James L. Buckley

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In 1970, Buckley was elected to the U.S. Senate as the nominee of the Conservative Party of New York. In a stunning upset, he won the 1970 election with 39% of the vote and served from 1971 until 1977; Democrat Daniel Moynihan unseated him in 1976. Buckley also ran for the U.S. Senate in the 1980 United States Senate election in Connecticut, but was defeated by Democrat Chris Dodd. During the first Reagan administration, Buckley served as Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs. He was also President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty from 1982 to 1985.

Buckley was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on October 16, 1985. On December 17, 1985, he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and received his commission. Buckley assumed senior status in 1996. He had the distinction of having held a constitutional office in each of the three branches of the American federal government.

Early life, education, family, and early career

James Lane Buckley was born on March 9, 1923, in Manhattan, New York City, to Aloise Steiner and William Frank Buckley Sr., the fourth of ten children to the couple.<ref name = McFadden>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="life">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=dcchs>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Because his father spoke Spanish to the Buckley children when Buckley was very young, Buckley learned Spanish before he learned English.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was the older brother of the late conservative writer William F. Buckley Jr. and the uncle of Christopher Taylor Buckley. He was also the uncle of Brent Bozell III and political consultant William F. B. O'Reilly. His mother, from New Orleans, was of Swiss-German, German, and Irish descent, while his paternal grandparents, from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, were of Irish ancestry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Buckley attended Millbrook School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Yale University in 1943;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> at Yale, he was a member of Skull and Bones.<ref>Alexandra Robbins, Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power, Little, Brown and Company, 2002, page 168, 174</ref><ref>"People in the News", Associated Press, May 27, 1983</ref><ref>Bob Dart, "Skull and bones a secret shared by Bush, Kerry", The Gazette, March 7, 2004</ref> Buckley enlisted in the United States Navy in 1942. During World War II, he participated in the battles of Leyte, Lingayen Gulf, and Okinawa. Buckley was discharged with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade)<ref name="life" /> in 1946. After receiving his Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1949, he was admitted to the bar of Connecticut in 1950 and practiced law until 1953, when he joined The Catawba Corporation as vice president and director.<ref name="fjc.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1965, he managed his brother's campaign for Mayor of New York.<ref name=dcchs /> Meanwhile, in May 1953, he married Ann Frances Cooley, with whom he had six children. She died on December 30, 2011.<ref name="life" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Nixon Contact Sheet WHPO-5072 (cropped).jpg

With President Richard Nixon on November 6, 1970

United States Senate

Elections

1968

In 1968, Buckley ran for the senatorial nomination of the Conservative Party of New York State, after his brother William F. Buckley Jr. had served as the party's mayoral nominee in the 1965 New York City mayoral election. Buckley won the party's nomination on April 2, 1968, with the unanimous support of all forty state committeemen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Buckley placed third in the general election behind Republican nominee Jacob Javits and Democratic nominee Paul O'Dwyer after receiving 1,139,402 votes (17.31%).<ref name="election 1968">Template:Cite news</ref>

1970

U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, California on June 6, 1968.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kennedy's death left a vacancy in the United States Senate that would be filled through an appointment by Governor Nelson Rockefeller. On September 10, Rockefeller appointed Charles Goodell, a Republican member of the House of Representatives from the 38th congressional district, to fill the vacancy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Goodell sought election to a full term in 1970.

On April 6, 1970, Buckley announced that he would seek the Conservative Party's senatorial nomination again.<ref name="buckley runs">Template:Cite news</ref> The Conservative State Committee convened inside Hotel McAlpin in Manhattan on April 7, 1970 to select the party's nominee in the general election. Kevin P. McGovern attempted to force a primary campaign between himself and Buckley, but failed to receive the 25% of delegate votes necessary for a primary. Buckley received nearly ninety percent of the delegate votes and the remainder were split between McGovern and abstaining delegates.<ref name="conservative nomination">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="buckley republican">Template:Cite news</ref>

On June 20, F. Clifton White, Buckley's campaign manager, announced that Buckley's campaign would circulate petitions in an attempt to gain another ballot line named the Independent Alliance Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Enough valid signatures were collected to gain the additional ballot line, but New York Secretary of State John P. Lomenzo ruled that the Independent Alliance's emblem, an outline of New York with Buckley's name inside, was illegal as New York's election law limited the number of times that a candidate's name could appear on a ballot line to one.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Lomenzo later allowed the party onto the ballot after the emblem was changed to a shield with the letter "I" inside.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Buckley ran as a pragmatic conservative. Both Goodell and Democrat Richard Ottinger were liberal candidates who opposed the Vietnam War. The liberalism of the two major-party candidates gave Buckley an opening.<ref name = McFadden /> In the general election, Buckley prevailed with 39% of the vote.<ref name="election 1976">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to The New York Times, "the political cognoscenti were stunned" by Buckley's unexpected victory.<ref name = McFadden />

1976

In 1971, Buckley spoke to the Republican National Finance committee about running for reelection in the 1976 elections with the Republican nomination.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter A. Peyser challenged him in the Republican primary, but Buckley prevailed. Buckley gained Nelson Rockefeller's support by agreeing to not support Ronald Reagan's campaign against Gerald Ford in the Republican presidential primaries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Running on the Republican and Conservative lines, Buckley lost the general election to Democratic nominee Daniel Patrick Moynihan by a margin of 54% to 45%.Template:Sfn

1980

After Democratic U.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff opted not to seek re-election,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Buckley ran for U.S. Senate from Connecticut as a Republican in 1980. In the Republican primary, he defeated Connecticut State Senator Richard Bozzuto.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the general election, he was defeated by Democrat Chris Dodd, 56%-43%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Tenure

During his tenure in the United States Senate Buckley's political affiliation was referred to as Conservative-Republican of New York (C-R-N.Y).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Republican caucus in the Senate voted 36 to 3 in favor of admitting Buckley into their caucus, with Senators Jacob Javits, John Sherman Cooper, and William B. Saxbe all opposing Buckley's admittance to the caucus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1971, Buckley was appointed to the air and water pollution, roads, and economic development sub-committees within the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Buckley supported Richard Nixon during the 1972 presidential election and called for the Conservative Party, which had not supported Nixon during the 1968 presidential election, to support Nixon in the 1972 election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1974, Buckley proposed a Human Life Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. If passed, the Amendment would have defined the term "person" in the Fourteenth Amendment to include the embryo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Buckley's enacted legislation includes the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) that governs use of student records and the Protection of Pupils' Rights Act (PPRA) which requires parent notification, right to review, and consent for administration of student surveys to minors if the survey collects information on any of eight specified topics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the spring of 1974, with the Watergate scandal continuing to grow in magnitude and seriousness, Buckley surprised and, in some cases, angered some of his allies among Republicans when he called upon the increasingly-embattled Richard M. Nixon to voluntarily resign the presidency.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Buckley said that in doing so, he was making no judgment as to Nixon's technical legal guilt or innocence of the accusations made against him and in fact denounced those "in and out of the media who have been exploiting the Watergate affair so recklessly" in what he called an effort "to subvert the decisive mandate of the 1972 election." However, he said that the burgeoning scandal might result in an impeachment process that would tear the country even further apart and so he declared: "There is one way and one way only by which the crisis can be resolved, and the country pulled out of the Watergate swamp. I propose an extraordinary act of statesmanship and courage—an act at once noble and heartbreaking; at once serving the greater interests of the nation, the institution of the Presidency, and the stated goals for which he so successfully campaigned"—Nixon's resignation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Buckley was the first major conservative figure to call for resignation. Nixon did not resign at that time but eventually did lose the support of key Republican figures, including Senator Barry Goldwater.<ref>Goldberg, Robert Alan (1995), Barry Goldwater, the standard scholarly biography, page 282</ref> Nixon ultimately resigned on August 9, 1974.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Buckley was the lead petitioner in a landmark Supreme Court case, Buckley v. Valeo (1976), which "shaped modern campaign-finance law".<ref name=Russello>Russello, Gerald. "Mr. Buckley Goes to Washington" Template:Webarchive, The American Conservative, April 11, 2011, quoted in review of Freedom at Risk, Retrieved June 17, 2019</ref>

1976 'Draft Buckley' movement

During the 1976 Republican National Convention, then-Senator Jesse Helms encouraged a "Draft Buckley" movement in an effort to stop the nomination of Ronald Reagan for president. (Reagan had announced that Pennsylvania Senator Richard Schweiker would be his running mate; Helms objected to this decision, believing Schweiker to be too liberal.) The "Draft Buckley" movement was rendered moot when President Gerald Ford narrowly won the party's nomination on the first ballot.<ref>World Almanac and Book of Facts 1977</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Post-Senate business career

File:Reagan Contact Sheet C11099 (cropped).jpg

With President Ronald Reagan on November 3, 1982

After his loss in the 1976 election, Buckley worked for Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, becoming a member of the executive committee and of its board of directors and eventually advancing to the position of corporate director.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Reagan administration

After his 1980 loss in Connecticut's U.S. Senate election, Buckley served in the Reagan administration, first as an undersecretary of State for security assistance, managing military aid to strategically located countries, and then as President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Munich from 1982 to 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

On October 16, 1985, Buckley was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The seat had previously been held by Judge Edward Allen Tamm. Buckley was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1985, and received his commission on December 17, 1985. He assumed senior status on August 31, 1996.<ref>Template:FJC Bio</ref>

Later life and death

Buckley became the oldest living former elected U.S. senator following the death of Fritz Hollings in April 2019 and became the oldest living former U.S. senator following the death of Jocelyn Burdick in December 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Buckley turned 100 on March 9, 2023. He died from injuries suffered in a fall, in Washington, D.C. on August 18, 2023, at age 100.<ref name = McFadden/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Political positions

Buckley introduced and led the passage of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. In 2010, however, he publicly supported amending the law because college athletic departments were using it to hide sexual abuse allegations.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Buckley voted against a minimum wage increase in 1974.<ref name="resign" />

Buckley was one of eight senators to vote against the Equal Rights Amendment.<ref name="resign">Template:Cite news</ref>

During the 2016 presidential election Buckley was critical of Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and Republican nominee Donald Trump. He stated that his brother William and Ronald Reagan would have been shocked by Trump's actions. He suggested that he mostly agreed with Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Publications

• If Men Were Angels: A View from the Senate (1975)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• Gleanings from an Unplanned Life (2006)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Freedom at Risk: Reflections on Politics, Liberty, and the State (2010)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Saving Congress from Itself: Emancipating the States & Empowering Their People (2014)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Works cited

• Template:Cite book

Further reading

• Buckley, James Lane (1975). If Men Were Angels: A View From the Senate. New York: Putnam. Template:ISBN.
• Buckley, James Lane (2006). Gleanings from an Unplanned Life: An Annotated Oral History. Wilmington: Intercollegiate Studies institute. Template:ISBN.
• Buckley, James Lane (2010). Freedom at Risk: Reflections on Politics, Liberty, and the State. New York: Encounter Books. Template:ISBN.
• Buckley, James Lane (2014). Saving Congress from Itself: Emancipating the States and Empowering Their People. New York: Encounter Books.

External links

• Template:Biographical Directory of Congress
• Template:FJC Bio
• Template:Usurped [incorrect link]
• Template:C-SPAN

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