Indigenous people of New Guinea

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| header6 = {{#if:Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia |Regions with significant populations}} | data7 = Papua New Guinea and Western New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia | header8 = | data9 =

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In Papuan New Guinea: Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch and English
In Indonesia: Papuan Malay and Indonesian |Languages}} | data62 = Languages of Papua
In Papuan New Guinea: Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch and English
In Indonesia: Papuan Malay and Indonesian | header63 = {{#if:Christianity, Islam,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Traditional Faiths |Religion}} | data64 = Christianity, Islam,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Traditional Faiths | header65 = {{#if:Other Melanesians, Ambonese, Moluccans, Aboriginal Australians, Malagasy people |Related ethnic groups}} | data66 = {{#if:Other Melanesians, Ambonese, Moluccans, Aboriginal Australians, Malagasy people |Other Melanesians, Ambonese, Moluccans, Aboriginal Australians, Malagasy people Template:Main other }}

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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox ethnic group with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | caption | flag |flag_alt | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_upright | footnotes | genealogy | group | image |image_alt | image_caption | image_upright | langs | languages | native_name | native_name_lang | pop | pop_embed | pop1 | pop10 | pop11 | pop12 | pop13 | pop14 | pop15 | pop16 | pop17 | pop18 | pop19 | pop2 | pop20 | pop21 | pop22 | pop23 | pop24 | pop25 | pop26 | pop27 | pop28 | pop29 | pop3 | pop30 | pop31 | pop32 | pop33 | pop34 | pop35 | pop36 | pop37 | pop38 | pop39 | pop4 | pop40 | pop41 | pop42 | pop43 | pop44 | pop45 | pop46 | pop47 | pop48 | pop49 | pop5 | pop50 | pop6 | pop7 | pop8 | pop9 | popplace | population | rawimage | ref1 | ref10 | ref11 | ref12 | ref13 | ref14 | ref15 | ref16 | ref17 | ref18 | ref19 | ref2 | ref20 | ref21 | ref22 | ref23 | ref24 | ref25 | ref26 | ref27 | ref28 | ref29 | ref3 | ref30 | ref31 | ref32 | ref33 | ref34 | ref35 | ref36 | ref37 | ref38 | ref39 | ref4 | ref40 | ref41 | ref42 | ref43 | ref44 | ref45 | ref46 | ref47 | ref48 | ref49 | ref5 | ref50 | ref6 | ref7 | ref8 | ref9 | region1 | region10 | region11 | region12 | region13 | region14 | region15 | region16 | region17 | region18 | region19 | region2 | region20 | region21 | region22 | region23 | region24 | region25 | region26 | region27 | region28 | region29 | region3 | region30 | region31 | region32 | region33 | region34 | region35 | region36 | region37 | region38 | region39 | region4 | region40 | region41 | region42 | region43 | region44 | region45 | region46 | region47 | region48 | region49 | region5 | region50 | region6 | region7 | region8 | region9 | regions | related | related_groups | related-c | religions | rels | tablehdr | total | total_ref | total_source | total_year | total1 | total1_ref | total1_source | total1_year | total2 | total2_ref | total2_source | total2_year | total3 | total3_ref | total3_source | total3_year }}Template:Main other The indigenous peoples of Western New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans,<ref>From the Malay word pəpuah 'curly hair'. Template:OED</ref> are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands: a first wave from the Malay Archipelago perhaps 50,000 years ago when New Guinea and Australia were a single landmass called SahulTemplate:Spacesand, much later, a wave of Austronesian people from the north who introduced Austronesian languages and pigs about 3,500 years ago. They also left a small but significant genetic trace in many coastal Papuan peoples.

Linguistically, Papuans speak languages from the many families of non-Austronesian languages that are found only on New Guinea and neighboring islands, as well as Austronesian languages along parts of the coast, and recently developed creoles such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch, and Papuan Malay.<ref>Template:Britannica</ref><ref name="Friedlaender">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Jinam2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The term "Papuan" is used in a wider sense in linguistics and anthropology. In linguistics, "Papuan languages" is a cover term for the diverse, mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families spoken in Melanesia, the Torres Strait Islands, and parts of Wallacea. In anthropology, "Papuan" is often used to denote the highly diverse aboriginal populations of Melanesia and Wallacea prior to the arrival of Austronesian-speakers, and the dominant genetic traces of these populations in the current ethnic groups of these areas.<ref name="Friedlaender"/> [[File:Children-in-Papua-New-Guinea.jpg|thumb|Children dressed up for [[Sing-sing (New Guinea)|singTemplate:Nbhsing]]]]

Languages

File:TNG map.svg

The language families in Ross's conception of the Trans-New Guinea language family

EthnologueTemplate:'s 14th edition lists 826 languages of Papua New Guinea and 257 languages of Western New Guinea, a total of 1083 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. If we adopt the figure proposed by Glottolog for Papua New Guinea, namely 928 languages,<ref>Languages of Papua New Guinea, on Glottolog.</ref> the total is even higher. This corresponds to Template:Percent of the world's 7700 languages.

In terms of linguistic families, the indigenous languages of New Guinea can be divided into two groups: 283 languages belong to the Austronesian family, and the other 858 are non-Austronesian<ref>Numbers calculated by subtracting the number of Solomon Islands languages from the totals on p.278 of: Template:Cite book</ref>—a grouping commonly described as “Papuan languages” for convenience.

The term Papuan languages refers to an areal grouping, rather than a linguistic one. So-called “Papuan” languages are distributed into as many as eighty unrelated linguistic phyla, including 43 families and 37 isolates.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Papuan ethnic groups

File:Jally Cultural Society - panoramio.jpg

Yali in the Yahukimo Regency, Highland Papua, Indonesia

The following indigenous peoples live within the modern borders of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Austronesian-speaking (AN) groups are given in italics.

Indonesia

West Papua

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in the Indonesian province of West Papua include Arfak, Borai, Doreri, Hatam, Irarutu, Koiwai, Kuri, Madewana, Mairasi, Maniwak, Mbaham, Matta, Meiah, Miere, Meyah, Moire, Moru, Moskona, Napiti, Oburauw, Roon, Roswar, Sebyar, Sougb, Soviar, Sumuri, Wamesa, Warumba, Waruri, Wondama.<ref name="Ronsumbre-2020">Template:Cite book</ref>

Southwest Papua

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua include Abun, Ambel, Batanta, Biak (Betew, Kafdaron, Bikar, Usba, Wardo), Biga, Butlih, Domu, Fiawat, Imekko (Inanwatan-Bira, Matemani-Iwaro, Kais-Awe, Kokoda-Emeyode), Irires, Ma'ya (Kawe, Langanyan, Wawiyai), Matbat, Maybrat (Ayamaru, Mare, Karon Dori, Ayfat, Aytinyo), Meyah, Moi-Ma'ya, Moi, Mpur, Nerigo, Tehit, Tepin, Yahadian, Yaben-Konda.<ref name="Ronsumbre-2020">Template:Cite book</ref>

Papua

Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Papua include:<ref name="Pemprov Papua">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Jayapura City	Template:Flatlist Kayu Batu/Kayu Pulau Tobati Enggros Nafri Skouw Sentani
Jayapura Regency	Template:Flatlist Demta Kaureh Kemtuk Kawamsu Mekwei Narau Gresi Nimboran Oria Ormu Kapori Foya Sauso Tabia Tarpia Taworfa Yansu Yamna Kendate Tofamna Bauwi
Sarmi Regency	Template:Flatlist Akwaikai Airoran Anus Baburiwa Bagusa Yarsun Bapu Bonerif Lairawa Kauweraweo Mander Papasena Wakde Baso Bonggo Itik Keder Maremgi Podena Marembori Babe Kabera Kwerba Masimasi Samarokena Wares Berik Dabra Kwesten Massep Sobei Warotai Betaf Foau Kapitiauw Liki Nopuk
Keerom Regency	Template:Flatlist Aywi Janggu Taikat Yafi Manem Sowei Dubu Molof Usku Emumu Sangke Waina Senggi Waris
Biak Numfor Regency	Template:Flatlist Borapasi Bonefa Kofei Sauri Siromi Tafaro Waropen Wairata Burate Sedasi Otodema Demisa Demba Biak
Waropen Regency	Template:Flatlist Amabi Ansus Busami Karema Kurudu Marau Munggui Nisa Papuma Pom Arui Woi Anate Nakabui Waropen
Yapen Islands Regency	Template:Flatlist Borapasi Bonefa Kofei Sauri Siromi Tafaro Waropen Wairata Burate Sedasi Otodema Demisa Demba
Mamberamo Regency	Template:Flatlist Bauzi Duvle Tauraf

Highland Papua

Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Highland Papua include:<ref name="Pemprov Papua"/>

Jayawijaya Regency	Template:Flatlist Nduga Walak Dani
Pegunungan Bintang Regency	Template:Flatlist Yali Ngalum Biksi Ketengban Tyu Sukubatong Una Lepki
Tolikara Regency	Template:Flatlist Eiponek Taori Kwerisa Toarikei Turui Lani
Yahukimo Regency	Template:Flatlist Hmanggona Hupla Inlom Korupun Sela Mek Kosarek Momuna Mek Nipsan Ngalik Lani Lembah Mek Nalca

Central Papua

Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of Central Papua include:<ref name="Pemprov Papua"/>

Mimika Regency	Template:Flatlist Kamoro Sempan Damal Amung
citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:Flatlist Yerisiam Wate Mora Hegure/Yaur/Yagure Umari/Teluk Umar Gwoa Napan Mee Auwye/Ause Moi
Painai Regency	Template:Flatlist Mee Dou Wodam Wolani
Puncak Jaya Regency	Template:Flatlist Lani Barat Dem Fayu Kiri-kiri Moni Tause Wano Dani

South Papua

Papuan ethnic groups/tribes in the Indonesian province of South Papua include:<ref name="Pemprov Papua"/>

Merauke Regency	Template:Flatlist Bian Marind Kanum Kimaghama Maklew Marind Dek (Hulu) Marind Laut (Muara) Mombum Maraori Yey/Yei Sota
Asmat Regency	Template:Flatlist Asmat Citak Pisa Sawi Tamnim Warkai Biplim
Mappi Regency	Template:Flatlist Airo Awyu Kayagar Siagha Tamagario Yaghay Yaninu Sumaghaghe
Boven Digoel Regency	Template:Flatlist Aghul Iwur Katik Kauwoi Kombai Korowai Kotogut Yanggon Okparimen Ninggerum Wambon Wanggom Yair

Papua New Guinea

• Abelam
• Angu
• Baruya
• Biangai
• Bilibil
• Chambri
• Duna
• Etoro
• Fore
• Gadsup
• Gogodala
• Haroli
• Hewa
• Huli
• Iatmul
• Kaluli
• Kwoma
• Koteka
• Maisin (AN with many non-AN elements)
• Melpa
• Mian
• Morkai
• Motu
• Min
• Mundugumor
• Ogea
• Orokaiva
• Sambia
• Swagap
• Tairora
• Tanga
• Telefol
• Tsembaga
• Urapmin
• Wiru
• Wola
• Wopkaimin
• Yaifo
• Zia

Bismarck Archipelago

• Baining
• Tolai
• Trobriand

• Friends2.jpg

  Girls from Papua New Guinea

• Mall culture jakarta102.jpg

  Papuan people in folk dress in Jakarta

• A married couple.jpg

  Newly married Kayu Batu couple in Jayapura, Indonesia

Origin and genetics

Template:Multiple image The origin of Papuans is generally associated with the first settlement of Australasia by a lineage dubbed 'Australasians' or 'Australo-Papuans' during the Initial Upper Paleolithic, which is "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (Ancient East Eurasians), and sharing deep ancestry with modern East Asian peoples and other Asia-Pacific groups.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Yang2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="auto63">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is estimated that people reached Sahul (the geological continent consisting of Australia and New Guinea) between 50,000 and 37,000 years ago. Rising sea levels separated New Guinea from Australia about 10,000 years ago. However, Aboriginal Australians and Papuans had diverged genetically much earlier, around 40,000 years BP. Papuans are more closely related to Melanesians than to Aboriginal Australians.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="auto63"/>

Haplogroups

The majority of Papuan Y-DNA Haplogroups belong to subclades of [[Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)|HaplogroupTemplate:SpacesMS]], and [[Haplogroup C-B477|HaplogroupTemplate:SpacesC1b2a]]. The frequency of each haplogroup varies along geographic clines.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Autosomal DNA

The genetic makeup of Papuans is primarily derived from Ancient East Eurasians, which relates them to other mainland Asian groups such as the "AASI", Andamanese, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web

}}</ref> next to additional archaic Denisovan admixture in the Sahul region. Papuans may harbor varying degrees of deep admixture from "a lineage basal to West and East-Eurasians which occurred sometimes between 45 and 38kya", although they are generally regarded "as a simple sister group of Tianyuan" ("Basal East Asians").<ref name="Yang2"/><ref name="auto63"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

File:Procrustes-transformed PCA plot of genetic variation of worldwide populations.png

PCA plot of genetic variation of worldwide populations. Papuans (green) cluster relative close to other East Eurasians, such as East/Southeast Asians.

There is evidence that the ancestors of Papuans and related groups "underwent a strong bottleneck before the settlement of the region, and separated around 20,000–40,000 years ago".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Papuans display pronounced genetic diversity, explained through isolation and drift between different subgroups after the settlement of New Guinea. The most notable differentiation was found to be between Highlanders and Lowlanders. Papuan Highlanders fall into three clusters, but form a single clade compared against Lowlanders. The Highlanders underwent a population bottleneck around 10,000 years ago, associated with the adoption of Neolithic lifestyles. Papuan Lowlanders display increased diversity and can be broadly differentiated into a Southern Lowlander cluster and a Northern Lowlander cluster. The genetic differentiation among Papuans is suggested to date back at least 20kya, while the sub-structure among Highlanders dates back around 10kya, with higher diversity among western Highlanders than Eastern ones. The genetic diversity is paralleled by linguistic and cultural diversity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Archaic introgression

Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Papuans interbred in Asia with these humans. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Denisovan introgressions may have influenced the immune system of present-day Papuans and potentially favoured "variants to immune-related phenotypes" and "adaptation to the local environment".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

ASPM gene

In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM HaplogroupTemplate:SpacesD, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroupTemplate:SpacesD allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

Notable people

• Abba Bina, Papua New Guinean businessman and politician
• Archie Thompson, former Australian soccer player
• Elie Aiboy, former Indonesian footballer
• Marlina Flassy, Indonesian anthropologist and the first woman to be appointed Dean of Cenderawasih University
• Frans Kaisiepo, 4th Governor of Papua and National Hero of Indonesia
• Nitya Krishinda Maheswari, Indonesian badminton player and 2014 Asian Games women's doubles gold medalist
• Nowela Auparay, professional singer and Indonesian Idol winner
• Peter O'Neill, 7th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
• Freddy Numberi, Indonesian politician and former Minister of Transportation
• Raema Lisa Rumbewas, Indonesian weightlifter and silver medallist at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics
• Boaz Solossa, Indonesian footballer
• Titus Bonai, Indonesian footballer
• Ricky Kambuaya, Indonesian footballer
• Michael Somare, former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
• Heather Watson, English female tennis player
• Benny Wenda, West Papuan independence leader.
• Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan, King of Sekar and National Hero of Indonesia
• Abdul Hakim Achmad Aituarauw, Member of People's Representative Council
• Alwin Komolong
• Kusuga Komolong
• Saiful Islam Al-Payage, Indonesian Islamic preacher

See also

• Aboriginal Australians
• Indigenous Australians
• Koteka Tribal Assembly
• List of ethnic groups of West Papua
• Malagasy people (Africa)
• Moluccans (to the west of New Guinea)
• Negrito (Southeast Asia)
• Papua conflict
• Proto-Australoid
• Stéphane Breton (filmmaker)
• Torres Strait Islanders between New Guinea and mainland Australia (including the Meriam people, whose language family is otherwise found in New Guinea)

Further reading

• Template:Citation

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline