Kalbajar District

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Kalbajar District (Template:Langx) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the East Zangezur Economic Region.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The district borders the districts of Lachin, Khojaly, Agdam, Tartar, Goranboy, Goygol and Dashkasan districts of Azerbaijan, as well as the Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia. Its capital and largest city is Kalbajar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 94,100.<ref name="statgov" />

HistoryEdit

File:Dadivank view.jpg

Dadivank monastery

In Turkic Kalbajar means "Castle on the mouth of the river".<ref>Институт научной информации (Академия наук СССР), Всесоюзный институт научной и технической информации. Реферативный журнал: География, Выпуски 5–6.. — Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1975. — С. 36.</ref> The city of Kalbajar was renamed to Karvachar (Template:Langx) after its occupation in the First Nagorno-Karabakh war, which corresponds to the ancient district of Vaykunik, one of 12 cantons of Artsakh.<ref name="Atlas">Robert H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas. The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 40, 101–102, 264–265.</ref>Template:Clarify Kalbacar was registered as "Kəlavəçər"<ref>http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_rax/N_84.pdf 1590-cı il tarixli “İrəvan əyalətinin müfəssəl dəftəri” (″Detailed register of Revan eyalet in 1590″ (In Azerbaijani) (pages 122-148), pages 7 and 143</ref> or "Kellaveçer",<ref>https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/535826/yokAcikBilim_387338.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y ″Osmanlı Hakimiyetinde Revan (Çukur Sa'ad) (16.-18. Yüzyıllar Arasında Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarih)″ Turkish Ph. D. Dissertation, pages 205 and 231</ref> was one of villages of Zar nahiye of Nakhchivan kaza in Nakhchivan sanjak of Revan Eyalet in 1590 during first Ottoman rule. It was also known as Upper-Khachen or Tsar (after its chief town) and was ruled by one of the branches of the House of Khachen, who held it until the Russian conquest of the Karabakh region in the early 19th century.<ref name="Atlas"/> In 1992, Azerbaijan abolished the Mardakert District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, and its western part was included in the Kalbajar district.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Armenian occupationEdit

As a result of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the area was occupied by Armenian forces on April 3, 1993. The district was declared a part of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, although it continued to be recognized by United Nations as a territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>Template:UN doc</ref> The Azerbaijani population of Kalbajar were displaced and lived as internally displaced persons in other regions of Azerbaijan. The district was made into the Shahumyan Province, one of the eight regions of NKR. The region remained the least populated of the NKR regions with a total population of 2,800. The town of Kalbajar was home to 500 Armenian residents.Template:Citation needed

Return to AzerbaijanEdit

Under the terms of the agreement that ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, most of the district (i.e. Kelbajar district within its Soviet time borders) returned to Azerbaijani control. The eastern part of the district, which was part of Martakert Province, remained under the control of the Republic of Artsakh. Initially, the western part was to be returned to Azerbaijani control by 15 November 2020, but this deadline was subsequently extended to 25 November 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the early hours of November 25, Azerbaijani forces entered the region; it was the second region to be returned to Azerbaijan per the ceasefire agreement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Cultural monumentsEdit

The district has close to 750 Armenian cultural monuments, which include monasteries, churches, chapels, fortresses, khachkars and inscriptions.<ref name="Atlas"/> The most well-known are the monasteries of Dadivank and Gandzasar.<ref name="Atlas"/>

EconomyEdit

File:Kalbajar-1 Hydropower Station.jpg

"Kalbajar-1" hydropower station

Template:AnchorIn 2022, the small 4.4 MW hydroelectric power plant Kelbajar-1 was taken into operation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

DemographicsEdit

At the beginning of the 17th century, most of the Armenians of the region, roughly corresponding to the territory of the region, were deported to Iran, and Kurds began to settle in the region.<ref name=":03">Hewsen R. H. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. — University of Chicago Press, 2001. - P. 265.

Though remote, Tsar nevertheless suffered from the deportations of Shah 'Abbas in the early seventeenth century and was almost denuded of its Armenian inhabitants. Eventually, Kurds settled the area, as they did in the district of Kashat'agh across the Karabagh (Arts'akh) Mountains to the south.

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According to the "Statistical Data on the Population of the Transcaucasian Territory, extracted from the family lists of 1886", on the territory of the Avrayan, Ayrum, Asrik, Koturli, Farakhkanli and Chirakhli rural communities of the Jevanshir uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate, corresponding to the territory of the Kelbajar region (within its Soviet borders), overall, there were 6446 Kurds and 919 Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis), all of the Shiite religion.<ref name=":1" />

According to the 1926 census, Kurds made up 99.8%, and Turks (later known as Azerbaijanis) - only 0.5% of the population of the Kelbajar district of the Kurdistan uezd, while for the majority of the population the native language was Turkic (later known as Azerbaijani).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1933, Turks (i.e. Azerbaijanis) accounted for 100% of the total population of the Bashlybel, Asrik, Kilsala, Otaklar, Kamyshli, Kylychli village councils, more than 99% of the Seidlar, Synykh-Kilisalinsky, Zarsky, Zulfugarli village councils, as well as more than 90% of the Kelbajar and Keshtak village councils. Also, Azerbaijanis made up 50.6% of the Chirakh village council, while 44.4% were Kurds. Only in the Aghjakent village council, Kurds made up the majority - 90.9%.<ref name="АзУНХУ">Template:Cite book</ref>

According to the 1939 census, 89.5% of the region's population were Azerbaijanis.<ref name="автоссылка2">Template:Cite journal</ref>

As of 1979, the region had a population of 40,516:<ref name="население азербайджана">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Azerbaijanis 99.5% (40,329)
Armenians 0.1% (49)
Lezgins 0.1% (30)
Russians 0.1% (46)

In 1980, the population excluding Nagorno Karabakh was 40,300, counting 124 settlements.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> 8 of these settlements were Kurdish.

The population grew to 43,713 by 1989.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As of 1999, the population in the Kalbajar District including part of the now-abolished Mardakert District was 66,211, however the census counts were not carried out in Armenian-occupied parts of Kalbajar:<ref name="население азербайджана"/>

Azerbaijanis 83.2% (55,082)
Armenians 14.8% (9,794)
Lezgins 0,1% (9)
Kurds 1.9% (1,248)
Russians 0.1% (23)
Other 0.1% (45)

During Armenian occupationEdit

Starting in the early 2000s, the district was slowly repopulated by Armenian settlers from eastern Shahumyan and Gulustan area.<ref>The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Legal Analysis. Heiko Krüger. Springer, 2010. Template:ISBN, 9783642117879. p. 102</ref>

According to the 2005 census carried out by the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, 2,560 Armenians were living in the western part of the Shahumyan Province, which roughly corresponded to the Soviet Kalbajar District.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The number grew to 2,800 by 2006.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

By 2015, the number of Armenians who had settled in the district had grown to 3,090 according to the statistics provided by Artsakh.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

However, the international observers provided different figures. An OSCE Fact-Finding Mission visited the occupied territories of Azerbaijan in 2005 to inspect settlement activity in the area and report its findings to the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group. According to FFM figures, at that time the number of Armenian settlers in Kalbajar District was approximately 1,500.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs, who conducted a Field Assessment Mission to the occupied territories of Azerbaijan in October 2010 reported that there was no significant growth in the population since 2005.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>