Kilobyte

The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.

The International System of Units (SI) defines the prefix kilo as a multiplication factor of 1000 (10³); therefore, one kilobyte is 1000 bytes.<ref name="IEC80000">International Standard IEC 80000-13 Quantities and Units – Part 13: Information science and technology, International Electrotechnical Commission (2008).</ref> The internationally recommended unit symbol for the kilobyte is kB.<ref name="IEC80000" />

In some areas of information technology, particularly in reference to random-access memory capacity, kilobyte instead often refers to 1024 (2¹⁰) bytes. This arises from the prevalence of sizes that are powers of two in modern digital memory architectures, coupled with the coincidence that 2¹⁰ differs from 10³ by less than 2.5%.

The kibibyte is defined as 1024 bytes, avoiding the ambiguity issues of the kilobyte.<ref name="IEC80000">International Standard IEC 80000-13 Quantities and Units – Part 13: Information science and technology, International Electrotechnical Commission (2008).</ref> Template:TOC limit

Definitions and usage

Decimal (1000 bytes)

In the International System of Units (SI) the metric prefix kilo means 1,000 (10³); therefore, one kilobyte is 1000 bytes. The unit symbol is kB.

This is the definition standardised by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).<ref name="NIST">Prefixes for Binary Multiples Template:Webarchive — The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty</ref> This definition, and the related definitions of the prefixes mega (Template:Gaps), giga (Template:Gaps), etc., are most commonly used for data transfer rates in computer networks, internal bus, hard drive and flash media transfer speeds, and for the capacities of most storage media, particularly hard disk drives,<ref>1977 Disk/Trend Report Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977</ref> flash-based storage,<ref>SanDisk USB Flash Drive Template:Webarchive "Note: 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes."</ref> and DVDs. It is also consistent with the other uses of the metric prefixes in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance.

The international standard IEC 80000-13 uses the term "byte" to mean eight bits (1 B = 8 bit). Therefore, 1 kB = 8000 bit. One thousand kilobytes (1000 kB) is equal to one megabyte (1 MB), where 1 MB is one million bytes.

Binary (1024 bytes)

The term 'kilobyte' has traditionally been used to refer to 1024 bytes (2¹⁰ B).<ref>Kilobyte – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary Template:Webarchive. Merriam-webster.com (2010-08-13). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.</ref><ref>Kilobyte | Define Kilobyte at Dictionary.com Template:Webarchive. Dictionary.reference.com (1995-09-29). Retrieved on 2011-01-07.</ref><ref>Definition of kilobyte from Oxford Dictionaries Online Template:Webarchive. Askoxford.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-07.</ref> The usage of the metric prefix kilo for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1024 is approximately 1000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The binary interpretation of metric prefixes is still prominently used by the Microsoft Windows operating system.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Binary interpretation is also used for random-access memory capacity, such as main memory and CPU cache size, due to the prevalent binary addressing of memory.

The binary meaning of the kilobyte for 1024 bytes typically uses the symbol KB, with an uppercase letter K. The B is sometimes omitted in informal use. For example, a processor with 65,536 bytes of cache memory might be said to have "64 K" of cache. In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four kilobytes (1024 KB) is equal to one megabyte (1 MB), where 1 MB is 1024² bytes.

In December 1998, the IEC addressed such multiple usages and definitions by creating prefixes such as kibi, mebi, gibi, etc., to unambiguously denote powers of 1024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} "In December 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [...] approved as an IEC International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data transmission."</ref> Thus the kibibyte, symbol KiB, represents 2¹⁰ bytes = 1024 bytes. These prefixes are now part of IEC 80000-13. The IEC further specified that the kilobyte should only be used to refer to 1000 bytes. The International System of Units restricts the use of the SI prefixes strictly to powers of 10.<ref>Template:SIbrochure9th. "The SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10. They should not be used to indicate powers of 2 (for example, one kilobit represents 1000 bits and not 1024 bits). The names and symbols for prefixes to be used with powers of 2 are recommended as follows: kibi Ki 2¹⁰ [...]"</ref>

Use of term

• The Shugart SA-400 5Template:1/4-inch floppy disk (1976) held 109,375 bytes unformatted,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was advertised as "110 Kbyte", using the 1000 convention.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Likewise, the 8-inch DEC RX01 floppy (1975) held 256,256 bytes formatted, and was advertised as "256k".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the other hand, the Tandon 5Template:1/4-inch DD floppy format (1978) held 368,640 (which is 360×1024) bytes, but was advertised as "360 KB", following the 1024 convention.

• Early home computer systems would often advertise using the 1024 convention, hence the naming of the Commodore 64, Commodore 128, and the Amstrad CPC 464.
• On modern systems, all versions of Microsoft Windows divide by 1024 and represent a 65,536-byte file as "64 KB".<ref name="auto"/> Conversely, Mac OS X Snow Leopard and newer represent this as 66 kB, rounding to the nearest 1000 bytes;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> file sizes are reported with decimal prefixes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Template:As of the binary interpretation was still used in marketing and billing by some telecommunication companies, such as Vodafone,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> AT&T,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Orange<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Telstra.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Data examples

• The Lord's Prayer, in Latin, is 296 bytes (about 0.3 kilobytes).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• The short story The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe, hosted on Project Gutenberg as an uncompressed plain text file, is 12,843 bytes: this is 12.8 kilobytes (12,843 divided by 1,000) or 12.5 kibibytes (divided by 1,024).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• The size of this article, as of April 2025, is about 14 kilobytes.

See also

• Binary prefix
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• History of the floppy disk
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• Timeline of binary prefixes
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References

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