José Sarney

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Portuguese name {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}

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José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa

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}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} José Sarney de Araújo Costa ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa; 24 April 1930) is a Brazilian politician, lawyer, and writer who served as the 31st president of Brazil from 1985 to 1990.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He briefly served as the 20th vice president of Brazil for a month between March and April 1985.

Sarney was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1955 until 1966 and of the Senate from 1971 until 1985. He was also the Governor of Maranhão from 1966 until 1970. During the Brazilian military dictatorship, Sarney affiliated himself with the government party, ARENA, becoming the president of the party in 1979. Sarney joined the dissenters, and was instrumental in the creation of the Liberal Front Party. Sarney ran for Vice-President on the ticket of Tancredo Neves of PMDB, formerly the opposition party to the military government. Neves won the presidential election, but fell ill and died before taking office, and Sarney became president.

During his presidency, Sarney implemented ambitious plans to try to reverse the severe inflation inherited from João Figueiredo's government. Together with Finance Minister Dilson Funaro, he launched the Cruzado Plan and Cruzado II, which froze prices in an attempt to curb rising inflation. Even though both plans failed, Sarney made further attempts to freeze prices through the Bresser Plan and the Summer Plan, which also proved ineffective. In foreign policy, he signed the Iguaçu Declaration, which initiated the project for the creation of Mercosur. Additionally, during his administration, diplomatic relations between Brazil and Cuba — which had been suspended since the beginning of the military dictatorship — were restored. Sarney also convened the 1987 National Constituent Assembly, which drafted the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, replacing the 1967 authoritarian constitution. Overall, Sarney started out his term with great popularity, but public opinion shifted with the Brazilian debt crisis and the failure of Plano Cruzado to abate chronic inflation. His government is seen today as disastrous and clientelism was widespread having longlasting consequences for the Brazilian Republic post military dictatorship.<ref name=broils/>

Following his presidency, Sarney resumed his senate career elected again in 1991 and serving until 2015. He also held the position of President of the Federal Senate three times following his presidency. At age Template:Age, he is the oldest living former Brazilian president, and at the time of his retirement in 2015, had one of the longest congressional careers in Brazilian history.<ref name=NYTdecline/>

Early lifeEdit

Born in Pinheiro, Maranhão, as José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa, he was the son of Sarney de Araújo Costa, a wealthy land-owner and sugarcane producer, and Kiola Ferreira.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His family has origins in Viseu in Portugal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He attended Colégio Marista and the Licéu Maranhense before attending the Federal University of Maranhão.<ref name=bio/> In 1953, he graduated from the federal university receiving his bachelor's degree in law.<ref name=bio/> After his graduation, he launched a postmodernist literary journal titled A Ilha.<ref name=bio/>

In 1965 he legally adopted the name José Sarney de Araújo Costa, usually shortened to José Sarney, for electoral purposes.<ref name="name">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=bio>Template:Cite book</ref> He was known as "Zé do Sarney", as in "José, son of Sarney".<ref name=name/><ref name=bio/> Sarney's father acquired the name after being born on a land owned by an Englishman named "Sir Ney".<ref name=bio/>

Political careerEdit

Early activitiesEdit

Sarney started his political career in the 1950s after becoming a replacement deputy and later as a federal deputy in 1955.<ref name=bio/><ref name="security">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was a member of the centre-right National Democratic Union (União Democrática Nacional—UDN), aligned with the progressive wing of the party.<ref name=security/> He strongly supported so-called "Revolution of 1964", a military coup that overthrew leftist President João Goulart in 1964.<ref name=security/><ref name=bio/> After the military coup, Sarney followed most of the UDN into the National Renewal Alliance (ARENA), the political party of the military government.<ref name="sarney">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was elected governor of the state of Maranhão in 1966, serving until 1971.<ref name=sarney/> He was then elected to the Brazilian Senate and became ARENA's president.<ref name=sarney/>

Vice presidencyEdit

Despite his support for the government's heavy-handed measures against dissent, Sarney had never been quite accepted by the military establishment, which tried to block his career.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1979 ARENA reorganized as the Democratic Social Party (PDS), and Sarney remained the party's president.<ref name=JSTOR>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1984, the junta was under pressure due to popular protests to reinstate direct elections for president (Diretas Já movement).<ref name=JSTOR/> PDS was divided but launched Paulo Maluf as its candidate for the presidency in indirect elections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sarney disagreed with this decision and left PDS to form the Liberal Front Party, which then allied with the PMDB.<ref name=LAtimes>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As part of the deal, Sarney became Tancredo Neves' running mate on the opposition ticket.<ref name="NYT">Template:Cite news</ref> Neves won the election of 15 January 1985, but became gravely ill the night before his inauguration.<ref name=NYT/> Sarney assumed office as vice-president and acting president until Neves died on 21 April, and he formally became the first civilian president in 21 years.<ref name=NYT/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PresidencyEdit

Template:Main articles His succession raised some question because as Neves could not attend the inauguration ceremony on 15 March, several politicians contended at the time that Sarney should not have been inaugurated as vice-president and allowed to become acting president.<ref name=NYT/> They believed that Sarney had been elected vice-president only by virtue of the election of his running mate as president.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=issue/> Each member of the Electoral College cast one vote, for president, and the choice of president carried with it the automatic selection of the ticket's running mate as vice-president, Sarney could take office only as vice-president together with Neves.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=issue>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some critics argued that in the event of the head of the presidential ticket not being able to assume office, the presidential powers and duties should pass to the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, Ulysses Guimarães.<ref name=security/><ref name=issue/>

File:Posse Presidente da República 1985 (16132011570).jpg

Sarney takes the oath of office as Vice President of Brazil on 15 March 1985, immediately becoming Acting President

File:President Ronald Reagan with soccer player Pele and President José Sarney of Brazil.jpg

President Sarney with U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Pelé during a state dinner at the White House, 1986

There was some partisanship in this line of thought since both Neves and Guimarães were members of the same party, and Sarney was not.<ref name=security/> He had been a supporter of the military, and only recently had joined the coalition to defeat the military's candidate in the electoral college.<ref name=security/> The challenge to Sarney's inauguration was short-lived, however, because in the early hours of inauguration day, Guimarães himself stated that he believed that Sarney had the right to be inaugurated even without Neves, as the role of the vice-president was precisely that of replacing the president when needed.<ref name=issue/>

Sarney and the president of Argentina, Raúl Alfonsín, started the process of creating a common market between the two nations in 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As first steps, they agreed to subsidize regional trade with a special currency for the purpose (the Gaucho).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The agreement led to the formation of the Mercosur in 1991.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also oversaw constitutional amendments that purged the remaining vestiges of authoritarianism from the 1967/1969 Constitution.<ref name="broils">Template:Cite news</ref>

Sarney faced many problems: enormous foreign debt, rampant inflation and corruption as well as the transition to democracy.<ref name=broils/><ref name=bio/> During his presidency, the country had a 934% inflation rate and was overshadowed with union strikes and corruption scandals.<ref name=bio/> Sarney launched an economic plan to stabilize the economy, called "Plano Cruzado", successful at first.<ref name=SPC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The inflation worsened however under Sarney's Plano Cruzado.<ref name=SPC/> A new, fully democratic constitution was promulgated in 1988, and in the following year, the first direct elections since 1960 were held.<ref name=broils/><ref name=bio/> Sarney was barred from running for president in his own right in that election.<ref name=broils/> In Brazil, whenever the vice president ascends as president, it counts as a full term. At the time, Brazilian presidents were barred from immediate re-election.

Post-presidencyEdit

File:Entrevistas Diversas - 49652165431 (cropped).jpg

Sarney in March 2020

Sarney supported Fernando Henrique Cardoso as presidential candidate in 1994 and 1998 and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He returned to the Senate after his presidency, this time representing Amapá, and served as President of the Senate from 1995 to 1997, 2003 to 2005, 2009 to 2011, and 2011 to 2013.<ref name=SenadoFederal>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He retired from politics in 2015 and was the longest-serving member of the Brazilian Congress at the time of his retirement.<ref name="NYTdecline">Template:Cite news</ref> His retirement was noted by The New York Times as a "decline of a political dynasty" which would cause a political shift in the country.<ref name=NYTdecline/> All told, he spent all but 23 months in elected office from his first election as deputy in 1955 until his retirement from the Senate in 2015.

Sarney is regarded as the foremost of Brazil's oligarchs.<ref name=NYTdecline/> Sarney owns the most important newspapers and television stations in Maranhão.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sarney has also faced multiple allegations of nepotism and corruption in his career.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2009, the British weekly The Economist called his election as President of the Senate "a victory for semi-feudalism" and "a throwback to an era of semi-feudal politics that still prevails in corners of Brazil and holds the rest of it back."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Veja columnist Roberto Pompeu de Toledo deemed him "the perfect oligarch".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sérgio Machado, former president of Transpetro, said in his plea agreement within the Operation Car Wash that Sarney received R$18.5 million of the bribe money from a Petrobras subsidiary, in the PMDB account during the period in which he directed the company (2003–2015).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Electoral historyEdit

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Personal lifeEdit

File:José Sarney e Marly Sarney no dia da posse.jpg

Sarney with his wife Marly Macieira

In 1952, Sarney married Marly Macieira.<ref name=life>Template:Cite book</ref> Their children are Congressman José Sarney Filho, Governor Roseana Sarney, and the businessman Fernando Sarney.<ref name=life/>

As a writer, his best known work is the poetry book Os Marimbondos de Fogo ("The Fire Wasps").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sarney was elected to a chair in the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1980.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In April 2012, Sarney was hospitalized and underwent an angioplasty.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In July 2021, he was hospitalized for pleural effusion and had a procedure to remove fluid from his lungs.<ref name=July2021>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2023, Sarney was hospitalized after a fall and was diagnosed with cerebral ischemia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Awards and decorationsEdit

Below is a selected list of awards Sarney has received:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

National honoursEdit

Ribbon bar	Honour	Date
File:BRA - Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.svg	Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross	1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office
File:BRA Ordem de Rio Branco Gra-Cruz BAR.svg	Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco	1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office
File:BRA Ordem do Merito Militar Gra-cruz.png	Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit	1995 – automatic upon taking presidential office
File:Order of Naval Merit - Grand Cross (Brazil) - ribbon bar.png	Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit	1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office
File:BRA Ordem do Mérito Aeronáutico Grã-Cruz.png	Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit	1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office
File:Ordem do mérito judiciario militar.png	Grand Cross of the Order of Military Judicial Merit	1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office
File:National Order of Merit - Grand Cross (Brazil) - ribbon bar.png	Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit	1985 – automatic upon taking presidential office

Foreign honoursEdit

Ribbon bar	Country	Honour
File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Sacro Militare Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio	Template:Flag	Medal of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
Den kongelige norske fortjenstorden storkors stripe	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit
PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Grand Cross BAR	Template:Flag	Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru
PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Collar BAR	Template:Flag	Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
File:PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Order of Christ
File:PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Cross BAR.svg	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry
File:Order of the Star of Romania - Ribbon bar.svg	Template:Flag	Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania