Jebel Akhdar (Oman)
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The Jebel Akhdar Mountains (Template:Langx) is a mountain range approximately Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide,<ref>https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/39 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - PAGE 39 - The National Archives, London, England</ref> that is part of the Hajar Mountains in Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate of Oman.
It rises to a height of Template:Convert<ref name="Shams"/><ref name="OmanTourism">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and encompasses the Saiq Plateau at Template:Convert above sea level.
Jebel Akhdar Mountains is famous for its labyrinth of wadis (river valleys) and terraced orchards, where pomegranates, apricots, and roses grow in abundance due to its mild Mediterranean climate.
The highest peak in the Jebel Akhdar Mountains is Jebel Shams,<ref>https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/air/5/1284/n/55 Persian Gulf and Arabian Coast: mountains or mounds - Ref. AIR 5/1284 - PAGE 55 - The National Archives, London, England</ref> which with its elevation of Template:Convert is also the highest peak in the Hajar range and in Oman.<ref name="Shams"/>
Jebel Shams also has a second summit (the South Summit), which is publicly accessible for trekking via the W4 Trail.<ref name="Trekking">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The elevation of the second south summit is Template:Convert.<ref name="Trekking"/>
Geology and geographyEdit
This mostly limestone<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> mountain is one of the highest points in Oman and eastern Arabia. Jebel Akhdar lies at the central section of the Hajar range, located around Template:Convert from Muscat and accessible only by four-wheel drive.<ref name="OmanTourism-2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The range is mostly desert, but at higher altitudes receives around Template:Convert of precipitation annually — moist enough to allow the growth of shrubs and trees and support agriculture.<ref name="Niwa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is this that gives the mountains their "green" name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
An old stronghold on the inland side of the mountain is Birkat al-Mawz, or Pool of the Plantains, with a layout similar to the nearby Jabrin palace.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Quote
The area is about a 45-minute drive from Nizwa and is known for its traditional rose water extraction<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and agricultural products including pomegranates, walnuts, apricots, black grapes, and peaches. It is also the site of honey bee breeding for much of Oman.<ref name="Fruits">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Agricultural production is improved by the use of Falaj irrigation channels and their associated terraces system devised by the local farmers, who have lived on this mountain for hundreds of years. Al Sogara is a historic village carved into the mountainside.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Jebel is mostly inhabited by the ancient Arab tribe Bani Riyam (al Riyamy).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most descendants of the tribe are now in the four nearby villages, including Nizwa, Izki and Ibra.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EcologyEdit
Jebel Akhdar Mountains is in Al Hajar montane woodlands ecoregion. The plant communities on the mountain vary with elevation. Shrublands and dry grasslands are found from 450 to 1,300 meters elevation. The grasses and shrubs are adapted to arid conditions, and include many drought-deciduous and succulent plants. Typical shrubs include Convolvulus acanthocladus, Euphorbia larica, Grewia tenax subsp. makranica, Jaubertia aucheri, Maerua crassifolia, Moringa peregrina, and Pseudogaillonia hymenostephana.<ref name = kurschner>Kürschner H. (1998) Biogeography and Introduction to Vegetation. In: Ghazanfar S.A., Fisher M. (eds) Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Geobotany, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. {{#invoke:doi|main}}</ref>
Semi-evergreen woodlands of sclerophyllous trees are found between 1,350 and 2,350 meters elevation. Common trees and shrubs include Sideroxylon mascatense, Dodonaea viscosa, Olive (Olea europaea), Ebenus stellatus, Grewia villosa, Juniperus seravschanica, Myrtus communis, and Sageretia spiciflora.<ref name = kurschner/>
Above 2300 meters elevation, open woodlands of juniper (Juniperus seravschanica) predominate, with the shrubs Cotoneaster nummularius, Daphne mucronata, Ephedra pachyclada, Euryops arabicus, Lonicera aucheri, Periploca aphylla, and Sageretia spiciflora.<ref name = kurschner/>
FarmingEdit
The mountain is a traditional farming area, with mountain springs providing sufficient for irrigation needs. However, climate change has reduced annual rainfall and increased nighttime temperatures.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
HistoryEdit
Between 1954 and 1959, the area became a site of the Jebel Akhdar War, a conflict between Omani forces loyal to the sultan of Oman (aided by British soldiers, including the Special Air Service) and Saudi Arabian-backed rebel forces of the inland Imamate of Oman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In August 2011, Sultan Qaboos designated Jebel Akhdar a nature reserve in a bid to conserve its unique yet fragile biodiversity. A decree issued by Sultan Qaboos established the 'Jebel Akhdar Sanctuary for Natural Sceneries'. The Minister of Environment and Climate Affairs has authority to draft guidelines regulating access and developmental activity within the reserve.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since 2011, the mountain has featured as the principal climb in the Tour of Oman road bicycle race.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the area, several important rock art sites, with figures dating back to 6,000 years ago, have been discovered and studied.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>