Jimmie Davis

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File:Jimmie Davis homestead c. 1900 in Jackson Parish, LA IMG 5816.JPG

Davis homestead in Jackson Parish

James Houston Davis (September 11, 1899 – November 5, 2000) was an American singer, songwriter, and Democratic Party politician. After achieving fame for releasing both sacred and popular songs, Davis served as governor of Louisiana from 1944 to 1948 and again from 1960 to 1964. As Governor, he was an opponent of efforts to desegregate Louisiana.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Davis was a nationally popular country music and gospel singer from the 1930s into the 1960s, occasionally recording and performing as late as the early 1990s. He appeared as himself in a number of Hollywood movies. He was inducted into six halls of fame, including the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame, and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. At the time of his death in 2000, he was the oldest living former governor as well as the last living governor to have been born in the 19th century.

Early life and careerEdit

Childhood and birth date confusionEdit

Davis was not sure of his date of birth; according to The New York Times, "Various newspaper and magazine articles over the last 70 years said he was born in 1899, 1901, 1902 or 1903. He told The New York Times several years ago that his sharecropper parents could never recall just when he was born – he was, after all, one of 11 children – and that he had not had the slightest idea when it really was."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The birth date listed on his Country Music Hall of Fame plaque is September 11, 1904.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

EducationEdit

Davis graduated from Beech Springs High School and from Soule Business College, in New Orleans.<ref>Patrick Kavanaugh and Barbara Kavanaugh, Devotions from the World of Music (2000), p. 326.</ref> His 1927 master's thesis, which examines the intelligence levels of different races, is titled Comparative Intelligence of Whites, Blacks and Mulattoes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Career beginningsEdit

During the late 1920s, Davis taught history (and, unofficially, yodeling) for a year at the former Dodd College for Girls in Shreveport. The college president, Monroe E. Dodd, who was also the pastor of First Baptist Church of Shreveport and a radio preacher, invited Davis to serve on the faculty.<ref name="Beacham">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Musical careerEdit

Davis became a commercially successful singer of rural music before he entered politics. His early work was in the style of country music singer Jimmie Rodgers. Davis was also known for recording energetic and raunchy blues tunes, such as "Red Nightgown Blues" and "Tom Cat and Pussy Blues".<ref name="LarkinCountry"/> Some of these records included slide guitar accompaniment by black bluesman Oscar "Buddy" Woods.<ref name="LarkinCountry">Template:Cite book</ref> During his first run for governor, opponents reprinted the lyrics of some of these songs in order to undermine Davis's campaign. In one case, anti-Davis forces played some records over an outdoor sound system, only to give up after the crowds started dancing, ignoring the double-entendre lyrics. Until the end of his life, Davis never denied or repudiated those records.Template:Citation needed

In 1999, "You Are My Sunshine" was honored with a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and the Recording Industry Association of America named it one of the Songs of the Century. "You Are My Sunshine" was ranked in 2003 as No. 73 on CMT's 100 Greatest Songs in Country Music. Virginia Shehee, a Shreveport businesswoman, philanthropist, and state senator, introduced legislation to designate "You Are My Sunshine" as the official state song.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The song was reportedly written for Elizabeth Selby, a resident of Urbana, Illinois and housemother of Wescoga ("Wesley Co-Op for Gals") at the time the song was written.Template:Citation needed

Davis often performed during his campaign stops when running for governor of Louisiana. After being elected in 1944, he became known as the "singing governor." While governor, he had a No. 1 hit single in 1945 with "There's a New Moon Over My Shoulder".<ref name="LarkinCountry"/> Davis recorded for the Victor Talking Machine Company, and Decca Records for decades and released more than 40 albums.Template:Citation needed

A long-time Southern Baptist, Davis recorded a number of Southern gospel albums.<ref name="LarkinCountry"/> In 1967 he served as president of the Gospel Music Association. He was a close friend of the North Dakota-born band leader Lawrence Welk, who frequently reminded viewers of his television program of his association with Davis.Template:Citation needed

A number of his songs were used as part of motion picture soundtracks. Davis appeared in half a dozen films, including one starring Ozzie and Harriet, who had a TV series under their names. Members of Davis's last band included Allen "Puddler" Harris of Lake Charles. He had served as pianist for singer Ricky Nelson early in his career.Template:Citation needed

Davis was also a close acquaintance of the country singer-songwriter Hank Williams, with whom he co-wrote the top-10 hit<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle" in 1951, supposedly on a fishing day they spent together.

SinglesEdit

File:Jimmie Davis Hall of Fame plaque, 2003 IMG 6904.JPG

Davis was posthumously inducted in 2003 into the Delta Music Museum Hall of Fame in Ferriday, Louisiana

Year	Single	US Country
1934	"Nobody's Darling but Mine"	—
1937	"Nobody's Darling but Mine" Jimmie Davis With Charles Mitchell And His Texan	—
1938	"Meet Me Tonight in Dreamland"	—
1938	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	—
1939	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1
	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1
	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	2
	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	5
1940	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	1
	"Baby Your Mother"	2
	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	6
	"You Are My Sunshine"	—
1941	"I'm Sorry Now"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	3
1942	"I've Got My Heart on My Sleeve"	3
	"You'll Be Sorry"	4
	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	6
	"I Loved You Once"	6
	"Don't You Cry Over Me"	6
	"The End of the World"	7
	"What More Can I Say"	8
	"I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes"	10
1943	"Columbus Stockade Blues"	2
	"Where Is My Boy Tonight"	7
	"I'm Knocking at Your Door Again"	7
	"I Dreamed of an Old Love Affair"	8
	"A Sinner's Prayer"	13
1944	"Is It Too Late Now"	3
1944	"There's a Chill on the Hill Tonight"	4
1945	"There's a New Moon Over My Shoulder"	1
1946	"Grievin' My Heart Out for You"	4
1947	"Bang Bang"	4
1951	"(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle"	9
1962	"Where the Old Red River Flows"	15

Political careerEdit

Template:More citations needed

File:Cork oak tree planted and dedicated by the Honorable Jimmie H. Davis.jpg

Cork oak tree planted and dedicated by Davis

Davis was elected in 1938 as Shreveport's public safety commissioner. At the time, Shreveport had the city commission form of government. After four years in Shreveport City Hall, Davis was elected in 1942 to the Louisiana Public Service Commission. The rate-making body meets in the capital, Baton Rouge. He was elected during his term as governor and left after two years.

First term as governor (1944–1948)Edit

Template:See also Davis was elected governor as a Democrat in 1944. Among those eliminated in the primary were State Senator Ernest S. Clements of Oberlin in Allen Parish, freshman U.S. Representative James H. Morrison of Hammond in Tangipahoa Parish, and Sam Caldwell, the mayor of Shreveport. Davis and Caldwell had served together earlier in Shreveport municipal government.

In the runoff, Davis defeated Lewis L. Morgan, an elderly attorney and former U.S. representative from Covington, the seat of St. Tammany Parish, who had been backed by former Governor Earl Kemp Long and New Orleans Mayor Robert Maestri. In the runoff, Davis received 251,228 (53.6 percent) to Morgan's 217,915 (46.4 percent).

Davis pleased white liberals with his appointments to high positions of two of the leaders of the impeachment effort against Huey Long. He named Cecil Morgan of Shreveport to the Louisiana Civil Service Commission. Morgan was succeeded in the Louisiana House by Rupert Peyton of Shreveport, who also served as an aide to Davis. In addition, Davis retained the anti-Long Ralph Norman Bauer of St. Mary Parish as House speaker, a selection made originally in 1940 by Sam Jones.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Earl Long was seeking the lieutenant governorship on the Lewis Morgan "ticket" and led in the first primary in 1944, but he lost the runoff to J. Emile Verret of New Iberia, then the president of the Iberia Parish School Board.Template:Citation needed

Davis kept his hand in show business, and set a record for absenteeism during his first term. He made numerous trips to Hollywood to make Western "horse operas."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Under the term limit provision of the state constitution then in effect, Davis was limited to a single non-consecutive term in office.Template:Citation needed

The election of 1959–1960Edit

Template:See also When he became a candidate for a second term in 1959–60, Davis had been out of office for nearly a dozen years. In a later study of this election, three Louisiana State University political scientists described him by the following:

Davis has all the external attributes of a "man of the people", but his serious political connections seem to be with the [parish-seat] elite and its allies, particularly the major industrial combinations of the state. He is in many respects a toned-down version of the old-style southern politician who could spellbound the mass of voters into supporting him regardless of the effects of his programs on their welfare. ... Davis creates the perfect image of a man to be trusted and one whose intense calm is calculated to bring rational balance into the political life of the state.<ref>William C. Havard, Rudolf Heberle, and Perry H. Howard, The Louisiana Elections of 1960, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Studies, 1963, pg. 40</ref>

Davis was running at a time when African Americans in the civil rights movement were seeking social justice and restoration of their constitutional rights. In 1954 the US Supreme Court had ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and urged states to integrate their facilities. With a pledge to fight for continued segregation in public education, Davis won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination over a crowded field.

Davis ran second in the primary to "Chep" Morrison, considered an anti-Long liberal by Louisiana standards. He defeated Morrison in the party runoff held on January 9, 1960. As African Americans (who had supported the Republican Party after the Civil War) were still largely disenfranchised in Louisiana, the Democratic primary was the only competitive race for office in the one-party state.

It has been reported that had General Curtis LeMay turned down George C. Wallace's offer to be his candidate for vice president in 1968 on the American Independent Party ticket, that Wallace was ready to announce Davis as his selection for vice president. Other sources say Wallace's second choice was the former governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Second term (1960–1964)Edit

As part of his support of segregation, Davis initiated passage of state legislation to create the Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission, which operated from 1960 to 1967. It "espoused states rights, anti-communist and segregationist ideas, with a particular focus on maintaining the status quo in race relations. It was closely allied with the Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities."<ref name="amistad">"Louisiana State Sovereignty Commission" Template:Webarchive, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University; Sources: Adam Fairclough. Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1995.</ref> It was modeled after Mississippi's commission, established in 1956 to resist integration. Davis tapped Frank Voelker Jr., City Attorney of Lake Providence, to chair the newly established Commission. It was given unusual Template:Clarify powers to investigate state citizens, and used its authority to exert economic pressure to suppress civil rights activists. Voelker left the commission in 1963 to run for governor but placed poorly in the primary; he withdrew and supported other candidates.<ref>Havard, Heberle, and Howard, The Louisiana Election of 1960, pg. 99</ref>

Political legacyEdit

Davis established a State Retirement System and funding of more than $100 million in public improvements, while leaving the state with a $38 million surplus after his first term.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During his time as governor, Davis raised expenditure on health, education and highways while extending several social welfare programs. New charity hospitals and trade schools were also built, while educational programs for developmentally disabled children were launched.<ref>Jimmie Davis: The Sunshine Governor by Glen Jeansonne Published: December 1, 2015 Last Updated: May 13, 2019</ref>

Earl Long once remarked that Davis was so relaxed and low-key that one could not "wake up Jimmie Davis with an earthquake".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Public relations specialist Gus Weill, who worked in the Davis campaign in 1959, wrote a biography of the former governor in 1977, entitled You Are My Sunshine, based on Davis' best-known song.<ref>You Are My Sunshine: The Jimmie Davis Story, An Affectionate Biography (Baton Rouge: Pelican Publishing Company, 1977); Template:ISBN (0-88289-660-1)</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

File:Eglin House in Shreveport IMG 1571.JPG

Davis married the former Alvern Adams in this historic Shreveport house in the Highlands neighborhood. It was formerly owned by the Eglins, the maternal grandparents of John J. McKeithen.<ref>Source: Historic marker, Eglin House in Shreveport</ref>

Davis's first wife, the former Alvern Adams, the daughter of a physician in Shreveport, was the first lady while he was governor during both terms. A little over a year after Alvern's death in 1967, Davis married the widowed Anna Gordon (February 15, 1917 – March 5, 2004) in a small ceremony in Ringgold, Georgia on December 4, 1968 (The Tennessean). Anna was born Effie Juanita Carter and had been a founding member of the gospel quartet The Chuck Wagon Gang along with her father, a sister and a brother. She had been given the stage name "Anna" during the mid-1930s. Davis was a longtime fan of the group, who were gospel music pioneers with more than 36 million records sold in forty years of affiliation with Columbia Records.

File:Jimmie Davis grave marker IMG 5808.JPG

Davis' grave located in a small cemetery behind the tabernacle

Davis died on November 5, 2000. He had suffered a fall in his home some ten months earlier and may have had a stroke in his last days. He is interred alongside his first wife at the Jimmie Davis Tabernacle Cemetery in his native Beech Springs community near Quitman. His adopted son, Jim Davis, passed away in 2012 and was cremated.<ref name=mtvcom>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Davis was aged 101 years and 55 days,<ref name=mtvcom/> which made him the longest-lived of all U.S. state governors at the time of his death. Davis held this record until March 18, 2011, when Albert Rosellini of Washington achieved a greater lifespan of 101 years, 56 days, dying 206 days later.

HonorsEdit

File:Jimmie Davis Bridge, Shreveport, LA IMG 1555.JPG

The Jimmie Davis Bridge over the Red River on Louisiana State Highway 511, connecting Shreveport and Bossier City

File:Jimmie Davis Tabernacle, LA IMG 5817.JPG

Jimmie Davis Tabernacle west of Quitman

The Jimmie Davis Tabernacle is located near Weston in Jackson Parish. The tabernacle hosts occasional gospel singing. At the site is a replica of the Davis homestead (c. 1900) and of the Peckerwood Hill Store, an old general store that served the community.

Davis was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1971, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1972, the Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame in 1997 and The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2008. In 1993, Davis was among the first thirteen inductees of the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Davis archives of papers and photographs is housed in the "You Are My Sunshine" Collection of the Linus A. Sims Memorial Library at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond.<ref>Davis Collection at Southeastern, Selu.edu, (retrieved 2012-05-06).</ref>

FilmographyEdit

Davis had several appearances in movies (usually or always as himself), including:

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

Toru Mitsui (1998). "Jimmie Davis." In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 136.
Kevin S. Fontenot, "You Can't Fight a Song: Country Music in Jimmie Davis' Gubernatorial Campaigns," Journal of Country Music (2007).

External linksEdit

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State of Louisiana Biography
Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
Listen to Jimmie singing "She's a Real Hum Dinger"
Jimmie Davis recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
Jimmie Davis Collection and Jimmie Davis Photo Collection at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond.
Southern Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame and Museum

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