J. R. Clynes

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John Robert Clynes (27 March 1869 – 23 October 1949)<ref name="rayment-manchester-ne">Template:Rayment-hc</ref> was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years, and as Leader of the Labour Party (1921–1922), led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election.

He was the first English-born politician to serve as Leader of the Labour Party.

Early lifeEdit

The son of an Irish labourer named Patrick Clynes, he was born in Oldham, Lancashire, and began working in a local cotton mill when he was ten years old.<ref name="HDM">Template:Cite news</ref> Aged sixteen, he wrote a series of articles about child labour in the textile industry, and the following year he helped form the Piercers' Union. He was mainly self-educated, although he went to night school after his day's work in the mill. His first book was a dictionary and then, by careful saving of coppers, he bought a Bible, William Shakespeare's plays, and Francis Bacon's essays.<ref name="HDM"/> Later in life, he would amaze colleagues in meetings and in parliamentary debates by quoting verbatim from the Bible, Shakespeare, John Milton and John Ruskin.<ref>Tony Judge, 'J.R. Clynes: A Political Life' (2016) Ch1</ref> He married Mary Elizabeth Harper, a mill worker, in 1893.

Trade union and political involvementEdit

In 1892, Clynes became an organiser for the Lancashire Gasworkers' Union and came in contact with the Fabian Society. Having joined the Independent Labour Party, he attended the 1900 conference where the Labour Representation Committee was formed; this committee soon afterwards became the Labour Party.

Clynes stood for the new party in the 1906 general election and was elected to Parliament for Manchester North East,<ref name="rayment-manchester-ne" /><ref name="craig1885-1918">Template:Cite book</ref> becoming one of Labour's bright stars. In 1910, he became the party's deputy chairman.

Parliamentary careerEdit

During the First World War, Clynes was a supporter of British military involvement (in which he differed from Ramsay MacDonald), and, in 1917, became Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Food Control in the Lloyd George coalition government. The next year, he was appointed Minister of Food Control and, at the 1918 general election, he was returned to Parliament for the Manchester Platting constituency.<ref name="craig1918-1949">Template:Cite book</ref>

In August 1917, three months before the Balfour Declaration, the Labour Party issued a statement in support of a Jewish state in Palestine. Clynes spoke in favor of a Jewish state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Clynes became leader of the party in 1921 and led it through its major breakthrough in the 1922 general election. Before that election, Labour only had fifty-two seats in Parliament but, as a result of the election, Labour's total number of seats rose to 142. He was held in considerable respect and affection in the Labour Party and, although lacking the charisma of MacDonald, was a wily operator who believed all resources available should be used to advance the material of the working classes.<ref name="Tony Judge 2016">Tony Judge, 'J.R. Clynes: A Political Life' (2016)</ref>

MacDonald had resigned as Labour leader in 1914, due to his wartime pacifism,<ref>Marquand, David Ramsay MacDonald, (London: Jonathan Cape 1977); Template:ISBN, p. 168</ref> and at the 1918 general election, he lost his seat. He did not return to the House of Commons for another four years. By that stage, MacDonald's pacifism had been forgiven. When the occupant of the Labour leadership had to be decided on through a vote of Labour parliamentarians, MacDonald narrowly defeated Clynes. Clynes was a critic of government policy towards the Irish population in the years after 1918, and attacked 'a recurring system of coercion' which had left Ireland "more angry and embittered . . . than ever'<ref>Jon Lawrence 'Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence and Fear of Brutalisation in Post-First World War Britain', JMH (2003), p.582</ref>

Governmental officeEdit

When MacDonald became Prime Minister he made Clynes the party's leader in the Commons until the government was defeated in 1924. During the second MacDonald government of 1929–1931, Clynes served as Home Secretary.<ref name="HDM" /> In that role, Clynes gained literary prominence when he explained in the Commons his refusal to grant a visa<ref name="Hansard_1929-07-18_Trotsky">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref> to the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky, then living in exile in Turkey, who had been invited by the Independent Labour Party to give a lecture in Britain. Clynes had then been immortalised by the scathing criticism of his concept of the right to asylum, voiced by Trotsky in the last chapter of his autobiography My Life, entitled "The planet without visa".<ref name="LT_mylife_ch45">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1931, Clynes sided with Arthur Henderson and George Lansbury, against MacDonald's support for austerity measures to deal with the Great Depression. Clynes split with MacDonald when the latter left Labour to form a National Government. In the 1931 election, Clynes was one of the casualties, losing his Manchester Platting seat.<ref name="craig1918-1949" /> Nevertheless, he regained this constituency in 1935,<ref name="craig1918-1949" /> and then remained in the House of Commons until his retirement ten years later, at the 1945 general election.<ref name="craig1918-1949" />

Retirement and deathEdit

After retiring, Clynes was living in very straitened circumstances, with no other income than trade union pension of £6 per week. This pension debarred him from the Commons Ex-Members Fund. Doctors' and nursing fees in respect of his invalid wife had hit him heavily.<ref name="DC">Template:Cite news</ref> MPs opened a fund to help and raised about £1,000.<ref name="HDM2">Template:Cite news</ref> Thus, after a lifetime spent in advancing the material conditions of the people, he died in relative poverty in October 1949.<ref name="Tony Judge 2016"/> His wife died a month later.<ref name="DC" />

HonoursEdit

He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1918, giving him the honorific title "The Right Honourable" for life.
He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Oldham on 9 January 1946.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>