within an article unless there is a good reason to do otherwise. The Arbitration Committee has ruled that editors should not change an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a substantial reason unrelated to mere choice of style; edit-warring over optional styles is unacceptable.Template:Efn If discussion fails to resolve the question of which style to use in an article, defer to the style used by the first major contributor. Template:TOC limit

General notesEdit

Quotations, titles, etc.Edit

Template:See also

Quotations, titles of books and articles, and similar "imported" text should be faithfully reproduced, even if they use formats or units inconsistent with these guidelines or with other formats in the same article. If necessary, clarify via [bracketed interpolation], article text, or footnotes.

Non-breaking spacesEdit

Guidance on the use of non-breaking spaces ("hard spaces") is given in some sections below, but not all situations in which hard spaces ({{nbsp}} or &nbsp;) or Template:Tlx may be appropriate are described. Template:Crossref

Chronological itemsEdit

Statements likely to become outdatedEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:See also

Except on pages that are inherently time-sensitive and updated regularly (e.g. the "Current events" portal), terms such as Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, and Template:!xt should usually be avoided in favor of phrases such as Template:Xt, Template:Xt, and Template:Xt. Wording can usually be modified to remove the "now" perspective: not Template:!xt but Template:Xt; not Template:!xt but Template:Xt or Template:Xt. Terms likely to go out of date include Template:!xt, Template:!xt, etc.Template:Efn For current and future events, use phrases such as Template:Xt or Template:Xt to signal the time-dependence of the information; use the template Template:Tl (or Template:Tl) in conjunction. Even pages updated regularly that contain several phrases that go out of date throughout the page (e.g. use of Template:!xt instead of Template:Xt) are tedious to update after, for example, an election where many people lose their seats, and even if updated tend to retain some neglected out-of-date language. Relative-time expressions are acceptable for very long periods, such as geological epochs: Template:Xt

Template:Anchors

Dates, months, and yearsEdit

Template:Redirect {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

FormatsEdit

Acceptable date formats
General use Template:NowrapTemplate:Efn Comments
Template:Xt Template:Xt Template:Anchor A comma doesn't follow the year unless otherwise required by context: Template:Unordered list
Template:Xt Template:Xt Template:Anchor A comma follows the year unless other punctuation obviates it: Template:Unordered list
Template:Xt Template:Xt Omit year only where there is no risk of ambiguity: Template:Unordered list
Template:Xt Template:Xt
Template:Nobr Template:Xt Use Template:Nowrap format only with Gregorian dates from 1583 onward.Template:Efn
Template:Xt Template:Xt

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}Template:Anchor

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}Template:Anchor

Unacceptable date formats (except in external titles and quotes)
File:X mark.svg Unacceptable File:Yes check.svg Corrected Comments
Template:!xt Template:XtTemplate:Efn Do not add a full stop (period) to an abbreviated month or to the day-of-month.Template:Efn
Template:!xt Template:Xt or Template:Xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Months should be capitalized.
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:Nowrap 		Do not use ordinals (Template:!xt, Template:!xt, Template:!xt, etc.).
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Do not use these formats.
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Do not zero-pad dayTemplate:Nbsp...
Template:!xt Template:XtTemplate:Efn ... except in all-numeric Template:Nowrap, in which month and day are zero-padded to twoTemplate:Nbspdigits.
Template:!xt Do not use separators other than hyphens.
Template:!xt Do not omit hyphens.
Template:!xt Do not abbreviate year.
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Do not use Template:Nowrap, Template:Nowrap or Template:Nowrap formats.Template:Efn
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Do not use these formats.
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Template:Xt Do not use theseTemplate:Nbspformats.
Template:!xt No comma between month andTemplate:Nbspyear.
Template:!xt Template:Xt
Template:!xt Template:Xt Comma required between day andTemplate:Nbspyear.
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Template:Xt Do not abbreviate year.
Template:!xt Template:Xt Roman numerals are not normally used forTemplate:Nbspdates.
Template:!xt Template:Xt Years and days of the month are not normally written inTemplate:Nbspwords.
Template:!xt
Template:!xt 		Template:Nowrap
Template:!xt Template:Xt Do not zero-pad years.
Template:!xt Template:Xt Do not add a comma to a four-digit year.
Template:!xt Template:Xt Write "the year" only where needed for clarity (Template:Xt).
ConsistencyEdit

Template:Anchor {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:Unordered list

Strong national ties to a topicEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country (see Template:Section link) should generally use the date format most commonly used in that country.

  • For the United States this is MDY (Template:Nobr).
  • For most other English-speaking countries it is DMY (Template:Nobr).
  • Articles relating to Canada may use either format with (as always) consistency within each article. Template:See below
  • {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} However, in certain topic areas, it is customary to use a date format different from the usual national one. For example, articles (including biographical articles) on the modern US military should use DMY dates, in accordance with US military usage.

In articles without strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, the choice of date formatTemplate:Nbsp...

  • is controlled by MOS:DATERET;
  • is unrelated to the topic's ties to particular countries; and
  • is independent of, and unrelated to, the national variety of English used in the article.
Retaining existing formatEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:See also

  • If an article has evolved using predominantly one date format, this format should be used throughout the article, unless there are reasons for changing it based on the topic's strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, or consensus on the article's talk page.
  • The date format chosen in the first major contribution in the early stages of an article (i.e., the first non-stub version) should continue to be used, unless there is reason to change it based on the topic's strong ties to a particular English-speaking country, or consensus on the article's talk page.
  • Where an article has shown no clear sign of which format is used, the first person to insert a date is equivalent to "the first major contributor".

Era styleEdit

Template:Redirect {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Julian and Gregorian calendarsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:See also

A date can be given in any appropriate calendar, as long as it is (at the minimum) given in the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar or both, as described below. For example, an article on the early history of Islam may give dates in both Islamic and Julian calendars. Where a calendar other than the Julian or Gregorian is used, the article must make this clear.

  • Current events are dated using the Gregorian calendar.
  • Dates of events in countries using the Gregorian calendar at that time are given in the Gregorian calendar. This includes some of the Continent of Europe from 1582, the British Empire from 14Template:NbspSeptember 1752, and Russia from 14Template:NbspFebruary 1918 Template:Crossref.
  • Dates before 15Template:NbspOctober 1582 (when the Gregorian calendar was first adopted in some places) are normally given in the Julian calendar.
  • Dates after 4Template:NbspOctoberTemplate:Nbsp1582 in a place where the Julian calendar was observed should be given in the Julian calendar.
  • For either the Julian or Gregorian calendars, the beginning of the year should be treated as 1Template:NbspJanuary even if a different start-of-year date was observed in the place being discussed.
  • Dates for Roman history before 45Template:NbspBC are given in the Roman calendar, which was neither Julian nor Gregorian. When (rarely) the Julian equivalent is certain, it may be included.
  • For dates in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian history, Julian or Gregorian equivalents are often uncertain. Follow the consensus of reliable sources, or indicate their divergence.

The dating method used should follow that used by reliable secondary sources (or if reliable sources disagree, that used most commonly, with an explanatory footnote). The guidance above is in line with the usage of reliable sources such as American National Biography,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and Encyclopædia Britannica.Template:Efn

Where it is not obvious that a given date should be given in Julian alone or in Gregorian alone, consider giving both styles, for example by using Template:Tl. If a date appears without being specified as Old Style or New Style, tagging that date with Template:Tl will add the page to Category:Articles containing ambiguous dates for further attention.

If an article contains Julian calendar dates after 4 October 1582 (as in the October Revolution), or if a start-of-year date other than 1 January was in force in the place being discussed, or both, a footnote should be provided on the first usage, explaining the calendar usage adopted for the article. The calendar usage should be compatible with this guideline.

RangesEdit

Template:Anchors {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:See also Template:Redirect

Designate chronological ranges either using an en dash, or such forms as Template:Xt and Template:Xt, but not a combination of a dash and words (Template:!xt);Template:Nbsp Template:!xt). Where an enTemplate:Nbspdash is usedTemplate:Nbsp...

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}Template:Anchors

In tables and infoboxes where space is limited, pres. may be used (Template:Xt). Do not use incomplete-looking constructions such as Template:Nobr and Template:Nobr
  • Consider adding the {{As of}}, or {{Update after}} templates to such constructions, depending on how important it is for editors to keep "present" up to date.

Uncertain, incomplete, or approximate datesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

The corresponding template Template:Tlx produces reign output: Template:Xt, though it is often clearer to write out Template:Xt, especially in the lead. With both of these templates, linked forms should not be used on disambiguation pages, and "active" followed by the range is a better alternative for occupations not relating to the composition of works, whether it be musical, grammatical, historical, or any other such work.

Times of dayEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Context determines whether the 12- or 24-hour clock is used. In all cases, colons separate hours, minutes, and (where present) seconds, e.g. Template:Xt or Template:Xt. Use figures (Template:Xt or Template:Xt) rather than words (Template:!xt).

Time zonesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Give dates and times appropriate to the time zone where an event took place. For example, the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor should be DecemberTemplate:Nbsp7, 1941 (Hawaii time/Template:Zwspdate). Give priority to the place at which the event had its most significant effects; for example, if a hacker in Monaco attacked a Pentagon computer in the US, use the time zone for the Pentagon, where the attack had its effect. In some cases, the best solution may be to add the date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). For example:

Template:In5Template:Xt

Alternatively, include just the UTC offset:

Template:In5Template:Xt

Rarely, the time zone in which an event took place has since changed; for example, China until 1949 was divided into five time zones, whereas all of modern China is one time zone; UTC+8. Similarly, the term "UTC" is not appropriate for dates before this system was adopted in 1960;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Universal Time (UT) is the appropriate term for the mean time at the prime meridian (Greenwich) when it is unnecessary to specify the precise definition of the time scale. Be sure to show the UTC or offset appropriate to the clock time in use at the time of the event, not the modern time zone, if they differ.

Days of the weekEdit

Seasons of the yearEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

DecadesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Centuries and millenniaEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

The sequence of numbered years in dates runs Template:Xt; there is no "year zero".

Long periods of timeEdit

NumbersEdit

Template:Redirect-distinguish {{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}

Numbers as figures or wordsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:Crossref

Generally, in article text:

Template:Anchor{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Notes and exceptions:

Other numbers

  • Other numbers are given in numerals (Template:Xt, Template:Xt) or in forms such as Template:Xt (or billion, trillion, etc.Template:Sndbut rarely thousand or hundred). Markup: Template:Nowrap
    • Billion and trillion are understood to represent their short-scale values of 109Template:Nbsp(1,000,000,000) and 1012Template:Nbsp(1,000,000,000,000), respectively. Keep this in mind when translating articles from non-English or older sources. Use of the long scale was normal before the nineteenth century, when the US changed to the short scale. The UK government changed to the short scale in 1974, and the long scale continues to be used in most other European languages; see history of long and short scales.
    • Template:Xt (unspaced, capitalized) or Template:Xt (unspaced), respectively, may be used for "million" or "billion" after a number, when the word has been spelled out at the first occurrence (Template:Xt).
    • SI prefixes and symbols, such as Template:XtnTemplate:Nbsp(Template:Xtn), Template:XtnTemplate:Nbsp(Template:Xtn) and Template:XtnTemplate:Nbsp(Template:Xtn), should be used only with units of measure as appropriate to the field and not to express large quantities in other contexts. Examples of misuse: Template:!xt
    • Sometimes, the variety of English used in an article may suggest the use of a numbering system other than the Western thousands-based system. For example, the Indian numbering system is conventionally used for certain things (especially monetary amounts) in South Asian English. This is discouraged in Wikipedia articles by Template:Section link.
      • When it is done anyway, for contextually important reasons, link the first spelled-out instance of each quantity (e.g. [[crore]], which yields: crore). If no instances are spelled out, provide a note after the first instance, directing the reader to the article about the numbering system.
      • Provide a conversion to Western numbers for the first instance of each quantity (For Indian figures, the templates Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx may be used for this purpose), and provide conversions for subsequent instances if they do not overwhelm the content of the article. For example, write Template:Xt. When converting a currency amount, use the exchange rate that applied at the time being written about; the Template:Tlx template can be used for this purpose, or specialized templates for a currency such as Template:Tlx (for Indian Rupees) or Template:Tlx (for Korean Won) can be used.
      • Group digits in Western thousands-based style (e.g., Template:Xt; not Template:!xt); Template:Crossref.
      • An article's variety of English does not uniquely determine its formatting of numbers. Other considerationsTemplate:Sndsuch as conventions used in mathematics, science, and engineeringTemplate:Sndmay also apply. In general, choice and order of formats and conversions is a matter of editorial discretion and consensus at the article.

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

OrdinalsEdit

Template:Anchor Template:Redirect

Number rangesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Like Template:Crossref, number ranges and page ranges should state the full value of both the beginning and end of the range, separated by an en dash: Template:Xt or Template:Xt. Except within quotations, avoid abbreviated forms such as Template:!xt or Template:!xt, which are not understood universally, are sometimes ambiguous, and can cause inconsistent metadata to be created in citations.

Sport scores, vote tallies, etc.Edit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Sport scores, vote tallies, or other presentations that juxtapose two opposing quantities use an unspaced en dash:

To avoid potential line breaks, use Template:Tlx around the entire score construction, or use Template:Tlx instead of Template:Tlx.

Singular versus pluralEdit

Fractions and ratiosEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Template:See also

DecimalsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Grouping of digitsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

  • In general, digits should be grouped and separated either by commas or by narrow gaps (Template:Em a period/full point).
    • Grouping with commas
      • Left of the decimal point, five or more digits are grouped into threes separated by commas (e.g. Template:Xt; Template:Xt; Template:Xt; Template:Xt).
      • Numbers with exactly four digits left of the decimal point may optionally be grouped (either Template:Xt or Template:Xt), consistently within any given article.
      • Do not use commas to the right of the decimal point, or with numbers not in base 10.
      • Markup: Template:Tlc produces this formatting.
    • Grouping with narrow gaps
      • Digits are grouped both sides of the decimal point (e.g. Template:Xt; Template:Xt; Template:Xt).
      • Digits are generally grouped into threes. Right of the decimal point, Template:Em practice is to have a final group of four in preference to leaving an "orphaned" digit at the end (Template:Xt, but Template:Xt would also be acceptable). In mathematics-oriented articles long strings may be grouped into fives (e.g. Template:Xt).
      • This style is especially recommended for articles related to science, technology, engineering or mathematics, though in these contexts there may be cases in which grouping confuses rather than clarifies. (For example, for fractions written in horizontal format, adding spaces to a fraction like 123456/127 would cause it to be misread as 123Template:Sfrac or 1Template:Sfrac.)
      • Markup: Templates Template:Tlx or Template:Tlx may be used to produce this formatting. Note that use of Template:Em space character as a separator in numbers, including non-breaking space, is problematic for screen readers. Template:Crossref Screen readers read out each Template:Em of digits as separate numbers (e.g. 30Template:Tl000 is read as "thirty zero zero zero"). The output of Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx is compatible with screen readers.
  • Delimiting style should be consistent throughout a given article.
    • Either use commas or narrow gaps, but not both in the same article.
    • Either group the thousands in a four-digit number or do not, but not mixed use in the same article.
    • However, grouping by threes and fives may coexist.
  • Four-digit page numbers and four-digit calendar years should never be grouped (not Template:!xt, but Template:Xt or Template:Xt).

PercentagesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Scientific and engineering notationEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

  • Scientific notation always has a single nonzero digit to the left of the point: not Template:!xt, but Template:Xt.
  • Engineering notation is similar, but with the exponent adjusted to a multiple of three: Template:Xt.
  • Avoid mixing scientific and engineering notations: Template:!xt.
  • In a table column (or other presentation) in which all values can be expressed with a single power of 10, consider giving e.g. Template:Xt once in the column header, and omitting it in the individual entries. (Markup: {{e|7}})
  • In both notations, the number of digits indicates the precision. For example, Template:Xt means rounded to the nearest thousand; Template:Xt to the nearest hundred; Template:Xt to the nearest ten; and Template:Xt to the nearest unit.

Markup: Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx may be used to format exponential notation.

Uncertainty and rounding Edit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Non–base-10 notationsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

  • In computer-related articles, use the prefix 0x for hexadecimal and 0b for binary,Template:Efn unless there is a strong reason to use some other notation.Template:Efn Explain these prefixes in the article's introduction or on first use.
  • In all other articles, use Template:Tlx: Template:Base, Template:Base. Markup: {{base|137|9}}, {{base|201|3}}
  • For bases above 10, use symbols conventional for that base (as seen in reliable sources) e.g. for base 16 use Template:Nobr.
  • For octal, use Template:Base. Avoid using a prefix unless it is needed for computer code samples, in which case explain the prefix on first use.

Mathematical formulaeEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

There are multiple ways to display mathematical formulae, covered in detail at Template:Section link. One uses special MediaWiki Template:Tag markup using LaTeX syntax, which is capable of complex formulae; the other relies on conventionalized HTML formatting of simple formulae.

The Template:Tag markup is displayed as a PNG image by default. Logged-in users can optionally have it rendered in MathML, or in HTML (via MathJax); detailed instructions are at Help:Displaying a formula.

[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Section headings|Do not put Template:Tag markup in headings]].

Units of measurementEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Unit choice and orderEdit

Quantities are typically expressed using an appropriate "primary unit", displayed first, followed, when appropriate, by a conversion in parentheses e.g. Template:Xt. For details on when and how to provide a conversion, see the section Template:Section link. The choice of primary units depends on the circumstances, and should respect the principle of strong national ties, where applicable:

  • In non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United States, the primary units are US customary (pounds, miles, feet, inches, etc.)
  • In non-scientific articles with strong ties to the United Kingdom, the primary units for most quantities are metric or other internationally used units,Template:Efn except that:
    • UK engineering-related articles, including those on bridges and tunnels, generally use the system of units in which the subject project was drawn up (but road distances are given in imperial units, with a metric conversionTemplate:Sndsee next bullet);
    • the primary units for distance/Template:Zwsplength, speed and fuel consumption are miles, miles per hour, and miles per imperial gallon (except for short distances or lengths, where miles are too large for practical use);
    • the primary units for personal height and weight are feetTemplate:Zwsp/inches and stones/Template:Zwsppounds;
    • imperial pints are used for quantities of draught beer/Template:Zwspcider and bottled milk;
  • In all other articles, the primary units chosen will be SI units (such as kilograms), non-SI units officially accepted for use with the SI, or such other units as are conventional in reliable sources discussing the article topic (such as revolutions per minute (rpm) for rotational speed, hands for heights of horses, mass and luminosity of the Sun, etc.)
    • the primary SI units for personal height and weight are centimetres and kilograms.

Template:Em

  • Quantities set via definition (as opposed to measured quantities) should be given first in the units used in the definition, even if this makes the structure of presentation inconsistent: Template:Xt.
    • Or use about to emphasize which is the statutory, exact value: Template:Xt.
  • Nominal quantities (e.g. Template:Xt lumber) require consideration of whether the article is concerned with the item's actual dimensions or merely with its function. In some cases, the nominal quantity may suffice; in others it may be necessary to give the nominal size (often in non-SI units), the actual size in non-SI units, and the actual size in SI units.
  • Whenever a conversion is given, the converted quantity's value should match the precision of the source Template:Crossref.
  • Where the article's primary units differ from the units given in the source, the Template:Tlx template's |order=flip flag can be used; this causes the Template:Em unit to be shown as secondary in the article, and the Template:Em unit to be shown as primary: {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip}} → Template:Xt

Unit conversionsEdit

Template:See also {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Where English-speaking countries use different units for the same quantity, provide a conversion in parentheses: Template:Xt; Template:Xt. But in science-related articles, supplying such conversion is not required unless there is some special reason to do so.

  • Where an imperial unit is not part of the US customary system, or vice versaTemplate:Sndand in particular, where those systems give a single term different definitionsTemplate:Snda double conversion may be appropriate: Template:Xt (markup: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Convert</syntaxhighlight>); Template:Xt (markup: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Convert</syntaxhighlight>).
  • Generally, conversions to and from metric units and US or imperial units should be provided, except:
    • When inserting a conversion would make a common or linked expression awkward (Template:Xt).
    • In some topic areas (for example, maritime subjects where nautical miles are the primary units, American football where yards are primary, and articles like Solar System where many interplanetary distances are given) it can be excessive to provide a conversion for every quantity. In such cases consider noting that the article will use a particular unitTemplate:Sndpossibly giving the conversion factor to other, familiar units in a parenthetical note or a footnoteTemplate:Sndand link the first occurrence of each unit but not give a conversion every time it occurs. Applying this principle may require editorial discretion; for example, in scientific articles the expected level of reader sophistication should be taken into account.
    • For distances on the scale of between star systems and galaxies, "light-years" or "ly" should be used as primary units, with a conversion to "parsecs" or "pc", but no conversion to SI units. The units should be linked on first mention. For larger quantities, use large number words in prose (million or billion but not thousand) and metric prefixes (kly, Mly, Gly, kpc, Mpc, Gpc) in compact contexts. Examples:
      • First mention in prose: Template:Convert
        • Wikitext: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Convert</syntaxhighlight>
      • Infobox or table: Template:Cvt
        • Wikitext: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Cvt</syntaxhighlight> (use "order=flip" when source uses parsecs)
    • Astronomical units (au) should be converted to kilometers (km) using "million", "billion", or "trillion" in both prose and compact environments like infoboxes and tables. When large interplanetary-scale distances overlap with small interstellar-scale distances, convert au to ly and pc, or ly to pc and au (depending on context). Examples:
  • For units of measure that are obsolete, obscure outside of a particular specialty or geography (e.g. furlong, jansky, or rayleigh), or not part of the SI/SI-accepted or US customary systems (e.g. zolotnik), supply a parenthetical conversion into at least SI or SI-accepted units (unless one of the exceptions previously noted applies). Convert each mention, unless this would be excessive given the context. Take care to distinguish between different definitions of the same unit if it has changed over time or differs geographically (e.g. cubit, batman). An approximate or range conversion is acceptable if the exact historical value is uncertain (e.g. stadion).
    • Metric units not part of the SI or accepted for use with it should either be replaced with SI or SI-accepted units (e.g. joules instead of ergs), or they should be treated as obscure units in the same way as furlongs.
  • Metric prefixes used should be commonly known, namely "pico" thru "tera", preferably in commonly-used combinations (e.g. Template:Xt, not Template:!xt).
  • Converted quantity values should use a Template:Em similar to that of the source quantity value, so Template:Xt, not Template:!xt. Small numbers, especially if approximate, may need to be converted to a range where rounding would cause a significant distortion, so Template:Xt, not Template:!xt. Be careful especially when your source has already converted from the units you're now converting back to. This may be evidenced by multiples of common conversion factors in the data, such as 160 km (from 100 miles). Template:Crossref
  • Template:Tlx and other conversion templates can be used to convert and format many common units, and have options to respect significant figures. To avoid problems with rounding and significant figures, for input to conversion templates use only the original quantity found in reliable sources, not one that a source has already converted. If required by the above rules, the conversion output can be displayed as the primary units with "order=flip". Conversion output can be displayed as the only units with "disp=out"; this retains the original quantity in wikitext for verification by editors.
  • In a direct quotation, always retain the source units. Any conversions can be supplied either in the quote itself (in square brackets, following the original measurement) or in a footnote. Template:Crossref
  • Template:Tlx may be added to articles needing general attention regarding choice of units and unit conversions.

Unit names and symbolsEdit

Template:Redirect {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Template:Em
  • Examples of unit names: foot, metre, kilometre, (US: meter, kilometer).
  • Examples of unit symbols: ft, m, km.
  • Unit names and symbols should follow the practice of reliable sources.
  • In prose, unit names should be given in full if used only a few times, but symbols may be used when a unit (especially one with a long name) is used repeatedly, after spelling out the first use (e.g. Template:Xt).
    • Exception: Certain units are generally represented by their symbols (e.g. Template:Xt rather than Template:!xt) even on first use, though their unit names may be used for emphasis or clarity (Template:Xt).
    • Exception: Consider using inches (but not in.) in place of in where the latter might be misread as a prepositionTemplate:Mdashbbut not where the value is followed by a parenthesized conversion e.g. Template:Xt, or is part of such a conversion (Template:Xt).
  • Units unfamiliar to general readers should be presented as a nameTemplate:Ndashsymbol pair on first use, linking the unit name (Template:Xt).
    • Commonly-known SI and SI-accepted units that can be used without linking are: meter (m), gram (g), second (s), ampere (A), liter (L), pascal (Pa), hertz (Hz), degrees Celsius (°C), minute (min), hour (h), day (d), degree (of angle, °), volt (V), watt (W)
  • Ranges use unspaced en dash (Template:Tlx) if only one unit symbol is used at the end (e.g. Template:Xt), and spaced en dash (Template:Tlx) if two symbols are used (e.g. Template:Xt); ranges in prose may be specified using either unit symbol or unit names, and units may be stated either after both numerical values or after the last (all acceptable: Template:Nobr; Template:Nobr; Template:Nobr; Template:Nobr).
  • LengthTemplate:Ndashwidth, lengthTemplate:NdashwidthTemplate:Ndashheight and similar dimensions may be separated by the multiplication sign (×) or the word by.
Template:Vanchor
Template:Vert header Guideline File:Yes check.svg Acceptable File:X mark.svg Unacceptable
rowspan=8 Template:Vert header Except as listed in the Template:Section link table below, unit Template:Em are uncapiTemplate:ShytalTemplate:Shyized unless they are derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter (of the base unit symbol, not of any prefix) is capitalized.Template:Efn Template:Xt
Template:Xt 		Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Unit symbols are undotted. Template:Xt Template:!xt
Unit Template:Em are given in lower case except: where any word would be capitalTemplate:Shyized, or where otherwise specified in the SI brochure<ref name="SI Brochure">Template:Cite book Table 8, p 145, gives additional guidance on non-SI units.</ref> or this Manual of Style. Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
Template:Plainlist
The spelling of certain unit names (some of which are listed in Template:Section link, below) varies with the variety of English followed by the article.
Write unit names and symbols in upright ([[Roman type|Template:Sic]]) type, except where emphasizing in context. Template:Xt
Template:Xt 		Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:Xt
Do not use precomposed unit symbol characters. Template:!xt
rowspan=7 Template:Vert header Do not spell out numbers before unit Template:EmTemplate:Nbsp... Template:Xt Template:!xt
...Template:Nbspbut words Template:Em figures may be used with unit Template:Em. Template:Plainlist
Use a non-breaking space (Template:Tlx or &nbsp;) between a number and a unit Template:Em, or use Template:TlxTemplate:Nbsp... Template:Xt Template:Nowr or Template:Nowr Template:!xt
... though with certain symbols no space is used (see "SpecificTemplate:Nbspunits" table below)Template:Nbsp... Template:Nobr Template:Nobr
... and a normal space is used between a number and a unit Template:Em. Template:Xt
(markup: 29Template:Nbspkilograms)
To form a value and a unit Template:Em into a compound adjective use a hyphen or hyphensTemplate:Nbsp... Template:Plainlist
... but a non-breaking space (never hyphen) separates a value and unit Template:Em. Template:Plainlist Template:!xt
rowspan=5 Template:Vert header SI unit Template:Em are pluralized by adding Template:Xt or Template:XtTemplate:Nbsp... Template:Xt; Template:Xt
... except for these irregular forms. Template:Xt; Template:Xt
Template:Xt; Template:Xt
Template:Xt; Template:Xt
Template:Xt; Template:Xt 		Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Some non-SI units have irregular plurals. Template:Xt; Template:Xt Template:!xt
Template:Xt; Template:Nobr Template:!xt
Unit Template:Em (in any system) are identical in singular and plural. Template:Plainlist Template:Nobr
rowspan=5 Template:Vert header Format exponents using <sup>, not special characters. Template:Xt
Template:Nobr 		Template:!xt
(km&#178;)
Or use Template:Xtn or Template:Xtn (Template:Em the unit being modified). Template:Xt Template:!xt
For areas or volumes only, Template:Xtn or Template:Xtn may be used (Template:Em the unit being modified). Template:!xt
Template:Xt
Template:Xtn or Template:Xtn may be used with US customary or imperial units, but not with SI units. Template:Xt
Template:Xt 		Template:!xt
Template:!xt
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Indicate a product of unit Template:Em with either a hyphen or a space. Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
Indicate a product of unit Template:Em with &sdot; or &nbsp;. Template:Plainlist
Template:Em In some topic areas, such as power engineerTemplate:Shying, certain products take neither space nor &sdot;. Follow the practice of reliable sources in the article's topic area. Template:Plainlist
To pluralize a product of unit Template:Em, pluralize only the final unit. (Unit Template:Em are never pluralized.) Template:Xt Template:!xt
rowspan=7 Template:Vert header Indicate a ratio of unit Template:Em with Template:Xtn. Template:Xt Template:!xt
Indicate a ratio of unit Template:Em with a forward slash (/), followed by either a single symbol or a parenthesized product of symbolsTemplate:Snddo not use multiple slashes. Or useTemplate:Nbsp−1,Template:Nbsp−2, etc. Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
To pluralize a ratio of unit Template:Em, pluralize only the numerator unit. (Unit Template:Em are never pluralized.) Template:Plainlist
Some of the special forms used in the imperial and US customary systems are shown hereTemplate:Nbsp... Template:Plainlist
... but only the slash or negative exponent notations are used with SI (and other metric) units. Template:Plainlist Template:!xt
Template:Plainlist Template:!xt
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Prefixes should not be separated by a space or hyphen. Template:Xt Template:Plainlist
Prefixes are added without contraction, except as shown here: Template:Xt
Template:Xt
Template:Xt 		Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
The Template:Xtn, Template:Xtn, and Template:Xtn prefixes should generally be avoided; exceptions include decibel, hectolitre, hectare, and hectopascal. Template:Plainlist Template:!xt
Do not use [[wikt:M#Number|Template:!xt]] for 103, Template:!xt for 106, or Template:!xt for 109 (except as noted elsewhere on this page for Template:Xtn and Template:Xtn, e.g. for monetary values) Template:Xt
Template:Xt
Template:Xt 		Template:!xt
Template:!xt
Template:!xt
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Mixed units are traditionally used with the imperial and US customary systemsTemplate:Nbsp... Template:AnchorTemplate:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
Template:Plainlist
... and in expressing time durationsTemplate:Nbsp... Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
... but are not used with metric units. Template:Plainlist Template:!xt

Template:Em Template:Reflist

Specific unitsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

  • The following table lists only units that need special attention.
  • The SI Brochure<ref name="SI Brochure" /> should be consulted for guidance on use of other SI and non-SI units.
Guidelines on specific units
Template:Vert header Unit name Unit symbol Comment
rowspan = 8 Template:Vert header Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist Do not use &prime;Template:Nbsp(Template:!xt), &Prime;Template:Nbsp(Template:!xt), apostropheTemplate:Nbsp(Template:!xt), or quoteTemplate:Nbsp(Template:!xt). Exception: in music, eight-foot pitch notation describes organ stops and wind instrument lengths in feet. A prime may be used with an explanation on first use, e.g. Template:Tq; see MOS:MUSIC.
foot per second Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt)
hand Template:Xt or Template:Xt Equal to 4 inches; used in measurement of horses. A dot may be followed by additional inches e.g. Template:Nobr indicates Template:Nobr
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist Used in aviation contexts for aircraft and wind speeds, and also used in some nautical and general meteorological contexts. When applied to aircraft speeds, Template:Xt means Template:Xt unless stated otherwise; if Template:Xt is used for calibrated airspeed, equivalent airspeed, true airspeed, or groundspeed, explicitly state and link to, upon first use, the type of speed being referred to (for instance, Template:Xt, or, if severely short of space, Template:Xt); for airspeeds other than indicated airspeed, the use of the specific abbreviation for the type of airspeed being referred to (such as Template:Xt) is preferred. When referring to indicated airspeed, either Template:Xt or Template:Xt is permissible. Groundspeeds and wind speeds must use the abbreviation Template:Xt only.
Template:Plainlist Template:Xt
micron Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt) Markup: &mu;mTemplate:Nbsp Link to micrometre (for which micron is a synonym) on first use.
astronomical unit Template:Xt
Template:Nobr 		The preferred form is Template:Xt. Articles that already use Template:Xtn may switch to au or continue with AU; seek consensus on the talk page.
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist In nautical and aeronautical contexts where there is risk of confusion with nautical miles, consider writing out references to statute miles as e.g. Template:Xt rather than simply Template:!xt.
rowspan = 7 Template:Vert header Template:Plainlist Template:Xt Markup: cm<sup>3</sup>
Template:Xt Non-SI abbreviation used for certain engine displacements. Link to Cubic centimetre on first use.
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
cubic foot Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt) Write Template:Xt, Template:Xt, or Template:Xt, not Template:!xt.
Template:Nobr Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt)
Template:Plainlist Template:Nobr The symbol l (lowercase "el") in isolation (i.e. outside forms as ml) is easily mistaken for the digitTemplate:Nbsp1 or the capital Template:Nobr and should not be used.
Template:Plainlist Template:Xt or Template:Xt Derivative units of the litre may use l (lowercase "el").
rowspan=7 Template:Vert header Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist Not Template:!xt, Template:!xt
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist Spell out in full.
Template:Plainlist Template:Xt Template:Nobr
Template:Nobr Template:Xt
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist The qualifier Template:Xtn or Template:Xtn must be specified where applicable. Use the qualifier avdp (avoirdupois) only where there is risk of confusion with troy ounce, imperial fluid ounce, US fluid ounce, or troy pound; but articles about precious metals, black powder, and gemstones should always specify which type of ounce (avoirdupois or troy) is being used, noting that these materials are normally measured in troy ounces and grams.
Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist
carat Template:Xt Used to express masses of gemstones and pearls.
Template:Vert header carat or karat Template:Nobr A measure of purity for gold alloys. (Do not confuse with the unit of mass with the same spelling.)
rowspan=3 Template:Vert header Template:Plainlist Template:Plainlist Do not use &prime;Template:Nbsp(Template:!xt), &Prime;Template:Nbsp(Template:!xt), apostropheTemplate:Nbsp(Template:!xt) or quoteTemplate:Nbsp(Template:!xt) for minutes or seconds. See also the hours–minutes–seconds formats for time durations described in the Unit names and symbols table.
year Template:Xt Use Template:Xtn only with an SI prefix multiplier (Template:Xt, not Template:!xt).
Template:Xt or Template:Xt Template:Crossref
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header bit Template:Xt Template:Nobr Template:AnchorTemplate:Crossref Do not confuse bit/second or byte/second with baud (Bd).
byte Template:Nobr
bit per second Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt, Template:!xt)
byte per second Template:Xt or Template:Xt Template:Nobr
rowspan = 4 Template:Vert header
arcminute Template:Xt Markup: Template:TlTemplate:Nbsp ([[prime (symbol)|primeTemplate:NbspTemplate:Prime]] not apostrophe/Template:Zwspsingle quoteTemplate:NbspTemplate:!xt). Template:Nobr
arcsecond Template:Xt Markup: Template:TlTemplate:Nbsp ([[double prime (symbol)|double primeTemplate:NbspTemplate:Pprime]] not double-quoteTemplate:NbspTemplate:!xt). Template:Nobr
degree Template:Xt Markup: degree ° not masculine ordinal Template:!xt or ringTemplate:NbspTemplate:ThinspTemplate:!xt. Template:Nobr
rowspan = 4 Template:Vert header degree Fahrenheit Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt) Markup: Template:Nobr, not Template:Nobr or Template:Nobr. Do not use the precomposed characters Template:Unichar or Template:Unichar.
degree Rankine Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt)
degree Celsius Template:Nobr Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt)
kelvin Template:Nobr Template:Xt (Template:Em Template:!xt) Use a non-breaking space: 12{{nbsp}}K (use the normal Latin letter K, not Template:Unichar). When writing out the unit (not usually necessary), pluralize, e.g. Template:Xt (see Kelvin#Orthography)
rowspan = 2 Template:Vert header Template:Plainlist Template:Xt In certain subject areas, calorie is conventionTemplate:Shyally used alone; articles following this practice should specify on first use whether the use refers to the small calorie or to the kilocalorie (large calorie). Providing conversions to SI units (usually calories to joules or kilocalories to kilojoules) may also be useful. A kilocalorie (Template:Xt) is 1000 calories. A calorie (small calorie) is the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1Template:Nbsp°C. A kilocalorie is also a kilogram calorie.
Template:Plainlist Template:Xt

Quantities of bytes and bits Edit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

In quantities of bits and bytes, the prefixes Template:Xtn (symbol Template:Xtn or Template:Xtn), Template:Xtn (Template:Xtn), Template:Xtn (Template:Xtn), Template:Xtn (Template:Xtn), etc., are ambiguous in general usage. The meaning may be based on a decimal system (like the standard SI prefixes), meaning 103, 106, 109, 1012, etc., or it may be based on a binary system, meaning 210, 220, 230, 240, etc. The binary meanings are more commonly used in relation to solid-state memory (such as RAM), while the decimal meanings are more common for data transmission rates, disk storage and in theoretical calculations in modern academic textbooks. Template:Bit and byte prefixes Follow these recommendations when using these prefixes in Wikipedia articles:

  • Following the SI standard, a lower-case Template:Xt should be used for "kilo-" whenever it means 1000 in computing contexts, whereas a capital Template:Xt should be used instead to indicate the binary prefix for 1024 according to JEDEC. If, under the exceptions detailed further below, the article otherwise uses IEC prefixes for binary units, use Template:Xt instead.
  • Do not assume that the binary or decimal meaning of prefixes will be obvious to everyone. Explicitly specify the meaning of k and K as well as the primary meaning of M, G, T, etc. in an article (Template:Tlx is a convenient helper). Consistency within each article is desirable, but the need for consistency may be balanced with other considerations.
  • The definition most relevant to the article should be chosen as primary for that article, e.g. specify a binary definition in an article on RAM, decimal definition in an article on hard drives, bit rates, and a binary definition for Windows file sizes, despite files usually being stored on hard drives.
  • Where consistency is not possible, specify wherever there is a deviation from the primary definition.
  • Disambiguation should be shown in bytes or bits, with clear indication of whether in binary or decimal base. There is no preference in the way to indicate the number of bytes and bits, but the notation style should be consistent within an article. Acceptable examples include:
  • Avoid combinations with inconsistent form such as Template:!xt. Footnotes, such as those seen in Template:Nowrap, may be used for disambiguation.
  • Unless explicitly stated otherwise, one byte is eight bits (see Template:Crossref).
  • {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}The IEC prefixes Template:Xtn (symbol Template:Xtn), Template:Xtn (Template:Xtn), Template:Xtn (Template:Xtn), etc., are generally not to be used except:Template:Efn
    • when the majority of cited sources on the article topic use IEC prefixes;
    • in a direct quote using the IEC prefixes;
    • when explicitly discussing the IEC prefixes; or
    • in articles in which both types of prefix are used with neither clearly primary, or in which converting all quantities to one or the other type would be misleading or lose necessary precision, or declaring the actual meaning of a unit on each use would be impractical.

Currencies and monetary valuesEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:Redirect-multi Template:Redirect2

Choice of currency

Currency names

Currency symbolsTemplate:Anchor

  • In general, the first mention of a particular currency should use its full, unambiguous signifier (e.g. Template:Xt), with subsequent references using just the appropriate symbol (e.g. Template:Xt), unless this would be unclear. Template:Em
  • Link the first occurrence of lesser-known currency symbols (e.g. Template:Xt)
  • If there is no common English abbreviation or symbol, follow the ISO 4217 standard. Template:Crossref

Template:See also Template:AnchorCurrency formatting

Currency conversionsTemplate:Anchor

  • Conversions of Template:Em may be provided in terms of more familiar currenciesTemplate:Sndsuch as the US dollar, euro or pound sterlingTemplate:Sndusing an appropriate rate (which is often Template:Em the current exchange rate). Conversions should be in parentheses after the original currency, along with the convert-to year; e.g. Template:Xt
  • For Template:Em, provide an equivalent (formatted as a conversion) if possible, in the modern replacement currency (e.g. euros for amounts denominated in francs), or a US-dollar equivalent where there is no modern equivalent.
  • In some cases, it may be appropriate to provide a conversion accounting for inflation or deflation over time. Template:Crossref
  • When converting among currencies or inflating/deflating, it is rarely appropriate to give the converted amount to more than three significant figures; typically, only two significant figures are justified: Template:Xt, not Template:!xt

Common mathematical symbolsEdit

{{#invoke:Shortcut|main}} Template:See also

  • The Insert menu below the editing window gives a more complete list of math symbols, and allows symbols to be inserted without the HTML encoding (e.g. &divide;) shown here.
  • Spaces are placed to left and right when a symbol is used Template:Nobr (Template:Xt), but no space is used when Template:Nobr (Template:Xt). Exception: spaces are usually omitted in inline fractions formed with /: Template:Xt not Template:!xt.
  • The Template:Tlx (for single-letter variables) and Template:Tlx (for more complicated expressions) templates are available to display mathematical formulas in a manner distinct from surrounding text.
  • The Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx templates may be used to prevent awkward linebreaks.

Template:Clear right

Common mathematical symbols
Symbol name Example Markup Comments
Plus /
positive 		Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Minus /
negative 		Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight> Do not use hyphens (Template:!xt) or dashes (Template:!xt Template:Nobr
Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Plus-minus /
minus-plus 		41.5 ± 0.3 <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>41.5 ± 0.3</syntaxhighlight>
Template:Math Template:Nobr
Multiplication,
dot 		Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight> Do not use the letter Template:!xt to indicate multiplication. However, an Template:Em Template:Xt may be used as a substitute for "by" in common terms such as [[4x4|Template:Xt]].
Multiplication,
cross 		Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Division, obelus Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Equal / equals Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight> or
<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight> 		Note the use of <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>1=</syntaxhighlight> or <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>=</syntaxhighlight> to make the template parameters work correctly
Not equal Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Approx. equal Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Less than Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Less or equal Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Greater than Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>
Greater or equal Template:Math <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>Template:Math</syntaxhighlight>

Geographical coordinatesEdit

{{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} Template:See also {{#invoke:Shortcut|main}}

Geographical coordinates on Earth should be entered using a template to standardise the format and to provide a link to maps of the coordinates. The Template:Tlx template offers users a choice of display format through user styles, emits a Geo microformat, and is recognised (in the Template:Em position) by the "nearby" feature of Wikipedia's mobile apps and by external service providers such as Google Maps and Google Earth, and Yahoo.

Avoid excessive precision. Generally, the larger the object being mapped, the Template:Em the coordinates should be. For example, if just giving the location of a city, precision greater than degrees (°), minutes (′), seconds (″) is not needed, which suffice to locate, for example, the central administrative building. Specific buildings or other objects of similar size would justify precisions down to 10Template:Nbspmeters or even one meter in some cases (1″ ~15Template:Nbspm to 30Template:Nbspm, 0.0001° ~5.6Template:Nbspm to 10Template:Nbspm).

When adding coordinates, remove the Template:Tlx tag from the article, if present (often at the top or bottom).

Template:Crossref

Templates other than Template:Tlx should use the following variable names for coordinates: Template:Var, Template:Var, Template:Var, Template:Var, Template:Var, Template:Var, Template:Var, Template:Var.

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Template:Manual of Style Template:Math templates

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Incubator_escapee_wiki:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers&oldid=130377"