Template:Short description Template:Pp-pc {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

File:Koran Karachay language version.jpg
Karachay–Balkar-language version of the Koran

Karachay–Balkar ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), often referred to as the "mountaineer language"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay-Baksan-Chegem, which pronounces two phonemes as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and Malkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The modern Karachay–Balkar written language is based on the Karachay–Baksan–Chegem dialect. The language is closely related to Kumyk.<ref name="Compendium of the World Languages">Template:Cite book</ref>

PhonologyEdit

Vowels<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
Front Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link
Consonants<ref name=":0" />
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) (Template:IPA link)
Fricative [[[:Template:IPA link]]] Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link
Affricate [[[:Template:IPA link]]] Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Liquid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Parentheses indicate allophones, brackets indicate phonemes from loanwords.

OrthographyEdit

Historically, the Arabic alphabet had been used by first writers until 1924. Handwritten manuscripts of the Balkar poet Kazim Mechiev and other examples of literature have been preserved to this day. The first printed books in Karachay–Balkar were published in the beginning of the 20th century. In 1910, the prominent educator and the father of literary Karachay-Balkar, Ismail Akbaev, based in Temir-Khan-Shura (Buynaksk), first standardized the Karachay-Balkar Arabic alphabet and published a book titled "A teaching aid for initial teaching of children to write and read". In 1915, a syndicate of teachers from the religious and secular schools of Karachay commissioned Akbaev to develop a national script. The result of this was a primer published in 1916, titled "Ana tili" (آنا تیلی).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ана-тили">Template:Cite book</ref>

After the October Revolution, initially as part of the soviet policy of standardization of school curicculum and public education, the standard Arabic alphabet for Karachay-Balkar was refined once more, in the 2nd edition of "Ana tili" (آنا تیلی) being published by Ismail Akbaev in 1921.<ref name="ана-тили2">Template:Cite book (Archived PDF)</ref>

Later, as part of a new state campaign of Latinization Karachay and Balkar educators developed a new alphabet based on Latin letters, being officially adopted in 1924.

In the 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization of Soviet languages was started. In 1937–38 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted, which remains the official alphabet for Karachay-Balkar up till today.

Cyrillic alphabetEdit

Modern Karachay–Balkar Cyrillic alphabet:

А а
Template:IPAblink
Б б
Template:IPAblink
В в
Template:IPAblink
Г г
Template:IPAblink
Гъ гъ
Template:IPAblink
Д д
Template:IPAblink
Дж дж (1)
Template:IPAblink
Е е (2)
[je]/Template:IPAblink
Ё ё (3)
Template:IPAblink/[jo]
Ж ж (1)
Template:IPAblink
З з
Template:IPAblink
И и
Template:IPAblink
Й й
Template:IPAblink
К к
Template:IPAblink
Къ къ
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Л л
Template:IPAblink
М м
Template:IPAblink
Н н
Template:IPAblink
Нг нг (4)
Template:IPAblink
О о
Template:IPAblink
П п
Template:IPAblink
Р р
Template:IPAblink
С с
Template:IPAblink
Т т
Template:IPAblink
У у (5)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Ф ф
Template:IPAblink
Х х (6)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Ц ц
Template:IPAblink
Ч ч
Template:IPAblink
Ш ш
Template:IPAblink
Щ щ
Template:IPAblink
Ъ ъ
Template:IPAblink
Ы ы
Template:IPAblink
Ь ь
Template:IPAblink
Э э (2)
Template:IPAblink
Ю ю (3)
Template:IPAblink/[ju]
Я я (3)
Template:IPAblink/[ja]

NotesEdit

  1. In Kabardino-Balkaria, ж is written instead of дж, corresponding to the dialectical variation in the pronunciation.
  2. Word-initially, the letter е would be pronounced as [je], whereas the letter э would be pronounced as e. The letter э is not used in the middle or end of words, in native Karachay-Balkar words.
  3. The letters ё, ю, and я are pronounced as vowels Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, and Template:IPAblink respectively in native Karachay-Balkar words, but are pronounced as [jo], [ju], and [ja] in Russian loanwords.
  4. Karachay-Cherkessia, they write нъ instead of нг.
  5. In some publications, especially during the Soviet period, the letter у́ or ў is used for the sound Template:IPAblink.
  6. The letter х can have a variety of pronunciations. In native Karachay-Balkar words, it is pronounced as Template:IPAblink. In Russian loanwords, as Template:IPAblink, and in loanwords of Arabic or Persian origin, as either Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink.

In a new project approved in May 1961, the alphabet was modified to reduce the use of digraphs and non-orthodox usage of Russian letters, featuring the unique letters Ғ ғ, Җ җ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ө ө, Ў ў, Ү ү.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was nullified and the normal Cyrillic alphabet was restored in 1964.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Latin alphabetEdit

Karachay–Balkar Latin alphabet:

A a
Template:IPAblink
B в
Template:IPAblink
C c
Template:IPAblink
Ç ç
Template:IPAblink
D d
Template:IPAblink
E e
Template:IPAblink
F f
Template:IPAblink
G g
Template:IPAblink
Ƣ ƣ
Template:IPAblink
H h (1)
Template:IPAblink
I i
Template:IPAblink
J j
Template:IPAblink
K k
Template:IPAblink
Q q
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
L l
Template:IPAblink
M m
Template:IPAblink
N n
Template:IPAblink
Ꞑ ꞑ
Template:IPAblink
O o
Template:IPAblink
Ө ө (2)
Template:IPAblink
P p
Template:IPAblink
R r
Template:IPAblink
S s
Template:IPAblink
Ş ş (3)
Template:IPAblink
Ꞩ ꞩ (4)
Template:IPAblink
T t
Template:IPAblink
Ь ь
Template:IPAblink
U u
Template:IPAblink
V v
Template:IPAblink
W w (4)
Template:IPAblink
Y y
Template:IPAblink
X x (1)
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Xh xh (1)
Template:IPAblink
Z z
Template:IPAblink
Ƶ ƶ
Template:IPAblink

NotesEdit

  1. The letter h was included at first to represent loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin containing the letters 'ھ and ح, having the sound Template:IPAblink. The letter x initially represented the sound Template:IPAblink, either Arabic and Persian loanwords containing the letter خ or Russian loanwords containing the letter х. The digraph xh was included to represent native Karachay-Balkar sound Template:IPAblink, which was occasionally written in Karachay Arabic alphabet as حۤ. These letters were merged into the single letter x in 1924. The letter h was added again in 1924, but removed again in 1934.
  2. The letter ө was initially proposed to be œ.
  3. The sound Template:IPAblink was initially to be written as sh.
  4. The letters and w were added in 1934.

In the 1990s, with the fall of the Soviet Union, efforts were made to revert Karachay-Balkar to the Latin alphabet. Specifically, a newspaper named "Üyge igikik" was published during the 1990s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The alphabet of the publication was very similar to modern Turkish and it contained the following letters:

  • A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, İ i, I ı, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Arabic alphabetEdit

Prior to 1925, for centuries, the Perso-Arabic script was the basis of the literary language among Karachay-Balkar. Be it in he form of Ottoman Turkish in the Caucasus and among the diaspora in Turkey, or be it the Cuman language, the Turkic lingua franca of the Caucasus and Southern Russia for a few centuries, and more closely related to Karachay-Balkar itself.Template:Clarify

From the early 20th century, there was attempts to bring the writing closer to the spoken dialects and languages among the Karachay and Balkar. As mentioned, the first successful national attempt at standardization of the alphabet was done in 1916.<ref name="ана-тили"/> The second and final attempt was done in 1921, in a published primer, both done by Islael Akbaev.<ref name="ана-тили2"/>

In the first iteration, Arabic maintained the original spelling, with homophone letters continued being used and vowels not fully shown, just as in Arabic orthography. In the second attempt, the use of vowels became more consistent and fully-encompassing, the initial alef letter was dropped (similar to Kazakh Arabic alphabet in the same era. Furthermore, the Arabic letters that had the same pronunciation in Karachay-Balkar were dropped and consolidated (For example the letters ث and ص were dropped in favour of the letter س);with the exception of the letter ع representing a glottal stop Template:IPAblink, and the letters that represent the sounds [[[:Template:IPA link]]~Template:IPA link].

The table below lists the 1921 iteration of the Karachay-Balkar Arabic Alphabet, containing 34 letters.<ref name="ана-тили2"/>

Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic (1)
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic (1)
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink/Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic (1)
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink
Template:Script/Arabic
Template:IPAblink

NoteEdit

  1. In this iteration of the Arabic alphabet, the letter ح was split into two, an unmarked letter, and one that is marked with maddah or tilde, حۤ. The letter ح was to be used for writing Arabic loanwords and the letter ھ for writing foreign loanwords (Arabic, and also Persian and other foreign languages), representing the sound [h]. The letter حۤ was used for writing of native Karachay-Balkar words, and it was to distinguish the [χ] pronunciation of the letter ح in these words with the pronunciation of this letter in Arabic loanwords.

Comparison chartEdit

Perso-Arabic
(1920–1924)
Latin
(1924–1938)
Cyrillic
(1961–1964)
Cyrillic
(1937–1961), (1964–present)
ا A a А а А а
ب B в Б б Б б
و V v В в В в
گ G g Г г Г г
غ Ƣ ƣ Ғ ғ Гъ гъ
د D d Д д Д д
ە E e Е е Е е
ۆ Ө ө Ө ө, Ё ё Ё ё
ژ Ƶ ƶ Ж ж Ж ж
ج Ç ç Җ җ Дж дж (Ж ж)
ز Z z З з З з
ی I i И и И и
ی J j Й й Й й
ك, ک K k К к К к
ق Q q Қ қ Къ къ
ل L l Л л Л л
م M m М м М м
ن N n Н н Н н
ڭ, ݣ Ꞑ ꞑ Ң ң Нг нг (Нъ нъ)
وٓ O o О о О о
پ P p П п П п
ر R r Р р Р р
س S s С с С с
ت T t Т т Т т
و U u У у У у
و W w Ў ў У у (Ў ў, У́ у́)
ف F f Ф ф Ф ф
خ X x Х х Х х
ح H h Һ һ -
S̷ s̷ Ц ц Ц ц
چ C c Ч ч Ч ч
ش Ş ş Ш ш Ш ш
Щ щ Щ щ
ъ ъ
ىٕ File:Latin capital letter I with bowl.svg File:Latin small letter I with bowl.svg Ы ы Ы ы
ь ь
ئە (اە) E e Э э Э э
ۉ Y y Ү ү, Ю ю Ю ю
- - Я я Я я

GrammarEdit

NominalsEdit

CasesEdit

Case Suffix
Nominative
Accusative -НИ
Genitive -НИ
Dative -ГА
Locative -ДА
Ablative -дан

Possessive suffixesEdit

Singular Plural
1st person -им -ибиз
2nd person -инг -игиз
3rd person -(s)I(n) -(s)I(n)

VocabularyEdit

NumeralsEdit

Numeral Karachay–Balkar Kumyk Nogay
0 ноль ноль ноль
1 бир бир бир
2 эки эки эки
3 юч уьч уьш
4 тёрт дёрт доьрт
5 беш беш бес
6 алты алты алты
7 джети етти йети
8 сегиз сегиз сегиз
9 тогъуз тогъуз тогыз
10 он он он
100 бир джюз бир юз бир юз

LoanwordsEdit

Loanwords from Russian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Arabic, and Persian are fairly numerous.<ref name="Compendium of the World Languages" />

In popular cultureEdit

Russian filmmaker Andrei Proshkin used Karachay–Balkar for The Horde, believing that it might be the closest language to the original Kipchak language which was spoken during the Golden Horde.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sample textEdit

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Karachay–Balkar:

In Cyrillic Transliteration Translation
Бютеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хакълары тенг болуб тууадыла. Алагъа акъыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине къарнашлыкъ халда къараргъа керекдиле. Bütew adamla erkin bolub emda sıyları bla haqları teñ bolub tuwadıla. Alağa aqıl bla namıs berilgendi emda bir-birlerine qarnaşlıq halda qararğa kerekdile. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
In Cyrillic (1961-1964) Yañalif Perso-Arabic script(Before 1926)
Бүтеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хақлары тең болуб туўадыла. Алаға ақыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине қарнашлық халда қарарға керекдиле. Byteu adamla erkin ʙoluʙ emda sьjlarь ʙla xalqlarь teꞑ ʙoluʙ tuuadьla. Alaƣa aqьl ʙla namьs ʙerilgendi emda ʙir-ʙirlerine qarnaşlьq xalda qararƣa kerekdile. Template:Script/Arabic

BibliographyEdit

  • Chodiyor Doniyorov and Saodat Doniyorova. Parlons Karatchay-Balkar. Paris: Harmattan, 2005. Template:ISBN.
  • Steve Seegmiller (1996) Karachay (LINCOM)

ReferencesEdit

<references> <ref name=RC2010>Row 102 in {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> </references>

External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Turkic languages Template:Languages of the Caucasus Template:Languages of Russia Template:Arabic script

Template:Authority control