Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox Greek Dimos

Kastoria (Template:Langx, Kastoriá {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city in northern Greece in the region of Western Macedonia. It is the capital of Kastoria regional unit, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is situated on a promontory on the western shore of Lake Orestiada, in a valley surrounded by limestone mountains. The town is known for its many Byzantine churches, Byzantine and Ottoman-era domestic architecture, its lake and its fur clothing industry.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

NameEdit

In the 6th century, the historian Procopius wrote the name Kastoria was used for the lake.<ref name="Moustakas885"/> The first reference to the town of Kastoria is by historian John Skylitzes writing about the late 10th century.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/><ref name="Moustakas884"/> The toponym Kastoria means "place of beavers" and is derived from kastori (καστόρι), the Greek word for beaver and an animal whose local habitat was along the shores of lake Kastoria.<ref name="BowenRing361"/><ref name="SiPoLe139">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Faiers44">Template:Cite book</ref> The name of the town is sometimes written as Castoria,<ref name="SpWi601">Template:Harvnb.</ref> especially in older works. The town is known as Kesriye in Turkish,<ref name="Pitcher157">Template:Cite book</ref> Kostur (Cyrillic: Костур) in Bulgarian and Macedonian,<ref name="Kostov279">Template:Cite book</ref> Kosturi in Albanian<ref name="Elsie297">Template:Harvnb</ref> and Kusturea in Aromanian.<ref name="Koukoudis343"/>

MunicipalityEdit

File:Dimos Kastorias Topo.png
Kastoria municipality map

The municipality Kastoria was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 9 former municipalities, that became municipal units:<ref name=Kallikratis>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The municipality has an area of 763.330 km2, the municipal unit 57.318 km2.<ref name=stat01>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The municipal unit consists of the town Kastoria and the settlements Aposkepos, Kefalari and Chloi.<ref name="census21" />

DistrictsEdit

  • Apózari
  • Doltsó
  • Dailaki (Myloi)
  • Doplitsa
  • Kato Agora
  • Kallithea
  • Lyv

ClimateEdit

Kastoria has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). As a result of the moderating effect of the lake, it records less extreme temperatures than the rest of Western Macedonia. Template:Weather box

HistoryEdit

Template:For

File:Kostur-Sveti-Stefan.jpg
The church of St. Stephanos (10th c.),<ref name=Drakopoulou_p23>Δρακοπούλου, Ευγενία. Η πόλη της Καστοριάς τη βυζαντινή και μεταβυζαντινή εποχή (12ος – 16ος αι.): ιστορία, τέχνη, επιγραφές, Χριστιανική Αρχαιολογική Εταιρεία, 1997, Template:ISBN, p.23. Template:In lang</ref> Paleologou Street

AntiquityEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Kastoria was the site of previous settlements, the first being Celetrum (or Keletron), a town located near a lake in Orestis and mentioned by historian Livy in reference to the events of 199 BC.<ref name="Samsaris159">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Moustakas884"/> Celetrum surrendered to Publius Sulpicius Galba during the Roman war (200–197 BC) against Philip V of Macedon.<ref name="HaWa423">Template:Cite book</ref> The ancient town was possibly located on a hill above the town's current location.

The Roman Emperor Diocletian (ruled 284–305 AD) founded the town of Diocletianopolis (Διοκλητιανούπολις) in the vicinity.<ref name="Samsaris6572">Template:Cite journal</ref> After Diocletianopolis was destroyed by barbarians, Emperor Justinian relocated it on a promontory projecting into Lake Orestiada, the town's current location, and Procopius writes the emperor "gave it an appropriate name", perhaps indicating that he renamed it Justinianopolis (Ίουστινιανούπολις).<ref name="GrWh11101111"/><ref name="Moustakas885"/> References to Justinian's settlement cease during the 7th and 8th centuries, due to the possible abandonment of the location.<ref name="Moustakas885">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus made an anachronistic mention of Diocletianopolis in his work De Thematibus<ref name="GrWh11101111"/> (10th century).

Middle AgesEdit

File:Kastoria 2014-05-18 (3).JPG
The church of Panagia (Koumpelidiki) (9th or 10th c.).<ref name=Drakopoulou_p23/>
File:Agii Treis Kastoria Outside.JPG
The church of Three Saints (15th c.).<ref name=Drakopoulou_p23/>
File:Agios Nikolaos Kasnitzi 02.JPG
The church of St Nicholas Kasnitzes (12th c.).<ref name=Drakopoulou_p23/>

The origins of Kastoria are from the 9th century, as its surrounding walls and oldest churches, such as St. Stephan and the Taxiarchs, date from the era.<ref name="Moustakas884">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The first mention of the settlement of Kastoria was by Skylitzes in relation to events of the late 10th century during the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/><ref name="Hupchick436">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Moustakas884"/> The town was in Bulgarian hands until 1018, when it was conquered by Basil II.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/>

Kastoria was occupied by the Normans under Bohemond I in 1082/83.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/> In October 1083, emperor Alexios I Komnenos forced the garrison to surrender, recovering thus the town and convincing many Norman troops, including Peter Aliphas, to enter his services.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the 13th and 14th centuries, the town became contested between several powers and changed hands often.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/> The Second Bulgarian Empire held the city under Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II.<ref>Andreev, J. The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (Balgarskite hanove i tsare, Българските ханове и царе), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 200, Template:ISBN</ref> Under the Bulgarians, Kastoria had a significant Romaniote Jewish community, with prominent individuals such as scholar Tobiah ben Eliezer.<ref name="Weinberger12">Template:Cite book</ref>

Later, it was recovered by the Despotate of Epirus. The Nicaean Empire captured it in ca. 1252, but lost it again to Epirus in ca. 1257, only for the Nicaeans to recapture it following the Battle of Pelagonia (1259).<ref name="GrWh11101111"/>

In the early 14th century, Kastoria was part of the domain of John II Doukas, "doux of Great Vlachia and Kastoria". After his death, the town became part of the semi-autonomous domain of Stephen Gabrielopoulos. After the latter's death in 1332/3, the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos took over the town, but in the very next year (1334) it was surrendered briefly to the Serbs by the renegade Syrgiannes Palaiologos.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/>

The Serbian ruler Stephen Dushan finally captured Kastoria in 1342/3, taking advantage of the ongoing Byzantine civil war, and made it part of his Serbian Empire. After Dushan's death, Kastoria became the seat of Symeon Uroš.<ref name="GrWh11101111"/>

The town came later under the Epirote ruler Thomas Preljubović, and then under the Albanian Muzaka family, until it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1380s.<ref name="GrWh11101111">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ottoman eraEdit

Template:Further

The Ottoman Turks conquered Kastoria around 1385,<ref name="Kiel303">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Stavridopoulos261"/> but it is unclear whether by force or by an agreement with its Albanian rulers.<ref name="BowenRing361">Template:Cite book</ref> Following the conquest and depopulation of Constantinople, the Romaniote Jews from Kastoria were forcefully resettled by the Ottomans in Balat district as part of efforts to repopulate the city.<ref name="Tsolakis535536"/><ref name="Bowman16"/> Toward the end of the 15th century, Jews expelled from Italy, Sicily, Portugal and Spain settled in Kastoria.<ref name="SpWi602"/> In 1519, Kastoria was a zeamet of Chamberlain Mehmed Bey, and the infantry commander of Thessaloniki, Hızır.<ref name="Gokbilgin264"/> The town also had Voynuks.<ref name="Gokbilgin264"/>

File:Ο Καστοριανός Γεώργιος Θεοχάρης.jpg
The Kastorian native Georgios Theocharis was a co-conspirator of Rigas Feraios and later consul of Greece in Leipzig.Template:Sfn

The establishment of Ottoman rule resulted in the demise of the local Greek landowning class, and funding of the arts and culture in Kastoria was undertaken by its wealthy merchants.<ref name="Moustakas886"/> The Greek merchants Georgios Kyritses and Manolakis Kastorianos financed Greek education in Kastoria.<ref name="Moustakas886"/> Greek schools were established in Kastoria, with the oldest in the town and Macedonia being founded in 1614; a second was founded in 1705, and a third in 1715, funded by Kyritses.<ref name="Moustakas886"/>

In 1797–1798, the Greek revolutionary Rigas Feraios was partly based in Kastoria.<ref name="Palairet96">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Among his co-conspirators were several Kastorian Greeks, such as Georgios Theocharis, and the brothers Panagiotis and John Emmanuel. When they were arrested by the Austrian authorities and handed over to the Ottomans, John Emmanuel admitted that he had smuggled a copy of Feraios' revolutionary song "Thourios" (Template:Langx) into Kastoria and sang it there many times. Theocharis escaped execution thanks to his Austrian citizenship, but those of Feraios' companions that did not possess foreign citizenship were executed.Template:Sfn When the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, there was Greek revolutionary activity in Kastoria as throughout the towns and villages of western Macedonia. John Papareskas was a notable Greek revolutionary from Kastoria. Revolutinary activity attracted the attention of the Ottoman authorities and the Ottoman commander Mehmet Emin took several Greek notables as hostages from towns in western Macedonia, including Kastoria.Template:Sfn

Following the destruction of Moscopole (late eighteenth century), some Aromanian refugees attempted to settle in Kastoria, and their efforts were unsuccessful due to concerns by local Kastorians over economic competition from newcomers.<ref name="Koukoudis343">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Later, Aromanians with origins from Moscopole, Nikolicë, Vithkuq and other locations settled in Kastoria, and by the mid–nineteenth century the upper class of the town's Greek community was formed mostly by Aromanian families.<ref name="Koukoudis343344">Template:Cite book</ref>

In the late Ottoman period, Kastoria was the seat of a kaza belonging to the sanjak of Görice, within the Vilayet of Monastir.<ref name="Unlu230">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Stavridopoulos261"/>

The older presence of Greek cultural tradition led to the establishment of strong Greek national feeling among town inhabitants in an era of conflict arising from nationalism (late 19th and early 20th centuries).<ref name="Moustakas886"/> As a result, Kastoria became the main location for the Greek movement in west Macedonia during this period.<ref name="Moustakas886"/>

Macedonian Struggle and Balkan WarsEdit

File:Melas Karavangelis Monument Kastoria Metropoly 2013.JPG
A memorial in Kastoria depicting Germanos Karavangelis (left) and Pavlos Melas (right).

As a largely Greek town in west Macedonia at the turn of the 20th century,<ref name="Glenny200">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Kastoria featured prominently in the Greek efforts during the Macedonian Struggle. A notable figure was Germanos Karavangelis, who served as the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Bishop of Kastoria from 1900 until 1907.<ref name="Papaconstantinou135">Template:Cite journal</ref> Karavangelis thought that the post-Ottoman future of Macedonia would be decided by Balkan states, and viewed Bulgarian influence in the area as the greatest threat to Greek interests.<ref name="Glenny206"/> He formed the earliest Greek armed groups fighting for the region.<ref name="Moustakas886"/> During the Macedonian struggle, Karavangelis, an imposing figure, traveled in rural areas and directed the Greek response toward supporters of the Bulgarian cause, the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (VMRO) and the Exarchate.<ref name="Glenny206"/> He supported close interaction among local Turks and Greeks, but only when it was needed.<ref name="Glenny206"/> Greece sent more funds, men and arms to individuals such as Karavangelis in Macedonia.<ref name="Glenny206">Template:Cite book</ref> When the Greek fighter and officer Pavlos Melas was killed in action in 1904, Karavangelis arranged to have his body buried within the Metropolis of Kastoria, after first having threatened to mobilize the town's Greek population if the Ottoman authorities did not surrender Melas' body.<ref name="Karavangelis">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Natalia425">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

Modern GreeceEdit

Ottoman rule ended in Kastoria after it was taken by the Greek Army in the First Balkan War (1912).<ref name="Moustakas886"/><ref name="Fonzi76"/> In 1913, the town was annexed and the treaties of London and Bucharest formally recognised Kastoria and the wider area as part of Greece.<ref name="Moustakas886">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Fonzi76">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

World War IIEdit

During both World War II and the Greek Civil War, the town was repeatedly fought over and heavily damaged in the process. It was nearly captured by the Communist Democratic Army of Greece in 1948, and the final battles of the civil war took place on the nearby Mount Gramos in 1949.

In 1940, Kastoria came under Italian occupation.<ref name="Plaut56">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="SpWi602"/> In 1943, the judicial courts of Kastoria were destroyed by fire, including the town archive.<ref name="Balta18">Template:Cite book</ref> Italy surrendered in late 1943, and Kastoria came under German control.<ref name="Kralova109">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="SpWi602"/> In April 1944 the German army sent the town's Jews first to Thessaloniki and later to the Auschwitz concentration camp where they were gassed.<ref name="Bowman70"/><ref name="Hantzaroula84">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"/> In 1945, the Kastoria Jewish community numbered 35 people, a reduction of 95 percent due to the Holocaust.<ref name="Plaut686971">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Istim"/><ref name="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Kastoria was liberated from German rule by the guerrillas of the Greek People's Liberation Army.

Contemporary periodEdit

Following the Greek Civil War, large numbers of Kastorian Greeks migrated abroad, where in the 1980s they numbered 25,000 in the New York area, and worked as furriers; younger generations worked as lawyers and doctors.<ref name=":2" /> A Kastorian Greek diaspora numbering 10,000 in the 1980s established itself in Frankfurt after it replaced Leipzig as Germany's new fur industry centre, following its post–war division.<ref name=":2" /> Nowadays Kastoria is a prosperous provincial town, its economy being mainly driven by the fur industry and tourism, the latter due to the town's physical attractiveness and many historical Byzantine churches.<ref name="Moustakas884"/>

EconomyEdit

Template:See also

Kastoria is a popular tourist destination and an international centre of fur trade, having taken so the nickname the city of the fur traders. Tourism and the fur industry dominate the local economy. Indeed, (as mentioned above) the town was possibly named after one of the former staples of the trade – the European beaver (kastóri in Greek), now extinct in the area. Trading in mink fur now predominates and every year an international showcase of fur takes place in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Involvement with fur began in the early middle ages, when Kastoria supplied ermine pelts for the robes of Byzantine courtiers.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> The fur industry was established in Kastoria during the sixteenth century, and extensive trade links emerged connecting the town with wider Europe.<ref name="Fonzi79"/> Merchants settled in Germany and Russia.<ref name=":2" /> In the seventeenth century, Kastoria was the European fur industry centre and marketplace, and various fur products on offer were imports (such as pelts from Russian sable),<ref name="Appelbaum451"/> with a majority of Kastorian Jews being wealthy dealers in the fur trade.<ref name="Scholem779">Template:Cite book</ref> By the late 18th century, Kastoria had developed a strong Hellenic commercial culture.<ref name="Palairet45">Template:Cite book</ref>

In Kastoria, Jews participated in trade and tanning production.<ref name="SpWi602"/> The Jewish community was involved in the fur industry, and its merchants worked closely with craftsmen who were mainly from the Greek community.<ref name="Fonzi79"/> The town economy was successful, in particular during the nineteenth century, due to both Jews and Greeks working well together.<ref name="Fonzi79"/> Slavophone peasants from the wider area would go to Kastoria on market days.<ref name="Fonzi79">Template:Cite journal</ref> By the early twentieth century, Jewish merchants were involved in the trade of fur and tobacco.<ref name="Plaut2627">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The Muslim population of Kastoria in 1913 worked as fishermen (30 percent) in Lake Kastoria, in agriculture (13 percent), or were large landowners (16 percent).<ref name="Katsikas158">Template:Cite book</ref> In the interwar period, local Jews were involved in the textile, agricultural, and raw material sectors of Kastoria's economy.<ref name="Plaut43">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

In modern Kastoria, there are more than 300 small and big dealers in fur.Template:Citation needed Abroad, early twentieth century immigration to New York from Kastoria by Greeks involved in fur production expanded the local US industry, as demand for fur clothing increased, with most small businesses owned by Kastorian Greeks.<ref name="Karpozilos52">Template:Cite book</ref> The modern fur industry in New York is run by Kastorian Greeks, such as Castor Furs; a business involved in the fashion industry.<ref name="Appelbaum451">Template:Cite book</ref> Other industries include the sale and distribution of locally grown produce; particularly wheat, apples, wine, and fish. Recently a large shopping center has been built in the city of Kastoria. Kastoria has 16 local radio stations,<ref name="radiofono">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> two TV stations, five daily newspapers, and seven weekly ones.<ref name="makthes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The town's airport is named Aristotelis Airport.

PopulationEdit

Year Town Municipal unit Municipality
1981 20,660
1991 14,775
2001 14,813 16,218
2011 13,387 16,958 35,874
2021 12,548 16,393 33,095

HistoricalEdit

The Ottoman fiscal register of 1445 showed a total population of 4,518, of which 3,977 were Christians, 431 were Jews, and 110 were Muslims.<ref name="Moustakas886"/>

In 1519, the town had 4,815 people, of which 4,480 were Christians and 335 were Muslims,<ref name="Moustakas886"/> divided into 732 Christian households and 67 Muslim households.<ref name="Gokbilgin264">Template:Cite journal</ref> Muslims were a minority in Kastoria, and would remain a minority for the duration of Ottoman rule.<ref name="Moustakas886"/>

According to the findings of Vasil Kanchov, at the turn of the 20th century, the town had 3,000 Greek Christians, 1,600 Turkish Muslims, 750 Jews, 300 Bulgarian Christians, 300 Albanian Christians, and 240 Roma, for a total of 6,190 inhabitants.<ref>Kanchov, Vasil. Македония. Етнография и Статистика. I изд. Бълг. Книжовно Д-во, София, 1900; II фототипно изд. "Проф. М. Дринов", София, 1996). 43. Костурска Каза</ref> According to the findings of Dimitri Mishev, the town had a population of 4,000 Greek Christians, 400 Bulgarian Patriarchist Grecomans and 72 Vlachs in 1905 (excluding the Muslim minority).<ref>Dimitri Mishev and D. M. Brancoff, La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne, p. 180</ref>

The 1920 Greek census recorded 6,280 people in the town, and 829 inhabitants (242 families) were Muslim in 1923.<ref name="Pelagidis76"/> The Muslim minority of Kastoria was sent to Turkey during the Greek–Turkish population exchange (1923), and resettled in places such as Bor, Kahramanmaraş, and Yozgat in Turkey.<ref name="Ozkan176">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Temizguney309">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Gunay1604160716101612">Template:Cite conference</ref> Following the exchange, there were 101 Greek refugee families from Asia Minor, 19 from East Thrace, and one from Pontus in 1926.<ref name="Pelagidis76"/> The 1928 Greek census recorded 10,308 inhabitants.<ref name="Pelagidis76"/> In 1928, Greek refugee families numbered 137 (588 people).<ref name="Pelagidis76">Template:Cite thesis</ref>

Jewish CommunityEdit

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A Jewish presence in the area is recorded as early as late antiquity, when a Jewish community resided in Emperor Justinian's settlement.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the time of the First Bulgarian Empire, Kastoria had a significant Romaniote Jewish community, with prominent individuals such as scholar Tobiah ben Eliezer.<ref name="Weinberger12"/>

Following the conquest and depopulation of Constantinople, the Romaniote Jews from Kastoria led by Matthias Tamar, were forcefully resettled by the Ottomans in Balat district as part of efforts to repopulate the city.<ref name="Tsolakis535536"/><ref name="Bowman16">Template:Harvnb.</ref> A synagogue named after Kastoria was built and still stands in modern Istanbul.<ref name="Tsolakis535536">Template:Cite book</ref> Toward the end of the 15th century, Jews expelled from Italy, Sicily, Portugal and Spain settled in Kastoria and became an important part of the population.<ref name="SpWi602"/>

In the late seventeenth century, the Jewish messianic Sabbatean movement had some prominent supporters in Kastoria, although most remained as practicing Jews.<ref name="Scholem779"/> An epidemic during 1719–1720 resulted in 62 deaths among the Jewish community.<ref name="SpWi602"/> Jews with Italian and Spanish origins from Vlorë, later went to Berat, and by 1740 had resettled in Kastoria due to several epidemics.<ref name="Quintana87">Template:Cite book</ref>

Several blood libels were made toward the Jewish community during the 19th century.<ref name="SpWi602"/> In 1873, a Jewish school was founded in the town.<ref name="SpWi602"/> Bandits took 70 Jews hostage in 1887, and their release was secured by the Jewish community.<ref name="SpWi602"/> Some Kastorian Jews migrated to Salonika.<ref name="Naar440441">Template:Cite journal</ref> Ladino-speaking Jews immigrated to the United States, and by the early twentieth century those from Kastoria had formed a Kastoria Society.<ref name="Gerber57">Template:Harvnb</ref> In the modern period, the community still uses the name Kastoria for burial plots.<ref name="Gerber64">Template:Cite book</ref> Under Ottoman rule, the Jews of Kastoria had close ties with the Jewish community of Monastir (modern Bitola).<ref name="Plaut26">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The levels of Jewish education increased in Kastoria after the organisation Alliance Israélite Universelle provided funding and support in 1903.<ref name="SpWi602"/> In the early twentieth century, the Kastorian Jews were Sephardim and numbered some 1,600.<ref name="Plaut2627"/> In Kastoria, the Jewish community had a chief rabbi, three yeshivot (Jewish religious schools), and several synagogues.<ref name="Appelbaum451"/> In 1906 the Jewish population numbered 1,600, and in 1908 a blood libel occurred.<ref name="SpWi602"/>

Throughout the 1920s, the Jewish community had two synagogues, two welfare organisations, a society for burials, a kindergarten and school.<ref name="SpWi602"/> In 1928, Kastorian Jews numbered 1,000.<ref name="Plaut69">Template:Harvnb.</ref> In 1928, a Zionist association was formed in Kastoria, and some of the town's Jewish children were sent to study and live in Mandate Palestine.<ref name="Plaut4849">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="SpWi602"/>

In World War Two, Kastoria and its Jewish population came under Italian, and later, German occupation.<ref name="Plaut56">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="SpWi602"/> The Jewish community numbered 900 people in 1940 and 1943.<ref name="Plaut6869">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="SpWi602"/><ref name="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"/> Some Jews became partisans, and others fled to a nearby village.<ref name="SpWi602"/> In late March 1944, 763 Kastorian Jews residing in the Jewish neighbourhood were taken prisoner, while 50 went into hiding, and the Greek Orthodox Archbishop secured the release of 30–40 Jews.<ref name="Bowman70"/><ref name="SpWi602"/> During April 1944, the German army sent the town's Jews first to Thessaloniki, and later to the Auschwitz concentration camp where they were gassed.<ref name="Bowman70">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hantzaroula84"/><ref name="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"/> In 1945, the Kastoria Jewish community numbered 35 people; a reduction of 95 percent due to the Holocaust.<ref name="Plaut686971">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Istim"/><ref name="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"/>

The Jewish population of Kastoria was 38 in 1948, 27 in 1959, two in 1973, and five in 1983.<ref name="Plaut6996162">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Post war, heirless Jewish properties of Kastoria were 22 dwellings, three shops, and 35 land lots, and were administered by the OPAIE (The Heirless Property and Jewish Rehabilitation Fund).<ref name="Plaut87">Template:Harvnb.</ref> In the early 1970s, the Central Board of Jewish Communities, an organisation representing Jewish communities in Greece, attempted to liquidate Jewish properties in Kastoria with support from a few local Jews, several other Kastorians, and officials.<ref name="Plaut108109"/> The Kastoria Jewish diaspora in Israel and the US supported moves to reclaim the properties.<ref name="Plaut108109"/> The Central Board managed to gain control of a few communal properties after purchasing them from their Jewish owners.<ref name="Plaut108109">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The Jewish community had dwindled to one family, and during the 1980s, relatives and business were factors which influenced Jews to remain in Kastoria.<ref name="Plaut159173">Template:Harvnb.</ref> By the late twentieth century the Jewish presence in Kastoria had disappeared due to deaths and migration.<ref name="Plaut184">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Members from the Kastorian Jewish diaspora produced Trezoros: The Lost Jews of Kastoria, a documentary about the Jews of Kastoria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Istim">Template:Cite news</ref>

LandmarksEdit

File:Kostur-Sveti-Vrach.jpg
Sts Cosmas and Damian (Anargiroi) church, of 11th century, beside the lake

Byzantine monumentsEdit

Kastoria is an important religious centre for the Greek Orthodox Church, and is the seat of a metropolitan bishop. The Metropolis of Kastoria is one of the metropolises of the New Lands in Greece, administered as part of the Church of Greece. Kastoria originally had 72 Byzantine and medieval churches, of which 54 have survived;<ref name=":0" /> including Panagia Koumpelidiki and St Athanasius of Mouzaki. Some of these have been restored and provide useful insight into trends in Late Byzantine styles of architecture and fresco painting.

The Museum of Byzantine History located on Dexamenis Square houses many examples of Byzantine iconography. The Costume Museum and the Monuments Museum are also located in the city.

Doltsó and ApózariEdit

During the Ottoman times, Kastoria attracted a multitude of people from across the Balkans and beyond, resulting in a diverse, multi-ethnic community. As a result, the city plan was radically transformed. The different ethnic communities, Bulgarian, Turkish, Greek, and Jewish, became centred around separate neighbourhoods or 'quarters'. Two old Greek lakeside quarters, the "Doltso" (Dolcho) and "Apozari" neighbourhoods, are among the best-preserved and last remaining traditional quarters of the city.

These neighbourhoods are characterised by the rich stock of old houses preserved in the shape of autonomous historic buildings, such as the important private mansions or the more humble folk dwellings ('accessory' buildings) built between the 17th and 19th centuries. During this time, the processing and exporting of animal furs to Europe created wealth, and city mansions, of particular architectural and decorative value, were built. This interconnected nexus of churches and private houses constitutes a rare example of a Byzantine and post-Byzantine township, and remains inhabited to this day.

The traditional buildings and manor houses of the "Doltso" and "Apozari" neighbourhoods are threatened by modern development in the city, as well as structural degradation from poor levels of conservation. These sites were included on the 7 Most Endangered list of Europe's most at-risk monuments and sites in 2014.

Jewish MonumentsEdit

During the late fifteenth century, a synagogue in Kastoria was built and was one of several in the region with the name Aragon.<ref name="Messinas70">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Kastoria had four synagogues (Italian, Portuguese, Romaniot and Spanish) in the early 18th century.<ref name="SpWi602"/> Fire destroyed three synagogues between 1719 and 1720.<ref name="SpWi602"/> A synagogue was constructed in 1750, and destroyed during 1828.<ref name="SpWi602"/> In 1830, another synagogue named Aragon was erected by the Jewish community.<ref name="Messinas18"/><ref name="SpWi602">Template:Cite book</ref> Following World War Two, the Aragon synagogue was sold by the Central Board of Jewish Communities, and the new owners demolished it.<ref name="Plaut113">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Messinas18">Template:Cite book</ref> The Jewish cemetery of Kastoria was neglected from the late interwar period, and had by the 1970s become overgrown with vegetation.<ref name="Karmi236"/> The Greek army expropriated the cemetery in the next decade and turned the site into military barracks.<ref name="Karmi236">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Plaut109">Template:Harvnb: "the Central Board received the titles to three properties owned by the Kastoria Jewish community. One of these titles, for the Jewish graveyard, could not be sold, for the land had already been expropriated by the Greek army and converted into army barracks."</ref> Several stones were preserved.<ref name="Karmi237">Template:Harvnb: "Whereas in Castoria some stones were at least preserved by the military, no remnants of a Jewish cemetery were left in the nearby city of Florina."</ref> Some tombstones were repurposed for the storage room floor, and most stones were reused to construct the pathways of the site and barracks.<ref name="Karmi236237">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Plaut111">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ottoman monumentsEdit

During the Ottoman era, a Muslim minority resided in Kastoria and constructed various public, private and religious buildings.<ref name="Stavridopoulos261"/> Kastoria had seven mosques in the late Ottoman period.<ref name="Stavridopoulos261"/> Several mosques were constructed on sites or used, as had been Muslim practice, earlier Christian churches.<ref name="Stavridopoulos261">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Gazi Ervenos Mosque or Gula Mosque was the earliest built in the town after the Ottoman conquest.<ref name="Stavridopoulos262"/> After 1912, Greek troops in Kastoria demolished the minaret and in 1926 the remaining mosque was demolished and replaced with a reservoir.<ref name="Stavridopoulos262"/> Kule Mosque or Mosque of Dioikitiriou was repurposed following the population exchange into a grain warehouse, later a notary office.<ref name="Stavridopoulos262"/> In 1950, Kastoria Municipality expropriated and demolished the building.<ref name="Stavridopoulos262">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

Prodromou Mosque was declared preserved during 1925, later the National Bank sold it and was demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos262268269">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Tabahane Mosque was also declared preserved in 1925 and later demolished in unknown circumstances.<ref name="Stavridopoulos263268269">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Hasan Kadi Mosque and Giahli or Giali Mosque were both destroyed.<ref name="Stavridopoulos263"/> Gazi Mosque was used by the metropolitan and is well preserved.<ref name="Stavridopoulos263">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Kursum Mosque, named for its lead roof was declared preserved during 1925.<ref name="Stavridopoulos267268"/> Prior to Muslims leaving Kastoria, its last imam sold the mosque and under Greece has been used as a museum and as an antiquities warehouse, closed to the public.<ref name="Stavridopoulos267"/> It is the only surviving mosque in Kastoria in a moderate state of preservation and in the early to mid 2020s was undergoing restoration work.<ref name="Stavridopoulos267"/><ref name="Ritzaleou">Template:Cite news</ref>

The Bektashi tekke was dedicated to Kasim Baba, a Sufi holy man.<ref name="Elsie262263">Template:Cite book</ref> It was demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos264"/> Another tekke belonged to the Hayati, an offshoot of the Halveti Order.<ref name="Clayer259260">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Mihajlovski186">Template:Cite book</ref> Three tekkes, one used by Sufis as a hermitage, another by dervishes and a third affiliated with the Mevlevi Order were all demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos264265">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Another three tekkes were destroyed following the population exchange.<ref name="Stavridopoulos265266">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Burial monuments (turbes) were located in the vicinity of mosques or in Muslim cemeteries, such as one in Kursum Mosque's courtyard, later destroyed.<ref name="Stavridopoulos261263264">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The turbe of Aydin Baba and the turbe of Kasim Baba were located on a hill above Kastoria, both destroyed.<ref name="Stavridopoulos264">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Muslim cemeteries were expropriated and demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos261266">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

File:Kastoria (4).jpg
Madrassa of Kastoria

Kastoria's Muslims had four primary schools, an elementary school and a madrassa.<ref name="Stavridopoulos261262">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The Madrassa, a theological school with an open courtyard was declared a preserved monument by Greece in 1925 and repurposed as a depot for salt and other products.<ref name="Stavridopoulos267268">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The building is presently closed and abandoned, some restoration has occurred and is in a state of moderate preservation.<ref name="Stavridopoulos262268">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Remnants of a hamam are located in the Apozari neighbourhood.<ref name="Stavridopoulos267">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Portions of Kastoria's Ottoman walls are a protected monument (declared in 1932 and 1945), although some parts were demolished for other building projects.<ref name="Stavridopoulos268"/> A late Ottoman era guardhouse served as a penal prison till 1958 and was later demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos266"/>

Some Muslim private buildings consisted of large inns and houses belonging to beys, later most were demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos269"/> An unfinished Turkish Konak or official residence, a late Ottoman building was demolished in 1935.<ref name="Stavridopoulos266">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The Mathioudakis barracks, a military Ottoman structure from the early twentieth century was used from the interwar period to 2006 by the Greek army, who also erected several buildings within the complex.<ref name="Stavridopoulos269"/> The Mathioudakis barracks now belongs to Kastoria municipality who has sought to demolish and rebuild it as a police station with pushback from town locals who advocate for its preservation.<ref name="Stavridopoulos269"/>

Modern periodEdit

Under Greece, support came from Greek politicians such as Ion Dragoumis and Eleftherios Venizelos to conserve Kastoria's architectural uniqueness.<ref name="Stavridopoulos268"/> Muslims left Kastoria following the population exchange in 1923 and a new urban plan modernised and changed the town's architectural layout and space.<ref name="Stavridopoulos268"/> Efforts were aimed at conserving churches; other structures such as mansions, walls and Muslim buildings were neglected, with a majority of Ottoman era buildings demolished.<ref name="Stavridopoulos268">Template:Harvnb.</ref> The period of the 1930s brought some architectural alterations and overall the town retained its traditional form until the 1960s when new construction proceeded in an anarchic manner changing Kastoria.<ref name="Stavridopoulos269">Template:Cite thesis</ref>

EducationEdit

The School of Sciences of University of Western Macedonia with two departments (Informatics and Mathematics) is based in the city,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as the departments of Communication and Digital Media<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Economics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CuisineEdit

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SportsEdit

Kastoria FC is the city's football team. It was established in 1963 when three local sides joined to form one stronger team to represent Kastoria. The team's most successful years to date were in 1974 when they were promoted to the Greek first division and competed there for a year, and in 1979–1980 when they won the Greek Cup after an impressive 5–2 victory over Iraklis FC in the final.

Rowing: London 2012 Olympic Games: Giannis Christou, Christina Giazitzidou

Brazil 2016 Olympic Games: Giannis Christou

Kastoria B.C.

LocationEdit

Notable peopleEdit

International relationsEdit

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Twin towns — sister citiesEdit

Kastoria is twinned with:

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GalleryEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

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Template:Greek Macedonia Template:Kallikratis-West Macedonia Template:Kastoria div Template:Authority control