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Ottoman Turkish

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Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Template:Contains special characters

Ottoman Turkish (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). More generically, the Turkish language was called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit "Turkish".

HistoryEdit

Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:

Language reformEdit

Template:Further

In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.Template:Citation needed

See the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below.

English Ottoman Modern Turkish
obligatory lang}} Template:Translit lang}}
hardship lang}} Template:Translit lang}}
city lang}} Template:Translit lang}} (also {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
province lang}} Template:Translit lang}}
war lang}} Template:Translit lang}}

LegacyEdit

Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian-derived genitive construction {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally, "divine preordaining").

In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Writing systemEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Calendar Thessaloniki 1896.jpg
Calendar in Thessaloniki 1896, a cosmopolitan city; the first three lines in Ottoman script

Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet (Template:Langx), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script. The Armenian, Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish, a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet)

GrammarEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish.The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc.

CasesEdit

The table below lists nouns with a variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes; it includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) (back and front vowels), words that end in a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) sound, and words that end in either {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions:

  • Which vowels are written using the 4 letters: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and which are not.
  • When words or morphemes are connected to each other, and when they are separated with the use of Zero-width non-joiner.
  • When a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound, and when not; both in Ottoman orthography and in modern Latin orthography.
  • When harmony of vowel roundness exists in spoken pronunciation and modern Latin orthography, but not in Ottoman orthography.
  • When the letters {{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) are used.
Declension of nouns for case<ref name="redhouse-grammar">Template:Cite book</ref>
Case Morpheme {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss
Nom — lang}} ok lang}} oklar lang}} ev lang}} evler lang}} kurt lang}} çartak lang}} ipek lang}} para lang}} pide lang}} köprü
Acc lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oku {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okları {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağı {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeği {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} parayı {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pideyi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüyü
-ı -i -u -ü
Dat lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oka {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklara {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} eve {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlere {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurda {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağa {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeğe {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paraya {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pideye {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüye
-a -e
Loc lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okta {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklarda {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evde {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerde {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurt'ta {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartakta {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipekde {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} parada {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pidede {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüde
-da -de -ta -te
Abl lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oktan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklardan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evden {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerden {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurttan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartaktan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipekden {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paradan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pideden {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüden
-dan -den -tan -ten
Gen lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okların {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağın {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeğin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paranın {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pidenin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprünün
-ın -in -un -ün
Inst lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okla {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklarla {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evle {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerle {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurtla {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartakla {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipekle {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} parala {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pidele {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprülü
-la -le -lu -lü

PossessivesEdit

Table below shows the suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above.

Declension of nouns for possession<ref name="redhouse-grammar"/>
Person Morpheme {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Template:Gloss
— — lang}} ok lang}} oklar lang}} ev lang}} evler lang}} kurt lang}} çartak lang}} ipek lang}} para lang}} pide lang}} köprü
1st Person Sg. lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okum {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklarım {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evim {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerim {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdum {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağım {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeğim {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} param {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pidem {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüm
-m -ım -im -um -üm
2nd Person Sg. lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okların {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağın {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeğin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paran {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} piden {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprün
-n -ın -in -un -ün
3rd Person Sg. lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oku {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okları {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağı {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeği {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} parası {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pidesi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüsü
-(s)ı -(s)i -(s)u -(s)ü
1st Person Pl. lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okumuz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklarımız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evimiz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evlerimiz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdumuz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağımız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeğimiz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paramız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pidemiz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprümüz
-(ı)mız -(i)miz -(u)muz -(ü)müz
2nd Person Pl. lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okunuz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oklarınız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} eviniz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evleriniz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurdunuz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartağınız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipeğiniz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paranız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pideniz {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprünüz
-(ı)nız -(i)niz -(u)nuz -(ü)nüz
3rd Person Pl. lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okları {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} okları {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kurtları {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} çartakleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ipekleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} paraları {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pideleri {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} köprüleri
-ları -leri

For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding the additional {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) is a vowel, the final vowel {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).

Nom Acc Dat Loc Abl Gen
his/her book lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}}
kitabı kitabını kitabına kitabında kitabından kitabının
his/her books lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}}
kitapları kitaplarını kitaplarına kitaplarında kitaplarından kitaplarının
his/her maternal aunt lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}}
teyzesi teyzesini teyzesine teyzesinde teyzesinden teyzesinin
his/her maternal aunts lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}}
teyzeleri teyzelerini teyzelerine teyzelerinde teyzelerinden teyzelerinin

VerbsEdit

Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} açmak (to open) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels, the second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronunciation and modern Latin orthography).<ref name="wells-grammar">Template:Cite book Online copies from Google Books: [1] (PDF can be accessed at: archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31137)</ref>

rowspan=2 Template:Vert header {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} açmak
'to open' 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevilmek
'to be loved'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header Present Imperfect
am/is/are opening
am/is/are being loved 		1 lang}} açıyorum lang}} açıyoruz lang}} seviliyorum lang}} seviliyoruz
2 lang}} açıyorsun lang}} açıyorsunuz lang}} seviliyorsun lang}} seviliyorsunuz
3 lang}} açıyor lang}} açıyorlar lang}} seviliyor lang}} seviliyorlar
Past Imperfect
was/were opening
was/were being loved 		1 lang}} açıyordum lang}} açıyorduk lang}} seviliyordum lang}} seviliyorduk
2 lang}} açıyordun lang}} açıyordunuz lang}} seviliyordun lang}} seviliyordunuz
3 lang}} açıyordu lang}} açıyordular lang}} seviliyordu lang}} seviliyordular
Present Aorist
shall habitually open
shall habitually be loved 		1 lang}} açarım lang}} açarız lang}} sevilirim lang}} seviliriz
2 lang}} açarsın lang}} açarsınız lang}} sevilirsin lang}} sevilirsiniz
3 lang}} açar lang}} açarlar lang}} sevilir lang}} sevilirler
Past Perfect
opened
was loved 		1 lang}} açtım lang}} açtık lang}} sevildim lang}} sevildik
2 lang}} açtın lang}} açtınız lang}} sevildin lang}} sevildiniz
3 lang}} açtı lang}} açtılar lang}} sevildi lang}} sevildiler
Future
will open
will be loved 		1 lang}} açacağım lang}} açacağız lang}} sevileceğim lang}} sevileceğiz
2 lang}} açacaksın lang}} açacaksınız lang}} sevileceksin lang}} sevileceksiniz
3 lang}} açacak lang}} açacaklar lang}} sevilecek lang}} sevilecekler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Perfect
have/has opened, I believe
was/were loved, I believe 		1 lang}} açmışım lang}} açmışız lang}} sevilmişim lang}} sevilmişiz
2 lang}} açmışsın lang}} açmışsınız lang}} sevilmişsin lang}} sevilmişsiniz
3 lang}} açmış {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} açmışlar lang}} sevilmiş {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevilmişler
lang}} açmışdır lang}} sevilmişdir
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header Aorist
must open
must be loved 		1 lang}} açmalıyım lang}} açmalıyız lang}} sevilmeliyim lang}} sevilmeliyiz
2 lang}} açmalısın lang}} açmalısınız lang}} sevilmelisin lang}} sevilmelisiniz
3 lang}} açmalı lang}} açmalılar lang}} sevilmeli lang}} sevilmeliler
Past
must've open
must've been loved 		1 lang}} açmalıydım lang}} açmalıydık lang}} sevilmeliydim lang}} sevilmeliydik
2 lang}} açmalıydın lang}} açmalıydınız lang}} sevilmeliydin lang}} sevilmeliydiniz
3 lang}} açmalıydı lang}} açmalıydılar lang}} sevilmeliydi lang}} sevilmeliydiler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Present
that may open
that may be loved 		1 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} açayım lang}} açayız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevileyim lang}} sevileyiz
lang}} açalım lang}} sevilelim
2 lang}} açasın lang}} açasınız lang}} sevilesin lang}} sevilesiniz
3 lang}} aça lang}} açalar lang}} sevile lang}} sevileler
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header Aorist
if open
if be loved 		1 lang}} açsam lang}} açsak lang}} sevilsem lang}} sevilsek
2 lang}} açsan lang}} açsanız lang}} sevilsen lang}} sevilseniz
3 lang}} açsa lang}} açsalar lang}} sevilse lang}} sevilseler
Past
if opened
if were loved 		1 lang}} açsaydım lang}} açsaydık lang}} sevilseydim lang}} sevilseydik
2 lang}} açsaydın lang}} açsaydınız lang}} sevilseydin lang}} sevilseydiniz
3 lang}} açsaydı lang}} açsaydılar lang}} sevilseydi lang}} sevilseydiler
Imperative 1 — lang}} açalım — lang}} sevilelim
2 lang}} aç {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} açınız lang}} sevil {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} seviliniz
lang}} açın lang}} sevilin
3 lang}} açsın lang}} açsınlar lang}} sevilsin lang}} sevilsinler

Negation and complex verbsEdit

Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} yazmamaq (not to write) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevebilmek (to be able to love).<ref name="wells-grammar"/>

rowspan=2 Template:Vert header {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} yazmamaq
'not to write' 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevebilmek
'to be able to love'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header Present Imperfect
am/is/are not writing
can love 		1 lang}} yazmayorum lang}} yazmayoruz lang}} sevebiliyorum lang}} sevebiliyoruz
2 lang}} yazmayorsun lang}} yazmayorsunuz lang}} sevebiliyorsun lang}} sevebiliyorsunuz
3 lang}} yazmayor lang}} yazmayorlar lang}} sevebiliyor lang}} sevebiliyorlar
Past Imperfect
was/were not writing
was/were able to love 		1 lang}} yazmıyordum lang}} yazmıyorduk lang}} sevebiliyordum lang}} sevebiliyorduk
2 lang}} yazmıyordun lang}} yazmıyordunuz lang}} sevebiliyordun lang}} sevebiliyordunuz
3 lang}} yazmıyordu lang}} yazmıyordular lang}} sevebiliyordu lang}} sevebiliyordular
Present Aorist
do not write
shall be able to love 		1 lang}} yazmam lang}} yazmayız lang}} sevebilirim lang}} sevebiliriz
2 lang}} yazmazsın lang}} yazmazsınız lang}} sevebilirsin lang}} sevebilirsiniz
3 lang}} yazmaz lang}} yazmazlar lang}} sevebilir lang}} sevebilirler
Past Perfect
used not to write
could love 		1 lang}} yazmadım lang}} yazmadık lang}} sevebildim lang}} sevebildik
2 lang}} yazmadın lang}} yazmadınız lang}} sevebildin lang}} sevebildiniz
3 lang}} yazmadı lang}} yazmadılar lang}} sevebildi lang}} sevebildiler
Future
shall not write
will be able to love 		1 lang}} yazmayacağım lang}} yazmayacağız lang}} sevibileceğim lang}} sevibileceğiz
2 lang}} yazmayacaksın lang}} yazmayacaksınız lang}} sevibileceksin lang}} sevibileceksiniz
3 lang}} yazmayacak lang}} yazmayacaklar lang}} sevibilecek lang}} sevibilecekler
rowspan=3 Template:Vert header Aorist
must open
must be loved 		1 lang}} yazmamalıyım lang}} yazmamalıyız lang}} sevibilmeliyim lang}} sevibilmeliyiz
2 lang}} yazmamalısın lang}} yazmamalısınız lang}} sevibilmelisin lang}} sevibilmelisiniz
3 lang}} yazmamalı lang}} yazmamalılar lang}} sevibilmeli lang}} sevibilmeliler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Present
that may not open
that may not be able to love 		1 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} yazmayayım lang}} yazmayayız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevibileyim lang}} sevibileyiz
lang}} yazmayalım lang}} sevibilelim
2 lang}} yazmayasın lang}} yazmayasınız lang}} sevibilesin lang}} sevibilesiniz
3 lang}} yazmaya lang}} yazmayalar lang}} sevibile lang}} sevibileler
Imperative 1 — lang}} yazmayalım — lang}} sevibilelim
2 lang}} yazma {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} yazmayınız lang}} sevibil {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sevibiliniz
lang}} yazmayın lang}} sevibilin
3 lang}} yazmasın lang}} yazmasınlar lang}} sevibilsin lang}} sevibilsinler

Compound verbsEdit

Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish), is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} etmek) or to become ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} olmaq). For example, note the following two verbs:

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} razı olmaq (to consent) ;
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} katletmek (to slaughter); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} teşekkür etmek (to thank);
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} iyi olunmak (to get better).

Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into a [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well.

rowspan=2 Template:Vert header {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} olmaq
'to become' 		{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} etmek
'to do'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header Present Imperfect 1 lang}} oluyorum lang}} oluyoruz lang}} ediyorum lang}} ediyoruz
2 lang}} oluyorsun lang}} oluyorsunuz lang}} ediyorsun lang}} ediyorsunuz
3 lang}} oluyor lang}} oluyorlar lang}} ediyor lang}} ediyorlar
Past Imperfect 1 lang}} oluyordum lang}} oluyorduk lang}} ediyordum lang}} ediyorduk
2 lang}} oluyordun lang}} oluyordunuz lang}} ediyordun lang}} ediyordunuz
3 lang}} oluyordu lang}} oluyordular lang}} ediyordu lang}} ediyordular
Present Aorist 1 lang}} olurum lang}} oluruz lang}} ederim lang}} ederiz
2 lang}} olursun lang}} olursunuz lang}} edersin lang}} edersiniz
3 lang}} olur lang}} olurlar lang}} eder lang}} ederler
Past Perfect 1 lang}} oldum lang}} olduk lang}} ettim lang}} ettik
2 lang}} oldun lang}} oldunuz lang}} ettin lang}} ettiniz
3 lang}} oldu lang}} oldular lang}} etti lang}} ettiler
Future 1 lang}} olacağım lang}} olacağız lang}} edeceğim lang}} edeceğiz
2 lang}} olacaksın lang}} olacaksınız lang}} edeceksin lang}} edeceksiniz
3 lang}} olacak lang}} olacaklar lang}} edecek lang}} edecekler
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header Aorist 1 lang}} olmalıyım lang}} olmalıyız lang}} etmeliyim lang}} etmeliyiz
2 lang}} olmalısın lang}} olmalısınız lang}} etmelisin lang}} etmelisiniz
3 lang}} olmalı lang}} olmalılar lang}} etmeli lang}} etmeliler
Past 1 lang}} olmalıydım lang}} olmalıydık lang}} etmeliydim lang}} etmeliydik
2 lang}} olmalıydın lang}} olmalıydınız lang}} etmeliydin lang}} etmeliydiniz
3 lang}} olmalıydı lang}} olmalıydılar lang}} etmeliydi lang}} etmeliydiler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header Present 1 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} olayım lang}} olayız {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} edeyim lang}} edeeyiz
lang}} olalım lang}} edelim
2 lang}} olasın lang}} olasınız lang}} edesin lang}} edesiniz
3 lang}} ola lang}} olalar lang}} ede lang}} edeler
Imperative 1 — lang}} olalım — lang}} edelim
2 lang}} ol {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} olunuz lang}} et {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ediniz
lang}} olun lang}} edin
3 lang}} olsun lang}} olsunlar lang}} etsin lang}} etsinler

'to be' and 'not to be' VerbsEdit

In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be, but it is a defective verb. It does not have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix.

rowspan=2 Template:Vert header 'to be'
Singular Plural
rowspan=10 Template:Vert header Present 1 lang}} -ım, -im, -um, -üm lang}} -ız, -iz, -uz, -üz
lang}} -yım, -yim, -yum, -yüm lang}} -yız, -yiz, -yuz, -yüz
2 lang}} -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün lang}} -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz
3 lang}} -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür
-tır, -tir, -tur, -tür 		lang}} -dırlar, -dirler, -durlar, -dürler
-tırlar, -tirler, -turlar, -türler
Past 1 lang}} -dım, -dim, -dum, -düm
-tım, -tim, -tum, -tüm 		lang}} -dık, -dik, -duk, -dük
-tık, -tik, -tuk, -tük
lang}} -ydım, -ydim, -ydum, -ydüm lang}} -ydık, -ydik, -yduk, -ydük
2 lang}} -dın, -din, -dun, -dün
-tın, -tin, -tun, -tün 		lang}} -dınız, -diniz, -dunuz, -dünüz
-tınız, -tiniz, -tunuz, -tünüz
lang}} -ydın, -ydin, -ydun, -ydün lang}} -ydınız, -ydiniz, -ydunuz, -ydünüz
3 lang}} -dı, -di, -du, -dü
-tı, -ti, -tu, -tü 		lang}} -dılar, -diler, -dular, -düler
-tılar, -tiler, -tular, -tüler
lang}} -ydı, -ydi, -ydu, -ydü lang}} -ydılar, -ydiler, -ydular, -ydüler
rowspan=12 Template:Vert header Aorist 1 lang}} -sam, -sem lang}} -sak, -sek
lang}} -ysam, -ysem lang}} -ysak, -ysek
2 lang}} -san, -sen lang}} -sanız, -seniz, -sanuz, -senüz
lang}} -ysan, -ysen lang}} -ysanız, -yseniz, -ysanuz, -ysenüz
3 lang}} -sa, -se lang}} -salar, -seler
lang}} -ysa, -yse lang}} -ysalar, -yseler
Past 1 lang}} -saydım, -seydim, -saydum, -seydüm lang}} -saydık, -seydik, -sayduk, -seydük
lang}} -ysaydım, -yseydim, -ysaydum, -yseydüm lang}} -ysaydık, -yseydik, -ysayduk, -yseydük
2 lang}} -saydın, -seydin, -saydun, -seydün lang}} -saydınız, -seydiniz, -saydunuz, -seydünüz
lang}} -ysaydın, -yseydin, -ysaydun, -yseydün lang}} -ysaydınız, -yseydiniz, -ysaydunuz, -yseydünüz
3 lang}} -saydı, -seydi, -saydu, -seydü lang}} -saydılar, -seydiler, -saydular, -seydüler
lang}} -ysaydı, -yseydi, -ysaydu, -yseydü lang}} -ysaydılar, -yseydiler, -ysaydular, -yseydüler

Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} değil, followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as a standalone for 3rd person.

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / ben işçi değilim: 'I am not a worker'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / o çiftçi değildir: 'he is not a farmer'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / o çiftçi değil: 'he is not a farmer'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / eğer kendim için hazır değilseydim.: 'if I'm not ready for myself'

'to exist/have' and 'not to exist/have' VerbsEdit

Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula, the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} var.

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / ev var: 'there is a house'

The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine".

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / evim var: 'I have a house'

The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in the same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} var, followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section.

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / evin vardı: 'you had a house'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / bina varmalıydı: 'there had to be a building'

The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} yok is used.

  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / ev yok: 'there isn't a house'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / evim yok: 'I don't have a house'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / evin yoktu: 'you didn't have a house'
  • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / bina yokmalıydı: 'there must not have been a building'

Verb ConstructionEdit

Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from a single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words.

Below table is a sample from the verb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit, "to kick"), whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit). Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Translit) at the end.<ref name="redhouse-grammar"/>

Classes Active
Transitive or Intransitive Transitive or Intransitive Intransitive
Determinate Indeterminate Reciprocal
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header Simple lang}} (tep)
kick 		lang}} (tepin)
kick about, dance 		lang}} (tepiş)
mutually kick one another
Causative
(Permissive) 		lang}} (teptir)
make/let s.o. kick/be kicked 		lang}} (tepindir)
make s.o. kick about 		lang}} (tepiştir)
make s.o.s kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header Simple lang}} (tepme)
don't kick 		lang}} (tepinme)
don't kick about, don't dance 		lang}} (tepişme)
don't mutually kick one another
Causative
(Permissive) 		lang}} (teptirme)
make/let not s.o. kick/be kicked 		lang}} (tepindirme)
make not s.o. kick about 		lang}} (tepiştirme)
make not s.o.s kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header Simple lang}} (tepeme)
be unable to kick 		lang}} (tepineme)
be unable to kick about, dance 		lang}} (tepişeme)
be unable to mutually kick one another
Causative
(Permissive) 		lang}} (teptireme)
be unable to make/let s.o. kick/be kicked 		lang}} (tepindireme)
be unable to make s.o. kick about 		lang}} (tepiştireme)
be unable to make s.o.s kick one another mutually
Classes Passive
Transitive or Intransitive Transitive or Intransitive Intransitive
Determinate Indeterminate Reciprocal
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header Simple lang}} (tepil)
be kicked 		lang}} (tepinil)
be kicked about 		lang}} (tepişil)
be mutually kick in
Causative
(Permissive) 		lang}} (teptiril)
be mad to be kicked 		lang}} (tepindiril)
be made to be kicked about 		lang}} (tepiştiril)
be made to kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header Simple lang}} (tepilme)
not be kicked 		lang}} (tepinilme)
not be kicked about 		lang}} (tepişilme)
not be mutually kicked
Causative
(Permissive) 		lang}} (teptirilme)
be not made to be kicked 		lang}} (tepindirilme)
be not made to be kicked about 		lang}} (tepiştirilme)
be not made to be one another mutually kicked
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header Simple lang}} (tepilme)
be unable to be kicked 		lang}} (tepinileme)
be unable to be kicked about 		lang}} (tepişileme)
be unable to be mutually kicked
Causative
(Permissive) 		lang}} (teptirileme)
be unable to be made to be kicked 		lang}} (tepindirileme)
be unable to be made to be kicked about 		lang}} (tepiştirileme)
be unable to be made to be mutually kicked

StructureEdit

File:Redhouse's Turkish Dictionary.pdf
page=7

Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.<ref name="Bertold Spuler p 69">Template:Ill. Persian Historiography & Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd Template:ISBN p 69</ref> As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.<ref>Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William Smythe Strangford, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe Strangford, Emily Anne Beaufort Smythe Strangford, "Original Letters and Papers of the late Viscount Strangford upon Philological and Kindred Subjects", Published by Trübner, 1878. pg 46: "The Arabic words in Turkish have all decidedly come through a Persian channel. I can hardly think of an exception, except in quite late days, when Arabic words have been used in Turkish in a different sense from that borne by them in Persian."</ref><ref>M. Sukru Hanioglu, "A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire", Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: "It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.</ref><ref>Pierre A. MacKay, "The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha", Hesperia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".</ref>

The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar, Bashkir, and Uyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.<ref name="books.google.nl">Korkut Bugday. An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 Template:ISBN p XV.</ref> In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text.<ref name="books.google.nl"/> It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.<ref name="books.google.nl"/>

In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:

  • Template:Translit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
  • Template:Translit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
  • Template:Translit {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.

A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the Template:Translit variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and Template:Translit the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic Template:Translit ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) when buying it.

NumbersEdit

Template:See also

Cardinal numbers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
0 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
1 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
2 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
3 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
4 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
5 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
6 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
7 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
8 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
9 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
10 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
11 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit
12 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Translit

TransliterationsEdit

Template:See also The transliteration system of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts.<ref>Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2</ref> In transcription, the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard.<ref>Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 13</ref> Another transliteration system is the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script.<ref>Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt, p. 9 Template:Webarchive</ref> There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems.

İA-Transliteration<ref>Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2f.</ref>
lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}} lang}}
Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit Template:Translit

See alsoEdit

Template:Portal

NotesEdit

Template:Notelist

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

English
Other languages
  • Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi), Engin Yayınevi, (2003).
  • Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi (Books That Atatürk Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001).
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book

External linksEdit

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