Jeremy Corbyn

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Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (Template:IPAc-en; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. Now an independent, Corbyn had been a member of the Labour Party from 1965 until his expulsion in 2024, and remains a member of the Socialist Campaign Group parliamentary caucus. He served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. Corbyn identifies ideologically as a socialist on the political left.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Settle>Template:Cite news</ref>

Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a trade union representative. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has included Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for a united Ireland and Palestinian statehood. As a backbencher, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour whip, including New Labour governments. A vocal opponent of the Iraq War, he chaired the Stop the War Coalition from 2011 to 2015, and received the Gandhi International Peace Award and Seán MacBride Peace Prize. Following Ed Miliband's resignation after the party had lost the 2015 general election, Corbyn won the 2015 party leadership election to succeed him. The Labour Party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election.<ref name="ibtimes"/>

Taking the party to the left, Corbyn advocated renationalising public utilities and railways, a less interventionist military policy, and reversals of austerity cuts to welfare and public services. Although he had sometimes been critical of the European Union (EU), he supported the Remain campaign in the 2016 EU membership referendum. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016 through a leadership challenge, he won a second leadership contest against Owen Smith. Despite hostile treatment from the media, in the 2017 general election Corbyn led Labour to increase its vote share by 10 percentage points to 40 per cent, their largest rise since the 1945 general election. During his tenure as leader, Corbyn was criticised for the antisemitism within the party. He condemned antisemitism<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and apologised for its presence,<ref name="MEE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while his leadership saw a strengthening of disciplinary procedures regarding hate speech and racism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32 per cent, leading to a loss of 60 seats, leaving it with 202, its fewest since the 1935 general election. Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the leadership election to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of Keir Starmer, who led the party to victory at the next general election in 2024 with a vote share of 34 per cent.

After asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the 2024 general election had been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he would stand as an independent candidate for Islington North; he was then expelled from Labour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He won re-election with a majority of 7,247.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early lifeEdit

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Jeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire,<ref name="politics.co.uk bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="parliament.uk">"Government and Opposition roles" Template:Webarchive. UK Parliament. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</ref> the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and electrical engineer and power rectifier expert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).<ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /> He has three elder brothers; one of them, Piers Corbyn (born 1947), is a weather forecaster who later became known as a climate change denier and anti-vaccine conspiracy theorist.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For the first seven years of his life, the family lived in Kington St Michael, Wiltshire.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Template:Cite news</ref> His parents were Labour Party members<ref name="LowObs">Template:Cite news</ref> and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War.<ref name=ft>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane, Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which was once part of the Duke of Sutherland's Lilleshall estate.<ref name="BurgessSale">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before becoming a day student at Newport's Adams Grammar School at the age of 11.<ref name="roth profile">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="shropstar">Template:Cite news Part of Special Report on Corbyn and Labour leadership campaign.</ref>

While still at school, Corbyn became active in the League Against Cruel Sports and the Labour Party Young Socialists within The Wrekin.<ref name="shropstar" /> He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16.<ref name="LowObs"/> He achieved two A-Levels at grade E, the lowest possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="beeb" /> Corbyn joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in 1966 while at school<ref name=beeb /> and later became one of its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Around this time, he also campaigned against the Vietnam War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for the local Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser newspaper.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsReport by Toby Neal, refers to local Young Socialist activity unconnected with his journalistic work which was remembered by a former colleague quoted in the story.</ref> Around the age of 19, he spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica as a youth worker and geography teacher.<ref name="beeb" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He subsequently visited Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay throughout 1969 and 1970. While in Brazil, he participated in a student demonstration in São Paulo against the Brazilian military government. He also attended a May Day march in Santiago, where the atmosphere around Salvador Allende's Popular Unity alliance which swept to power in the Chilean elections of 1970 made an impression on him: "[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... what Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition".<ref name="MacAskill1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Early career and political activitiesEdit

Returning to the UK in 1971, Corbyn worked as an official for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers.<ref name="beeb" /> He began a course in trade union studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a year without a degree.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He worked as a trade union organiser for the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union,<ref name="roth profile" /><ref name="Hattenstone">Template:Cite news</ref> where his union was approached by Tony Benn and "encouraged ... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of British Leyland"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn was appointed a member of a district health authority and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to Haringey Council from South Hornsey ward.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in Harringay ward as councillor, remaining so until 1983.<ref name=ft /><ref name="jeremycorbyn.org.uk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a delegate from Hornsey to the Labour Party Conference in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the National Health Service (NHS) rather than as private contractors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as "more appropriate to the National Front than to the Labour Party".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and had responsibility for the 1979 general election campaign in Hornsey.<ref name="roth profile" />

Around this time, he became involved with the London Labour Briefing, where he was a contributor. Described by The Times in 1981 as "BriefingTemplate:'s founder",<ref name="Walker1981">Template:Cite news</ref> The Economist in a 1982 article named Corbyn as "BriefingTemplate:'s general secretary figure",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer Andrew Roth in 2004,<ref name="Ridge">Template:Cite news Template:Cbignore</ref><ref name=":0" /> which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979.<ref name="roth profile"/> Michael Crick, in the 2016 edition of his book Militant, says that Corbyn was "a member of the editorial board",Template:Sfn as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Corbyn said in 2017 that these reports were inaccurate, telling Sophy Ridge: "I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it."<ref name="Ridge" /><ref name=":0" />

He worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. Corbyn was keen to allow former International Marxist Group member Tariq Ali to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that "so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in November, the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership "up to and including the point of disbandment of the party".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the July 1982 edition of Briefing, Corbyn opposed expulsions of the Trotskyist and entryist group Militant, saying that "If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too." In the same year, he was the "provisional convener" of "Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign", based at Corbyn's then address.Template:Sfn The Metropolitan Police's Special Branch monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was "deemed to be a subversive". According to the Labour Party, "The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)Edit

Labour in opposition (1982–1997)Edit

Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the constituency of Islington North, in February 1982,<ref name=beeb /><ref name="Criddle2005">Template:Citation</ref> winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor Paul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British Members of Parliament (MP).<ref name="roth profile" /> At the 1983 general election he was elected MP for the constituency,<ref name="beeb" /> defeating the Independent Labour incumbent Michael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialist Campaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"Jeremy Corbyn: thinking the unthinkable" Template:Webarchive, leftunity.org; retrieved 22 September 2015</ref>

Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing Morning Star newspaper.<ref name=LusherIndy>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2015, he said that "the Star is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2017, the Morning Star said of Corbyn: "He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a "no socialism without gay liberation" platform and continued to campaign for LGBT rights.<ref name="bbcprofile2017">Template:Cite news</ref>

He was a campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement,<ref name="Proctor">Template:Cite news</ref> and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside South Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media.<ref name="Prince" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a "non-stop picket" for 1,408 days to campaign for Nelson Mandela's release from prison. The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London ANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'.<ref>Zeffman, Henry (14 September 2018). "Mandela snubbed Corbyn's anti-apartheid group". The Times. Retrieved 14 September 2018. Template:Subscription required [1]</ref><ref>Plait, Martin (13 September 2018). "No, Nelson Mandela did not ""snub"" Jeremy Corbyn" Template:Webarchive. New Statesman. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref>

He supported the 1984–85 miners' strike.<ref name="walesonline">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: "Coal not dole".<ref name="bbcprofile2017"/> At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help.<ref name="walesonline"/>

In 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched Anti-Fascist Action.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the BBC's Newsnight in 1984, Conservative MP Terry Dicks said that so-called Labour "scruffs" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: "It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented."<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

In 1990, Corbyn opposed the poll tax (formally known as the Community Charge)<ref name="Benn2013">Template:Cite book</ref> and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax.<ref name="Prince">Template:Cite news</ref> He appeared in court the following year as a result.<ref name="BBCdivorce">Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with Amnesty International, Unison and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain. The convictions were upheld by the High Court of Justice in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007.<ref name=DT2>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997.<ref name="ParliamentBiography">"Jeremy Corbyn MP" Template:Webarchive, parliament.uk; retrieved 22 September 2015.</ref>

Irish politicsEdit

A longstanding supporter of a united Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn met Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams a number of times.<ref name=":0"/> Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict.<ref name=":0"/> According to The Sunday Times, Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref>

Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRA Red Action)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs.<ref>PhD Thesis: 'Analysis of the Development of the British Labour Movement's Policies and Attitudes Towards the Northern Ireland Problem 1979–1997' M. O'Donnell. University of Surrey, 1997. p90.</ref> In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was criticised by the Labour Party leadership for the meeting, which took place two weeks after the IRA's bombing of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During the 1980s he campaigned on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s.<ref>Paul Hill, Ronan Bennett, Stolen Years, Doubleday, 1990, p. 219.</ref><ref>Hughie Callaghan, Sally Mulready, Cruel Fate: One Man's Triumph Over Injustice, University of Massachusetts Press, 1993, pp. 178, 191</ref><ref>"Jeremy Corbyn" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 22 October 2002.</ref><ref>Peter Gruner, "As he reaches 30-year milestone, Islington North Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn reflects on his career in politics" Template:Webarchive, Islington Tribune, 7 June 2013.</ref><ref name="BirmBT">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including Patrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks. After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref>

In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the Wolfe Tone Society in London for eight IRA members who were killed by Special Air Service soldiers while attacking a Royal Ulster Constabulary police station in Loughgall, County Armagh. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that "I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="telegraph-mi5">Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included a minute of silence for the eight IRA members, to "call for a peace and dialogue process".<ref name=ft30517>Template:Cite news</ref>

He voted against the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying "We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason."<ref name=":0" />

In the early 1990s, MI5 opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA.<ref name="telegraph-mi5"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people.<ref name=ft30517 />

A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, Before the Dawn. Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Mo Mowlam and Labour leader Tony Blair condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1998, he voted for the Good Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to "peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future."<ref name=":0" />

In 2017, Corbyn said that he had "never met the IRA", although Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott later clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, "he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Labour in government (1997–2010)Edit

File:Jeremy Corbyn, 2006.jpg

Corbyn on the backbenches in 2006

Between 1997 and 2010, during the New Labour governments, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including three-line whip votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time during the New Labour governments.<ref>Template:Cite book The most rebellious was Dennis Skinner who, unlike Corbyn, was a member of Parliament during the Labour government of 1974–79.</ref> He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the 2001–2005 Parliament<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jacobin described him as "a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Corbyn has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged war crimes during the Iraq War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2016, the Chilcot Report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: "I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003" which he called an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext" something that has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn specifically apologised to "the people of Iraq"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to "the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on."<ref name="Corbyn">Andrew Grice, Jeremy Corbyn apologises on behalf of Labour for 'disastrous decision' to join Iraq War Template:Webarchive, The Independent (6 July 2016).</ref>

Corbyn sat on the London Regional Select Committee from 2009 to 2010.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/>

Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activismEdit

File:Jeremy Corbyn MP speaks at anti-drones rally, 27 April 2013 (8689096394).jpg

Corbyn speaking at an anti-drone strike rally organised by the Stop the War Coalition in 2013

In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the War in Afghanistan which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : "there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy" among some members of the Labour party. He cited "the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq" as examples.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was vehemently opposed to Britain's involvement in the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas. He spoke at the February anti-Iraq War protest which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the same time, he expressed support for the Iraqi insurgency and the Palestinian intifada when he signed the second Cairo Declaration in December 2003, which said "The Iraqis themselves are now engaged in a titanic struggle to rid their country of occupying forces. The Palestinian intifada continues under the most difficult circumstances. The US administration threatens Iran and other countries on a daily basis. Now is the time to draw together the forces of resistance in the Arab world and from around the globe."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011, but resigned once he became Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Parliamentary groups and activismEdit

Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including UNISON, Unite and the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of the Unite Against Fascism pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

File:The People's Assembly National Demonstration Jeremy Corbyn MP 21 June 2014 124.jpg

Corbyn addressing London's People's Assembly Demonstration in June 2014

Corbyn appeared on a call-in show on Press TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC "Zionist liars" and described Israel as a "disease".<ref name=times02092016>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address "human rights issues" and that his appearance fee was "not an enormous amount" and was used to help meet constituency office costs.<ref name="Payne">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=times02092016/> Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined by Ofcom for its part in filming an interview with Maziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture.<ref name="Payne"/>

Labour in opposition (2010–2015)Edit

In the 2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supported Ed Miliband.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Corbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.<ref name="plan">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Corbyn sat on the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015.<ref name="ParliamentBiography"/> Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the 2015 general election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Leadership electionsEdit

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File:Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2.jpg

Official portrait, 2017

Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader, triggering a leadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, The Islington Tribune, that he would have a "clear anti-austerity platform". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would "seek to withdraw from NATO". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax.<ref name="Gn1508072">Template:Cite news</ref> He added: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate".<ref name="BBC News 3 June 20152">Template:Cite news</ref> He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to "implement the democratic will of our party".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Care Minister Liz Kendall.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win.<ref name="nominators2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Corbyn nominees opposed2">Template:Cite news</ref>

At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP2">Template:Citation</ref> Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership.<ref name="ibtimes"/><ref name="bbc-20150812">Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as "registered supporters" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election.<ref>"How is Labour vetting new members?" Template:Webarchive, bbc.co.uk; retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref> There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members.<ref name="IndyIndy2">Template:Cite news</ref> He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting.<ref name="Mason2">Template:Cite news</ref> He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without "£3 registered supporters", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters.<ref name="IndyIndy2" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in 1994.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Mason2" /> His margin of victory was said to be "the largest mandate ever won by a party leader".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

An internal Labour Party report, entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019, was leaked to the media in April 2020. The report stated that during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests, staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as "trot busting", "bashing trots" and "trot spotting".<ref name="independent130420">Template:Cite news</ref>

CorbynmaniaEdit

File:Jeremy Corbyn rally 2016.jpg

A rally in Bristol during Corbyn's leadership campaign in 2016. Corbyn returned to College Green in 2019 for an election rally but his reception was then less enthusiastic.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Corbyn was initially viewed as a token candidate for the left wing of the party and not expected to win. However, many new, young party members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's authentic, informal style and radical policies.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed "Corbynmania" by the press.<ref name="LPP2"/>

Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political fandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as Bernie Sanders and Justin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan hashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as selfies on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a "Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as Charlotte Church, Jeremy Hardy and Maxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual. These were seen as cultish by critics such as Margaret Beckett who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the "Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club".<ref name="Dean">Template:Citation</ref>

A chant of "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> it attracted special attention at the Glastonbury Festival 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.<ref name="G">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="T">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="E">Template:Citation</ref> Labour's weaker-than-expected performance in the 2018 local elections led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.<ref name="E" /><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)Edit

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First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)Edit

File:Corbyn trident.jpg

Corbyn speaking at the #StopTrident rally at Trafalgar Square on 27 February 2016

After being elected leader, Corbyn became Leader of the Official Opposition and shortly thereafter his appointment to the Privy Council was announced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Corbyn's first Prime Minister's Questions session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a Guardian editorial as "a good start" and a "long overdue" change to the tone of PMQs.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.<ref name="ibtimes">Template:Cite news</ref>

In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said "the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that. You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the London School of Economics of national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.<ref name="independent12">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="independent22">Template:Cite news</ref>

2017 general electionEdit

File:Labour Party General Election Launch 2017.jpg

Corbyn with members of his Shadow Cabinet in EventCity, Greater Manchester, at the Labour Party 2017 General Election Launch

The Labour campaign in the 2017 general election focused on social issues such as health care, education and ending austerity.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan "For the Many, Not the Few"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a grassroots following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in Prenton Park.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, and again finished as the second largest party in parliament, it increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. This was its greatest vote share since 2001. It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945.<ref name="ftge20172">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was partly attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2019 general election and resignationEdit

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File:Launching the 2019 General Election campaign (49013452132).jpg

Corbyn launching the Labour Party's 2019 general election campaign

In May 2019, Theresa May announced her resignation and stood down as prime minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson.<ref name="bbc pm announcement">Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Jeremy Corbyn at Nottingham Castle (49168555938).jpg

Corbyn campaigning in the 2019 general election at Nottingham Castle

The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace universal credit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Due to the plans to nationalise the "big six" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During the campaign for the upcoming general elections, Corbyn was accused by the Hindu Council UK of promoting anti-Hindu sentiments<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> following his disparaging comments on the caste system<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and his condemnation of the Hindu-right wing Bharatiya Janata Party led Indian government's revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many Hindus living in the UK saw Corbyn's attitude towards Hindus to be heavily influenced by Pakistani Muslim leaders of his party,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with whom he shared a common pro-Palestinian stance.

The 2019 general election was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell largely blamed Brexit and the media representation of the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tony Blair argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn conceded defeat and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election.<ref name="Reflection">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Guardian described the results as a "realignment" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn insisted that he had "pride in the manifesto" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to polling by the Conservative peer Lord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the leadership election to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of Keir Starmer.

Post-leadershipEdit

EHRC report and suspensionEdit

On 29 October 2020, a report by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission into antisemitism in the Labour Party was published, finding that the party was responsible for unlawful acts of harassment and discrimination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In response to the report, Corbyn said that while antisemitism was "absolutely abhorrent" and that "one anti-Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many", he said that "the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He further said that "the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process."<ref name=leefactcheck>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A fact check by Channel 4 News noted that Corbyn's "0.3 per cent" claim was likely based on an estimate provided by Labour General Secretary Jennie Formby during her investigation and first published in a 2019 study co-authored by media scholar Greg Philo.<ref name="leefactcheck"/><ref>Philo, Greg & Berry, Mike & Schlosberg, Justin & Lerman, Antony & Miller, David. (2019). Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief. p. 52. 10.2307/j.ctvpbnn3r.</ref> Corbyn's claim that "one-third" of party members were believed to be involved in antisemitism complaints by the public likely originated in a Survation poll of 1,009 people conducted in 2019, in which the average perception of respondents familiar with the issue was that 34% of party members were involved in antisemitism complaints; this number is over 300 times the estimate of antisemitism cases arrived at by Formby's actual investigation.<ref>Philo, Greg & Berry, Mike & Schlosberg, Justin & Lerman, Antony & Miller, David. (2019). Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief. 10.2307/j.ctvpbnn3r.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:PMQs 22.04.2020 - Rt Hon Jeremy Corbyn MP (Islington North).jpg

Corbyn sits on the backbenches in his first Prime Minister's Questions since his resignation as Labour leader, 22 April 2020

In his press conference around half an hour after Corbyn's statement, Starmer said that anyone who thought the problems were "exaggerated" or were a "factional attack" were "part of the problem and... should be nowhere near the Labour Party". Corbyn defended his comments in a TV interview later that day; shortly after it aired, the Labour Party announced that it had suspended Corbyn pending an investigation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn's suspension was welcomed by Labour figures including Margaret Hodge,<ref name="BBC-suspension">Template:Cite news</ref> and Harriet Harman,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as by the Board of Deputies of British Jews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Corbyn stated he would "strongly contest" his suspension.<ref name="Guardian-corbynallies">Template:Cite news</ref> John McDonnell, Unite leader Len McCluskey, and Momentum expressed opposition to Corbyn's suspension.<ref name="Guardian-corbynallies" />

Peace and Justice ProjectEdit

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On 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include Christine Blower, Len McCluskey and Zarah Sultana. Rafael Correa said that he "welcome[d] the creation" of the project.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisisEdit

File:Jeremy Corbyn - Stand Up To Racism (51952400403) (cropped 2).jpg

Corbyn addresses the March Against Racism in Parliament Square, March 2022

On 18 February 2022, in the week before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the Stop the War Coalition opposing any war in Ukraine.<ref name="20220224guardian">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The statement said that "the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns", that NATO "should call a halt to its eastward expansion", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served "no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns".<ref name="20220218-stwc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The statement's authors also said that they "refute the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance".<ref name="20220218-stwc" />

On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip Alan Campbell wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent">Template:Cite news</ref> All 11 agreed to do so the same evening.<ref name="20220224guardian" /><ref name="20200225-independent" /> Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP Claudia Webbe did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though David Lammy urged Corbyn to do so.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general electionEdit

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Media speculation that Corbyn would contest the 2024 general election as an Independent was reported in October 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite "unanimous support" from his Constituency Labour Party (CLP),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn was not permitted to stand as a Labour parliamentary candidate. After announcing on 24 May 2024 that he would stand as an independent parliamentary candidate for Islington North, he was fully expelled from the Labour Party.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was endorsed by Mick Lynch of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn responded to Keir Starmer's claim of knowing the party would lose the 2019 election by saying "Well, he never said that to me, at any time. And so I just think rewriting history is no help. It shows double standards, shall we say, that he now says he always thought that but he never said it at the time or anything about it. He was part of the campaign. He and I spoke together at events and I find it actually quite sad."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Leading members of the Islington North CLP resigned in order to support Corbyn, while also criticising the manner in which Nargund was selected as Islington North's candidate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Corbyn was comfortably re-elected as an independent, even as Labour won a landslide victory in the general election. His majority over Nargund was over 7,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Policies and viewsEdit

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File:Leader of the Opposition (51184221345).jpg

Corbyn at a march for Palestine in Oxford in 2021

Corbyn self-identifies as a socialist.<ref name="Settle" /> He has also been referred to as a "mainstream [Scandinavian] social democrat".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He advocates reversing austerity cuts to public services and some welfare funding made since 2010, as well as renationalisation of public utilities and the railways.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A longstanding anti-war and anti-nuclear activist, he supports a foreign policy of military non-interventionism and unilateral nuclear disarmament, and has been a prominent activist for Palestinian solidarity throughout the Gaza–Israel conflict.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Writer Ronan Bennett, who formerly worked as a research assistant to Corbyn, has described him as "a kind of vegan, pacifist idealist, one with a clear understanding of politics and history, and a commitment to the underdog".<ref name="MacAskill1" />

In 1997, the political scientists David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh described Corbyn's political stance as "far-left".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Corbyn has described Karl Marx as a "great economist"<ref name="Corbyn12">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and said he has read some of the works of Adam Smith, Marx and David Ricardo and has "looked at many, many others".<ref name="Corbyn12" /> However, some have argued that Corbyn is less radical than previously described:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> for example, the journalist George Eaton has called him "Keynesian".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023, The Daily Telegraph reported that most of the tax policies in Corbyn's 2019 general election manifesto had been implemented by the winning Conservative government, including a higher corporation tax, a windfall tax on oil companies, a reduction in annual tax allowances on dividend income, raising income tax on high earners, and introducing a digital services tax on online retailers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn named John Smith as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as "a decent, nice, inclusive leader". He also said he was "very close and very good friends" with Michael Foot.<ref name="Gn1508072"/>

Media coverageEdit

Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.<ref name="LSOE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects. The study's director commented that "Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader".<ref name="independent12"/><ref name="independent22"/>

Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and Birkbeck College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found "marked and persistent imbalance" in favour of sources critical to him; the International Business Times was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage.<ref name="ind300716">Template:Cite news</ref>

In August 2016, a YouGov survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the "mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner", as did 51% of the general "Labour selectorate" sample.<ref name="thecon190716">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2017, Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Corbyn far more than May during nine election campaign weekdays examined.<ref name="ind190517">Template:Cite news</ref> The Daily Mail and Daily Express praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections.<ref name="huffingtonpost">Template:Cite news</ref>

In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications.<ref name="guardian250218">Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias.<ref name="guardian250919">Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In an interview with Middle East Eye in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and "at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining".<ref name="mee020620">Template:Cite news</ref> He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue "a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues" to "rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time".<ref name="mee020620" /> He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, "Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so".<ref name="mee020620" />

Personal lifeEdit

File:Jeremy Corbyn 2.jpg

Corbyn in 2007

Corbyn lives in the Finsbury Park area of London.<ref name="Islington">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1974, he married his first wife, Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the University of Lincoln.<ref name="beeb">Template:Cite news</ref> They divorced in 1979.<ref name="Silverman">Template:Cite news</ref> In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP Diane Abbott.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a grammar school (Corbyn opposes selective education), they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to "get on very well" with her.<ref name="BBCdivorce"/><ref name="Hattenstone" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His son subsequently attended Queen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice.<ref>"What You Need To Know About Jeremy Corbyn", Sky.com, 22 July 2015. Template:Webarchive, 10 September 2015.</ref> Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as John McDonnell's Chief of Staff.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn's second-eldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in Papua New Guinea in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who runs a fair trade coffee import business that has been the subject of some controversy.<ref name=graunprofile>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband. They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Álvarez has described Corbyn as "not very good at house work but he is a good politician".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They had a cat called El Gato ("The Cat" in Spanish).<ref name="telegraph1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by The Observer in 1984 as his "only constant companion" at the time.<ref name="LowObs"/>

Personal beliefs and interestsEdit

When interviewed by The Huffington Post in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a "private thing", but denied that he was an atheist.<ref name=":1" /> He has said that he is "sceptical" of having a god in his life.<ref name="telegraph1"/> He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of "spiritualism".<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Corbyn has described himself as frugal, telling Simon Hattenstone of The Guardian: "I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car."<ref name="Hattenstone" /> He has been a vegetarian for over 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a vegan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although he has been described in the media as teetotal, he said in an interview with the Daily Mirror that he does drink alcohol but "very, very little".<ref name=beeb /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Mirrorinterview>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn is a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling.<ref name="BBC: Who is Jeremy Corbyn">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He enjoys reading and writing,<ref name=Mirrorinterview /> and speaks fluent Spanish.<ref name="beeb" /> He supports Arsenal F.C., which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and women's teams.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2015 Corbyn supported a campaign for the club to pay its staff the London Living Wage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn is an avid "drain spotter" and has photographed decorative drain and manhole covers throughout the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Corbyn co-edited with Len McCluskey the anthology Poetry for the Many, published in November 2023 by OR Books.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Interview under police cautionEdit

On 19 January 2025, Corbyn, alongside former Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer John McDonnell, agreed to be interviewed under caution by police following a pro-Palestinian rally in central London. The Metropolitan Police said they witnessed a "deliberate effort, including by protest organisers" to breach conditions that had been imposed on the event. However, it is unclear as to the specific reasons as to why Corbyn was invited to an interview.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Awards and recognitionEdit

In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his "consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social justice and non‐violence".<ref name="prize 2013">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his "ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corbyn has won the Parliamentary "Beard of the Year Award" a record six times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year, having previously described his beard as "a form of dissent" against New Labour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries, written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Cbignore</ref>

In 2017 the American magazine Foreign Policy named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year "for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the Seán MacBride Peace Prize "for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace".<ref name="ipb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The award was announced the previous September.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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Jeremy Corbyn

Contents

Early lifeEdit

Early career and political activitiesEdit

Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)Edit

Labour in opposition (1982–1997)Edit

Irish politicsEdit

Labour in government (1997–2010)Edit

Stop the War Coalition and anti-war activismEdit

Parliamentary groups and activismEdit

Labour in opposition (2010–2015)Edit

Leadership electionsEdit

CorbynmaniaEdit

Leadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)Edit

First term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)Edit

2017 general electionEdit

2019 general election and resignationEdit

Post-leadershipEdit

EHRC report and suspensionEdit

Peace and Justice ProjectEdit

Stop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisisEdit

Expulsion from the Labour Party and 2024 general electionEdit

Policies and viewsEdit

Media coverageEdit

Personal lifeEdit

Personal beliefs and interestsEdit

Interview under police cautionEdit

Awards and recognitionEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit