Mahmud Ahmed

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Mahmud Ahmed Template:Small (Template:Langx; b. 1944) is a retired Pakistani three-star rank army general who served as the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence from 1999 to 2001.

He commanded the X Corps against the Indian Army during the Kargil War in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1999, and was identified as one of the four army generals who helped initiate the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état against the elected civilian government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="The Economic Times, PTI 2013" /> As the DG ISI, Mahmud actively supported the sponsorship of the Islamic fundamentalism by endorsing the Talibans in Afghanistan under its emir Mullah Omar in 2000.<ref>Tariq Ali, The Duel, 2008 Simon & Schuster</ref>

Despite helping Gen. Pervez Musharraf's usurp power from the civilian government, Lt-Gen. Ahmad was notably forced to retire from his commission when his involvement surfaced in alleged financing of the Hamburg cell led by Mohamed Atta, an al-Qaeda operative in 2000-01.<ref name="The Guardian, Pakistan Bureau, Hardin in 2001">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Dr. H. Abbas, Kennedy School of International Affairs, 2006">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

BiographyEdit

Mahmud Ahmed was born in 1944 in Ludhiana, Punjab in British India, and joined the Pakistan Army in 1964 where he did his combat duty, first participating in second war with India in 1965.<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, Joshi, 2008">Template:Cite book</ref> His family emigrated from India to Bhaiwala, Faisalabad Pakistan after India's partition on 14 August 1947.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Kiessling, 2016">Template:Cite book</ref> He secured his graduation from Lawrence College in Murree before attending Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul in 1965.<ref name="Bhattacharya, 2016"/>

He passed out from the PMA Kakul in 1966 where he commissioned as 2nd-Lt in the 16th Self-Propelled (SP) in the Corps of Artillery. Lieutenant Ahmed was the regimental colleague of then army Captain Pervez Musharraf.<ref name="Media Monitors Network (MMN), Sehgal in 2001">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He participated in the third war with India on the western front, and he was very critical of defence spending by the Ayub administration after 1965. .<ref name="Oxford University Press, Fair 2014">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In the 1980s and 1990s, Ahmed served in the ISI where he worked under Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul.Template:Rp<ref name="Grosvenor House Publishing, Sheri 2012">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1994–95, Major-General Ahmed commanded the 23rd Infantry Division as its GOC, stationed in Jhelum in Punjab, Pakistan.Template:Rp<ref name="Bhattacharya, 2016">Template:Cite book</ref>

His career in the military is mostly spent in the military intelligence and became the Director-General of the Military Intelligence (DG MI), when he took it over from then-Maj-Gen. Ali Kuli Khan in October 1995.Template:Rp<ref name="Manohar, Verma, 2002">Template:Cite book</ref> In June 1998, Maj-Gen. Ahmed was promoted to three-star rank, Lieutenant-General and was moved the President of the National Defence University (NDU) in Islamabad by then-Chairman joint chiefs Gen. Jehangir Karamat.Template:Rp<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, Joshi, 2008" />

X Corps and Kargil war with IndiaEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In October 1998, -Chairman joint chiefs Gen. Pervez Musharraf appointed Lt-Gen. Ahmed as the field commander of the X Corps, and as soon as he was appointed to command the X Corps the planning of the covert infiltration in Indian Kashmir begin to implemented under Lt-Gen. Aziz Khan, the CGS under Gen. Musharraf in Rawalpindi.Template:Rp<ref name="Stanford University Press, Brig. Khan, 2012">Template:Cite book</ref> In the military, Lt-Gen. Ahmed was described as ultraconservative, professional and kind to his subordinates though some found him to be control minded with a very short-temper.Template:Rp<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, Joshi, 2008" />

Lt-Gen. Ahmed greatly aided in providing the tactical support of mass troop infiltration, starting first by closely and micromanaging the troop deployment near the LoC.Template:Rp<ref name="Stanford University Press, Brig. Khan, 2012"/> In July 1999, he provided the briefing to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif over the troop deployments, eventually giving a go-ahead for the military operation.Template:Rp<ref name="Partridge Publishing, Rathore">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="Penguin, Ahmed">Template:Cite book</ref>

After the Kargil war, the Pakistani Investigative journalist news reports identified that there were four army generals who were in much control of the area contingency plans in Kargil including Lt-Gen. Aziz Khan, the CGS under Gen. Musharraf, Lt-Gen. Shahid Aziz of ISI's Analysis Wing, and Lt-Gen. Jan Orakzai, commanding the XI Corps, besides Lt-Gen. Mahmud.Template:Rp<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones, 2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="The Economic Times, PTI 2013">Template:Cite news</ref> There were no official military inquiries into this incident nor there were any subsequent evidence that led to the punishments of those responsible for such incidents.<ref name="The Hindu, Raman, 2000">Template:Cite news</ref>

On 12 October 1999, Lt-Gen. Ahmed refused to accept to follow the orders of new chain of command set up by then-army chief Gen. Ziauddin Butt and ordered his X Corps to seize the control of the Prime Minister's Secretariat while Lt-Gen. Aziz Khan, the CGS under Gen. Musharraf, took control of the Jinnah Terminal in Karachi.<ref name="Grosvenor House Publishing">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Director ISI (1999–2001)Edit

U.S. visit, 9/11 attacks, and removalEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} After the martial law in 1999, Lt-Gen. Ahmed was subsequently appointed as the Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and his tenureship was marked with alleged terror financing of al-Qaeda and sponsoring the Talibans in Afghanistan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp On 17 March 2001, Lt-Gen. Ahmad was appointed as the Colonel commandant of the Corps of Artillery at the Artillery Regimental Center on 17 March 2001.<ref>"Ceremony for Colonel Commandant of the Corps of Artillery" Template:Webarchive President of Pakistan Press Release, 17 March 2001</ref> Mahmud was later replaced by Lt General Khalid Kidwai as the colonel commandant on 13 October 2004.<ref>"President Address on the occasion of installation ceremony of Lieutenant General Khalid Ahmed Kidwai as the Colonel Commandant" Template:Webarchive President of Pakistan Press Release, 13 October 2004</ref>

In 2001, Lt-Gen. Ahmad regularly visited the United States where he consulted with The Pentagon and CIA officials in the Bush administration in the weeks before and after terrorist attacks took place in New York on 11 September 2001.<ref name="H. Abbas, John F. Kennedy School of Government2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In fact, he was with U.S. Republican Congressman Porter Goss and U.S. Democratic Senator Bob Graham in Washington, D.C., discussing Osama bin Laden over breakfast, when the attacks of September 11, 2001 took place in New York, United States.<ref>Richard Leiby. A Cloak But No Dagger The Washington Post, 18 May 2002</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On the morning of Sept. 12, the deputy secretary of state, Richard Armitage, told Mahmood that Pakistan had to make a choice "you are either 100 percent with us or 100 percent against us—there is no gray area."<ref>Inside Story of Musharraf-Mahmood Tussle, Hassan Abbas, Sep. 26, 2006</ref> Mahmood expressed willingness to cooperate, however in the afternoon, he told George Tenet, the CIA director, that Mullah Omar, the Taliban chief, was a religious man not a man of violence. On September 16, Musharraf sent a delegation to the Taliban with the mission to convince them to hand over Osama bin Laden which included Lieutenant General Mahmood, and other religious figures. It was learned later that mission actually encouraged Mullah Omar to start a jihad against the US if it attacked Afghanistan.

On 9 October 2001, the Pakistani and the U.S. news media reported that "U.S. authorities sought his removal after confirming the fact that $100,000 were wired to WTC hijacker Mohamed Atta from Pakistan by Ahmad Umar Sheikh at the insistence of Lt-Gen. Mahmud."<ref name="Meachar">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mahmud Ahmed was eventually forced to leave the ISI and was also linked to another 9/11 hijacker Mustafa al-Hawsawi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite his loyalty to and backing of Pres. Pervez Musharraf, Lt-Gen. Ahmed was immediately removed from the directorship of the ISI, when President Musharraf terminated his commission under US pressure, and was replaced by Lt-Gen. Ehsan ul Haq.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict", 25 May 2002</ref>

Post-retirement and Islamic missionary activityEdit

After this termination, Ahmed critiqued President Pervez Musharraf's policy on siding with the United States, without effectively addressing the issue of containing the terrorists organizations.Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He viewed the American attack on Afghanistan with great suspicion, and had held sympathetic views towards the Talibans in Afghanistan.Template:Rp<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, Joshi, 2008" /> He later regretted his role in playing his part in bringing to help stabilize Gen. Pervez Musharraf's role against the civilian government when he joined the Alliance for Restoration of Democracy that viewed to removing Musharraf's administration.Template:Rp<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, Joshi, 2008" /> Ahmed opposed the US invasion of Afghanistan.Template:Rp<ref name="Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited, Joshi, 2008" />

After this termination, Ahmed publicly came out against President Pervez Musharraf's policy of siding with the United States, without effectively addressing the issue of containing the terrorists organizations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

He is now a member of Tablighi Jamaat and preaches the teaching of Islam.<ref name="Yale University Press">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

WorksEdit

He wrote a book initially titled "The Myth of 1965 Victory".<ref>Can the ISI change its spots? By Akhtar Payami, Dawn (newspaper) 7 October 2006</ref> It was carefully researched and included numerous maps and other details. It questioned the official Pakistani view about winning the war, and acknowledged that the war was initiated "as a clandestine guerrilla struggle".<ref name="ebay.ie2">HISTORY OF INDO-PAK WAR 1965 by Lieutenant General Mahmud Ahmed (Retired), EBAY, 07 Jan, 2018</ref> Upon Musharraf's directive, almost all the copies of the book were bought by Pakistan Army to prevent circulation because the topic was "too sensitive".<ref>Army attempts to prevent book sales by Amir Mir Template:Webarchive Gulf News 1 October 2006 Musharraf buys all copies of sensitive '65 war Daily News & Analysis</ref><ref>Inside Story of Musharraf-Mahmood Tussle, Hassan Abbas, Sep. 26, 2006 – (Belfer Center for International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School of Government)</ref> The book was published with the revised title "History of Indo Pak War 1965". It was published by Services Book Club, a part of the Pakistan military. A few copies of the book have survived in libraries.<ref>Catalogue of the National Defence University Library, Islamabad, Title: History of Indo Pak War-1965 Author: Mahmud Ahmed Lt Gen Retd</ref> A version was published in India as "Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965" by Lexicon Publishers.<ref>Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965, Mahmud Ahmed, Lexicon Publishers, 2002 - India</ref> A second reprint of the book was published recently in 2017 in Pakistan.<ref name="ebay.ie2" />

Awards and decorationsEdit

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	Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military) (Crescent of Excellence)
Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War (War Star 1971)	Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War (War Medal 1965)	Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War (War Medal 1971)	Tamgha-e-Baqa (Nuclear Test Medal) 1998
10 Years Service Medal	20 Years Service Medal	30 Years Service Medal	Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e- Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam (100th Birth Anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah) 1976
Hijri Tamgha (Hijri Medal) 1979	Jamhuriat Tamgha (Democracy Medal) 1988	Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha (Resolution Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1990	Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan (Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal) 1997

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

9/11 and the Smoking Gun - A Real Smoking Gun. Asia Times.
September 11. 22 July 2004. The Guardian.
Mahmood Ahmed. 911 Timeline.
Mahmoud Ahmad. NNDB.
India helped FBI trace ISI-terrorist links. Times of India.

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Template:Inter-Services Intelligence

Mahmud Ahmed

Contents

BiographyEdit

X Corps and Kargil war with IndiaEdit

Director ISI (1999–2001)Edit

U.S. visit, 9/11 attacks, and removalEdit

Post-retirement and Islamic missionary activityEdit

WorksEdit

Awards and decorationsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

External linksEdit