Maurice Garin

File:Maurice Garin Meurisse BNF Gallica.jpg

Maurice Garin

Maurice-François Garin<ref name="TransAlpine">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 3 March 1871Template:Cn – 19 February 1957)<ref name="MemDuCyc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was an Italian-French road bicycle racer best known for winning the inaugural Tour de France in 1903, and for being stripped of his title in the second Tour in 1904 along with eight others, for cheating.<ref name="Unknown TdF"/><ref name="Chany p54"/><ref name="Chany p60"/> He was of Italian origin but adopted French nationality on 21 December 1901.

Family life

File:Fotoarvier.jpg

Arvier, in the Aosta Valley, the birthplace of Maurice Garin

Garin was born the son of Maurice-Clément Garin and Maria Teresa Ozello in Arvier, in the French-speaking Aosta Valley in north-west Italy, close to the French border. The name Garin was the most common in the native village of Maurice, called "Chez-les-Garin",<ref name="LesAmisPaRou">Template:Usurped</ref> belonging to five of the seven families.<ref name="JouDuDi"/> They had four daughters and five sons, of whom Maurice was the first son.<ref name="JouDuDi">Journal du Dimanche, France, 29 June 2003</ref>

In 1885 the family left Arvier to work on the other side of the Alps, almost to the Belgian border.Template:Clarify

Garin worked as a chimney sweep.<ref name="LePays"/> He later moved to France. By the age of 15, he was living in Reims as a chimney sweep.<ref name="JouDuDi"/><ref name="LePays">Journal L'Alsace-Le Pays, 20 February 2001, Profile of Maurice Garin Template:Webarchive</ref> He moved to Charleroi in Belgium but by 1889 he was back in France, at Maubeuge.

Garin's younger brother, Joseph-Isidore, died in 1889. The father died shortly afterwards in Arvier. Garin's brothers François and César stayed in northern France and, with Maurice, opened a cycle shop in the lower end of the boulevard de Paris<ref name="LesAmisPaRou"/> in Roubaix in 1895. Brothers César and Ambroise also competed as professional cyclists.

Garin moved to Lens, Pas-de-Calais in 1902 and lived there the rest of his life.<ref name="JouDuDi"/><ref name="LePays"/> He bought his first bicycle for 405 francs, twice what a forge worker would earn in a week of 12-hour days, in 1889.<ref name="LePays"/> Racing did not interest him but he did ride round the town fast enough to be called a madman – le fou.<ref name="LePays"/>

Until 2004, it was said that Garin had taken French nationality when he was 21, in 1892<ref name="MemDuCyc"/><ref name="JouDuDi"/> but in 2004, the reporter Franco Cuaz found the naturalizing act and Garin took French nationality 21 December 1901.<ref>Coup de chapeau à... Maurice Garin.</ref>

Amateur racing

He began racing in northern France in the same year when the secretary of the cycling club at Maubeuge persuaded him to enter a regional race, Maubeuge-Hirson-Maubeuge, over 200 km. Garin finished fifth despite suffering from the sun<ref name="LePays"/> and decided to ride more.

His first win was in 1893, in Namur-Dinant-Givet in Belgium. He had sold his first bike and bought a lighter one – still 16 kg but with pneumatic tyres – for 850 old French francs (approx €3,000 at 2008 values).<ref name="French Franc conversion">This Chart showing Value of French franc in Euros says that 1 French franc was worth circa 3.5 Euros around 1900.</ref> The race was over 102 km. He was leading by Dinant when he punctured. Spotting a soigneur waiting with a spare bike for a rival, Garin rested his own against the wall of a bridge, grabbed the soigneur's spare bike and rode off. At the finish, winning with ten minutes over the field, he gave back the bike and recovered his own the next day where he had left it.

Professional racing

Garin became a professional by chance. He planned to ride a race at Avesnes-sur-Helpes, 25 km from where he lived. He arrived to find it was only for professionals. Not allowed to compete, he waited until the riders had left, raced after them and passed them all. He fell off twice but finished ahead of the racers. The crowd was enthusiastic but the organisers less so. They refused to pay him the 150 francs (approx €525 at 2008 values)<ref name="French Franc conversion"/> due to the real winner, so spectators raised 300 francs (approx €1,050 at 2008 values)<ref name="French Franc conversion"/> among themselves. Garin became a professional.

His first true professional win was in a 24-hour race in Paris in 1893.<ref group="n">Races at the time were largely of extremes, velodrome races being short sprints or paced behind motorcycles, road races becoming ever-longer trials of endurance which culminated in the Tour de France, which Garin won</ref> It was held on the Champ de Mars, site of the Eiffel Tower. The riders competed, as was the custom, behind a succession of pacers. The event took place in February and the cold drove out riders one after the other. Garin rode 701 km in 24 hours, beating the only other rider to finish by 49 km. While other riders would consume much strong red wine, Garin chose a more apt diet, and said he had survived on:<ref name="LePays"/> Template:Div col

• 19L hot chocolate
• 7L tea
• mixed champagne/coffee
• 5L tapioca
• 2kg rice
• 45 cutlets
• 8 hardboiled eggs
• oysters

In 1894 he won a 24-hour race in Liège, Belgium, and the following year set an hour record for cycling behind pacers.

File:Paris-Brest-Paris.jpg

1901 Advertisement with Paris–Brest–Paris winner Maurice Garin for "La Française"

The first Paris–Roubaix was in 1896; Garin came third, 15 minutes behind Josef Fischer. He would have come second had he not been knocked over by a crash between two tandems, one of them ridden by his pacers. Garin "finished exhausted and Dr Butrille was obliged to attend the man who had been run over by two machines," said the race historian, Pascal Sergent.<ref name="Sergent">Sergent, Pascal (1997), trans Yates, D., A Century of Paris–Roubaix, Bromley Books, UK, Template:ISBN</ref>

In 1897 he won Paris–Roubaix, beating the Dutchman Mathieu Cordang in the last two kilometres of the velodrome at Roubaix.<ref group="n">In 2004 Les Amis de Paris–Roubaix marked Garin's victories in the Paris–Roubaix event by placing a cobblestone – traditional trophy for winners of the race, on his grave. See Template:Usurped</ref> Sergent said:

As the two champions appeared they were greeted by a frenzy of excitement and everyone was on their feet to acclaim the two heroes. It was difficult to recognise them. Garin was first, followed by the mud-soaked figure of Cordang. Suddenly, to the stupefaction of everyone, Cordang slipped and fell on the velodrome's cement surface. Garin could not believe his luck. By the time Cordang was back on his bike, he had lost 100 metres. There remained six laps to cover. Two miserable kilometres in which to catch Garin. The crowd held its breath as they watched the incredible pursuit match. The bell rang out. One lap, there remained one lap. 333 metres for Garin, who had a lead of 30 metres on the Batave.

A classic victory was within his grasp but he could almost feel his adversary's breath on his neck. Somehow Garin held on to his lead of two metres, two little metres for a legendary victory. The stands exploded and the ovation united the two men. Garin exulted under the cheers of the crowd. Cordang cried bitter tears of disappointment.<ref name="Sergent"/>

In 1898 he won Paris–Roubaix again, this time by 20 minutes, and in 1901 he won the second edition of Paris–Brest–Paris, finishing almost two hours ahead of Gaston Rivierre after covering 1,208 km in 52h 11m 1s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He started by chasing another Frenchman, Lucien Lesna, who rode the first 600 km at 28km/h and had two hours' lead at Brest. At Rennes he stopped for a bath to recover from the tiredness, filth and heat, then found he could not get racing again into the headwind. Garin passed him at Mayenne and Lesna gave up shortly afterwards with 200 km to go. Garin finished 19h 11m better than Charles Terront ten years earlier.<ref>Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme, vol 1, Nathan, France, p. 162</ref>

In 1902 Garin won Bordeaux–Paris, a race of 500 km from south-west France.

Tour de France

1903 Tour de France

File:Garin03winner.jpg

Garin with his masseur and son in 1903

The Tour de France began to promote a new daily sports newspaper, L'Auto ahead of the largest paper in France, Le Vélo,<ref>Boeuf, Jean-Luc, and Léonard, Yves (2003), La République du Tour de France, Seuil, France, p. 23</ref> which sold 80,000 copies a day.<ref>Nicholson, Geoffrey (1991) Le Tour, the rise and rise of the Tour de France, Hodder and Stoughton, UK</ref> Some of Le VéloTemplate:'s advertisers had disagreed with the paper's support for Alfred Dreyfus, a soldier found guilty on trumped up charges of selling secrets to the Germans but eventually acquitted after being sent to Devil's Island.<ref>Boeuf, Jean-Luc and Léonard, Yves (2003); La République de Tour de France, Seuil, France</ref> The Tour was to promote their new rival paper, L'Auto.

The editor, Henri Desgrange, planned a five-week race from 31 May to 5 July. This proved too daunting and only 15 entered. Desgrange cut the length to 19 days and offered a daily allowance.

The race began at the Au Reveil Matin café at a crossroads in Montgeron, south of Paris, and ended in Ville-d'Avray, another suburb, having circuited France in six days of racing over 2,428 km. One stage, between Nantes and Paris, was 471 km. Sixty riders started at an entry fee of 10 francs – €87.50 today with inflation<ref>Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (2003), 'Le Tour: a history of the Tour de France, 1903–2003', Pocket Books, UK</ref> – and 21 finished. Garin won 3,000 francs<ref>Augendre, Jacques (1996), Le Tour de France, Panorama d'un Siècle, Société du Tour de France, France, p7; for comparison, a kilo of bread cost 40 centimes</ref> (approx €10,500 at 2008 values)<ref name="French Franc conversion"/> for finishing first in 94h 33m 14s, or 6,125 francs (approx €21,500 at 2008 values)<ref name="French Franc conversion"/> in all with his other prizes.<ref>Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, La Martinière, France, p. 45</ref> Lucien Pothier was second and Fernand Augereau third.

Pierre Chany wrote:

In the town which adopted Maurice Garin, at Lens, an immense procession was organised with the participation of all the notables of the region. Before leaving Paris on Monday evening, the day after the race finished, the winner paid a visit, out of politeness, to Henri Desgrange and, in a gesture without precedent, pulled a sheet of paper from his pocket. It was an article 'in order to simplify the interview', he explained! There he gave his feelings during the race, gave his opinion on the formula by which the race was run, gave a word of congratulation to his rivals.<ref name="Chany p46">Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, La Martinière, France, p. 46</ref>

Garin's written note said:

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1904 Tour de France

Template:Quote box Garin also won the 1904 Tour de France, by a small margin over Lucien Pothier, but was subsequently stripped of the title which was awarded to Henri Cornet. The race aroused a passion among spectators, who felled trees to hold back rivals and beat up others at night outside St-Étienne.<ref name="Chany p60">Chany, Pierre (1986), La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme, La Martinière, France, p. 60</ref> Garin was one of the mob's victims. Pierre Chany wrote:

In the climb of the col de la République, leaving St-Étienne, supporters of the regional rider, Faure, assault the Italian, Gerbi. He is thrown to the ground, beaten like plaster. He escapes with a broken finger...<ref name="Chany p60"/>

... A bunch of fanatics wielded sticks and shouted insults, setting on the other riders: Maurice and César Garin got a succession of blows, the older brother [Maurice] was hit in the face with a stone. Soon there was general mayhem: "Up with Faure! Down with Garin! Kill them!" they were shouting. Finally cars arrived and the riders could get going thanks to pistol shots. The aggressors disappeared into the night.<ref name="Chany p60"/>

Garin said: "I'll win the Tour de France provided I'm not murdered before we get to Paris."<ref>Chany, Pierre (1986), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, La Martinière, France, p. 61</ref><ref>Chany, Pierre (1986), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, vol. 1, La Martinière, France, p. 181</ref>

Misbehaviour was rife too between riders and nine were thrown out during the race for, among other things, riding in or being pulled by cars.<ref name="Chany p54">Chany, Pierre (1986), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, La Martinière, France, pp. 54–55</ref> There were claims, too, that the organisers had allowed Garin to break rules – at one stage being given food where it was not permitted by its chief official – because his sponsor, La Française, had a financial stake in the race.<ref>Chany, Pierre (1986), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, La Martinière, France, p. 62</ref>

The French cycling union, the Union Vélocipédique Française, heard from dozens of competitors and witnesses and in December disqualified all the stage winners and the first four finishers: Garin, Pothier, César Garin, and Hippolyte Aucouturier.<ref>Augendre, Jacques (1996), Le Tour de France, Panorama d'un Siècle, Société du Tour de France, France, p. 8</ref> The UVF did not say precisely what had happened<ref>Chany, Pierre (1986), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, La Martinière, France, p. 65</ref> and the details were lost when Tour archives were transported south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion and never seen again. Stories spread of riders spreading tacks on the road to delay rivals with punctures, of riders being poisoned by each other or by rival fans. Lucien Petit-Breton said he complained to an official that he had seen a rival hanging on to a motorcycle, only to have the cheating rider pull out a revolver.<ref>Chany, Pierre (1988), La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, vol 1, Nathan, France, p. 184</ref>

Tales were also said to include 'Garin taking a train', a claim confirmed by a cemetery attendant looking after his grave who, as a boy, heard Garin tell his stories as an old man.<ref name="Unknown TdF"/> In December 1904 Garin was stripped of his title and banned for two years.<ref name="Unknown TdF"/>

Retirement

Garin retired from cycling and ran his garage in Lens until his death. The garage is still there, although wholly changed from Garin's era. An unnamed writer recalled:

I remember Maurice Garin well. I met him and talked to him almost every day because we lived in the same area, 200 m from each other, at Lens. Le Père Garin, as my father and grandfather called him<ref group="n">Père – father – is a dated mark of respect</ref> used to bring out a chair in fine weather and sit in the doorway of the little office of the service station he owned at 116 rue de Lille in Lens, under the sign for Antar fuel and oil. My barber was in the neighbouring house and I used to go there once a month to have a crew cut, [couper en brosse] which was the fashion in those days. My friends and I were aged seven to ten and on our one-speed bikes we used to pin numbers on our back... and we never missed riding past Maurice Garin in a tight group so that he would see. It's strange that nobody thought to take a picture of me, the little kid, alongside the first great champion of the biggest race in the world. But life's like that.<ref name="Grincheux"/>

Maurice Garin was far from an adulated hero, even less a rich champion (he spent his retirement running the service station), and I don't remember any special celebration in his honour. Television crews didn't come from home and abroad to interview him. [They showed no interest] until he died in 1957. And the rue de Lille, where he lived, still hasn't been renamed the rue Maurice Garin.<ref name="Grincheux">Grincheux Grave, 1st juillet 2006, Tour de France, Memories of Maurice Garin Template:Webarchive</ref>

Garin kept his interest in cycling. He returned just once to his birthplace, in 1949, to see the Tour pass through. He began a professional team under his name after the Second World War. The Dutchman Piet van Est won Bordeaux–Paris in 1950 and 1952 in the team's red and white jersey. On the Tour's 50th anniversary in 1953, Garin was among several old stars waiting at the finish as part of a celebration.

Death and commemoration

Template:Quote box In 1933 the Stade Vélodrome Maurice Garin was built in Lens, and named in his honour.<ref name="Ethno62">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref group="n">The "Stade Vélodrome Maurice Garin" was razed and rebuilt in 1990, and re-opened by the Minister of Youths and Sports Roger Bambuck. It was again due for demolition in 2007 as part of the 'Lens Louvre' reconstruction project</ref>

In 1938 Garin was awarded the gold medal of Physical Education by the Minister of Sport for France, Leo Lagrange.<ref name="TransAlpine"/>

Garin is remembered as a short, determined man, even authoritarian. As an old man he became confused. His biographer, Franco Cuaz, said:

... He [Garin] wandered through Lens asking "Where is the control? Where is the control?" as his mind brought back images of the hotels where riders signed check sheets in the first Tours.<ref name="LePays"/><ref name="Cuaz"/>

... He regularly ended up at the town's police station, from where he was escorted back home. Often he was far from home, without knowing where he was or where he was going.<ref name="JouDuDi"/><ref name="Cuaz"/>

In 2003 a street was named after him in Maubeuge on the 100th anniversary of his 1903 win in the Tour de France.

In 2004 Les Amis de Paris–Roubaix placed a cobblestone on his grave, a traditional trophy for winners of the Paris–Roubaix race.<ref name="LesAmisPaRou"/>

In Arvier, the village in Italy where he was born, there is a monument in his honour. His biographer, Franco Cuaz, said: "Every year, the municipality sends me French people who want to see the house where he was born. It's like a pilgrimage."<ref name="JouDuDi"/>

Career achievements

Source: Template:Cycling archives

Major results

1893

Dinant-Namur-Dinant

Paris 80km (vélodrome)

1894

Liège 24hr (vélodrome)

Paris-Saint-Malo

1895

24hr Arts libéraux de Paris (vélodrome)

Guingamp-Morlaix-Guingamp

World record 500km behind human pacer on the road 15h 2m 32s

1896

Paris-Le Mans

Paris-Mons

Liège-Thuin

3rd Paris–Roubaix

1897

Paris–Roubaix

Paris-Royan

Paris-Cabourg

Tourcoing-Béthune-Tourcoing

1898

Paris–Roubaix

Tourcoing-Béthune-Tourcoing

Valenciennes-Nouvion-Valenciennes

Douai-Doullens-Douai

50km Ostend (vélodrome)

2nd Bordeaux–Paris

1899

3rd Bordeaux–Paris

3rd Bol d'Or (vélodrome)

1900

2nd Bordeaux–Paris

2nd d Bol d'Or

3rd Paris–Roubaix

1901

Paris–Brest–Paris

1902

Bordeaux–Paris

1903

Tour de France

File:Jersey yellow.svgWinner overall classification<ref group="n">The yellow jersey image is symbolic, it was not used in the Tour de France before either 1913 or 1919. Garin wore a green armband.</ref>

Winner 3 stages

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

Grand Tour	1903	1904
Tour de France	1	DSQ
Giro d'Italia	N/A	N/A
Vuelta a España	N/A	N/A

External links

• Template:Cycling archives