Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)
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Jakob Nielsen (born 5 October 1957) is a Danish web usability consultant, human–computer interaction researcher, and co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was named the “guru of Web page usability” in 1998 by The New York Times and the “king of usability” by Internet Magazine.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=gs>Template:Google Scholar id</ref>
Education and early lifeEdit
Jakob Nielsen was born 5 October 1957 in Copenhagen, Denmark.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He holds a PhD in 1988 in human–computer interaction from the Technical University of Denmark from DAIMI.<ref name=phd>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Career and researchEdit
Nielsen's affiliations include Bellcore, teaching at the Technical University of Denmark, and the IBM User Interface Institute at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:When From 1994 to 1998, he was a distinguished engineer Sun Microsystems.<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nielsen Norman Group (NNG)Edit
After his regular articles on his website about usability research attracted media attention, he co-founded usability consulting company Nielsen Norman Group (NN/g) of Fremont, California in 1998 with fellow usability expert Donald Norman.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company's vision is to help designers and other companies move toward more human-centered products and internet interactions, as experts and pioneers in the field of usability.<ref name=":02" />
Nielsen serves on the editorial board of Morgan Kaufmann Publishers' book series in Interactive Technologies.Template:Citation needed Nielsen writes a fortnightly newsletter, Alertbox, on web design matters and has published several books on the subject of web design.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
Nielsen founded the usability engineering movement for efficient and affordable improvements of user interfaces and he has invented several usability methods, including heuristic evaluation. He holds more than a thousand United States patents,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> mainly on ways of improving usability for technology.
In the early 1990s, Nielsen popularized the principle that five test users per usability test session is enough, allowing numerous tests at various stages of the development process.<ref name="useit" /> His argument is that "elaborate usability tests are a waste of resources." Once it is found that a few people are totally confused by a home page, little is gained by watching more people suffer through the same flawed design.<ref name="useit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }};
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Jakob's lawEdit
Template:Anchor Users will anticipate what an experience will be like, based on their mental models of prior experiences on websites.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When making changes to a design of a website, try to minimize changes in order to maintain an ease of use.<ref name=":5" />
Nielsen's usability heuristicsEdit
Template:See also Template:Anchor Nielsen's list of ten heuristics is probably the most-used usability framework for user interface design. An early version of the heuristics appeared in two papers by Nielsen and Rolf Molich published in 1989-1990.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=mol>Template:Cite journal</ref> Nielsen published an updated set in 1994,<ref>Template:Cite conference</ref> and the final set still in use today was published in 2005:<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Visibility of system status
- Match between system and the real world
- User control and freedom
- Consistency and standards
- Error prevention
- Recognition rather than recall
- Flexibility and efficiency of use
- Aesthetic and minimalist design
- Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
- Help and documentation
In his book Usability Engineering (1993), Nielsen also defined the five quality components of his "Usability Goals":<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Learnability
- Efficiency
- Memorability
- Errors (as in low error rate)
- Satisfaction
Windows 8 usabilityEdit
Nielsen has been quoted in the computing and the mainstream press for his criticism of Microsoft's Windows 8 (2012) user interface.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tom Hobbs, creative director of the design firm Teague, criticized what he perceived to be some of Nielsen's points on the matter, and Nielsen responded with some clarifications.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The subsequent short and troubled history of Windows 8, released on 26 October 2012, seems to have confirmed Nielsen's criticism: the sales of Windows-based systems plummeted after the introduction of Windows 8;<ref>Sebastian Anthony, April 11, 2013. Windows 8 causes most precipitous PC decline in history. https://www.extremetech.com/computing/153111-windows-8-causes-most-precipitous-pc-decline-in-history</ref> Microsoft released a new version, Windows 8.1, on 18 October 2013, to fix the numerous problems identified in Windows 8, and later released Windows 10, a complete overhaul, in July 2015.
CriticismsEdit
As Nielsen's newsletter and website grew, and with his use of "acronomic platitudes"<ref name=flame>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to describe his concepts, some critics like Philip Greenspun argued that Nielsen's work was more about marketing himself than any particular research.<ref name=":3" />
Nielsen's usability heuristicsEdit
In 1990, when the Nielsen heuristic evaluation guidelines were created,<ref name=mol/> user interface was less complicated than it is in present-day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There has never been any research-based validation of Nielsen's heuristics.<ref name=":1" /> Researchers at the University of Calgary published an article in 2008, questioning if the Nielsen heuristics were an oversimplification.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nielsen has been criticized by some visual designers and graphic designers for failing to balance the importance of other user experience considerations such as typography, readability, visual cues for hierarchy and importance, and eye appeal.<ref>Usability News {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, July 31, 2002</ref><ref>Curt Cloninger "Usability experts are from Mars, graphic designers are from Venus" July 28, 2000</ref>
Responsive designEdit
Nielsen's 2012 guidelines, "Repurposing vs Optimized Design" that web sites made for mobile devices be designed separately from their desktop-oriented counterparts has come under fire from Webmonkey's Scott Gilbertson,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as Josh Clark writing in .net magazine,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Opera's Bruce Lawson, writing in Smashing Magazine,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and other technologists and web designers who advocate responsive web design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In an interview with .net magazine, Nielsen explained that he wrote his guidelines from a usability perspective, not from the viewpoint of implementation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Nielsen has been accused of taking a "puritanical" approach to usability, and not being able to keep up his usability evaluations in step of technological changes.<ref name=":3" />
Books publishedEdit
Nielsen's published books include:
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Articles publishedEdit
Nielsen's published articles include:
Awards and honoursEdit
In 2010, Nielsen was listed by Bloomberg Businessweek among 28 "World's Most Influential Designers".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In recognition of Nielsen's contributions to usability studies, in 2013 SIGCHI awarded him the Lifetime Practice Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>