Messapic language

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template other Template:Main other Messapic (Template:IPAc-en; also known as Messapian; or as Iapygian) is an extinct Indo-European Paleo-Balkanic language of the southeastern Italian Peninsula, once spoken in Salento by the Iapygian peoples of the region: the Calabri and Salentini (known collectively as the Messapians), the Peucetians and the Daunians.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Messapic was the pre-Roman, non-Italic language of Apulia. It has been preserved in about 600 inscriptions written in an alphabet derived from a Western Greek model and dating from the mid-6th to at least the 2nd century BC, when it went extinct following the Roman conquest of the region.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

NameEdit

The term 'Messapic' or 'Messapian' is traditionally used to refer to a group of languages spoken by the Iapygians, a "relatively homogeneous linguistic community" of non-Italic-speaking tribes (Messapians, Peucetians and Daunians) dwelling in the region of Apulia before the Roman conquest.Template:Sfn

However, some scholars have argued that the term 'Iapygian languages' should be preferred for referring to the group of languages spoken in Apulia, with the term 'Messapic' being reserved to the inscriptions found in the Salento peninsula, where the specific tribe of the Messapians had been living in the pre-Roman era.Template:Sfn

The name Apulia itself derives from Iapygia after passing from Greek to Oscan to Latin and undergoing subsequent morphological shifts.Template:Sfn

ClassificationEdit

Template:Paleo-Balkanic family tree

Messapic was a non-Italic and non-Greek Indo-European language of Balkan origin.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Modern archeological and linguistic research and some ancient sources hold that the ancestors of the Iapygians came to Southeastern Italy (present-day Apulia) from the Western Balkans across the Adriatic Sea during the early first millennium BC.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Efn Template:Efn

Paleo-BalkanicEdit

Messapic forms part of the Paleo-Balkan languages. Based upon lexical similarities with the Illyrian languages, some scholars contend that Messapic may have developed from a dialect of pre-Illyrian, meaning that it would have diverged substantially from the Illyrian language(s) spoken in the Balkans by the 5th century BC, while others considered it a direct dialect of Iron Age Illyrian. Messapic is today considered an independent language and not a dialect of Illyrian. Although the unclear interpretation of Messapic inscriptions cannot warrant the placement of Messapic in any specific Indo-European subfamily,Template:Sfn some scholars place Illyrian and Messapic in the same branch. Eric Hamp has grouped them under "Messapo-Illyrian", which is further grouped with Albanian under "Adriatic Indo-European".Template:Sfn Other schemes group the three languages under "General Illyrian" and "Western Paleo-Balkan".Template:Sfn

A number of shared features between Messapic and Proto-Albanian may have emerged either as a result of linguistic contacts between Proto-Messapic and Pre-Proto-Albanian within the Balkan peninsula in prehistoric times, or of a closer relation as shown by the quality of the correspondences in the lexical area and shared innovations between Messapic and Albanian.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref> Hyllested & Joseph (2022) identify Messapic as the closest language to Albanian, with which it forms a common branch titled Illyric. Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian.Template:Sfn

Illyrian languagesEdit

Although the Illyrian languages – and to some extent Messapic itself – are too scarcely attested to allow for an extensive linguistic comparison,<ref name=":2">Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Efn the Messapic language is generally regarded as related to, though distinct from, the Illyrian languages.<ref>Template:Harvnb; see also Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref> This theory is supported by a series of similar personal and place names from both sides of the Adriatic Sea. Proposed cognates in Illyrian and Messapic, respectively, include: 'Bardyl(l)is/Barzidihi', 'Teuta/Teutā', 'Dazios/Dazes', 'Laidias/Ladi-', 'Platōr/Plator-', 'Iapydes/Iapyges', 'Apulus/Apuli', 'Dalmata/Dalmathus', 'Peucetioe/Peucetii', 'Ana/Ana', 'Beuzas/Bozat', 'Thana/Thana', 'Dei-paturos/Da-matura'.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>

AlbanianEdit

The linguistic data of Albanian can be used to compensate for the lack of fundamental information on Illyrian, since Proto-Albanian (the ancestor language of Albanian) was likewise an Indo-European language certainly spoken in the Balkans in antiquity,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn and probably since at least the 7th century BC, as suggested by the presence of archaic loanwords from Ancient Greek.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

A number of linguistic cognates with Albanian have been proposed, such as Messapic aran and Albanian arë ("field"), biliā and bijë ("daughter"), or menza- and mëz ("foal").<ref name=":0">Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref> The toponomy points to a link between the two languages, as some towns in Apulia have no etymological forms outside Albanian linguistic sources.Template:Sfn Other linguistic elements such as particles, prepositions, suffixes, lexicon, but also toponyms, anthroponyms and theonyms of the Messapic language find singular affinities with Albanian.Template:Sfn Some phonological data can also be compared between the two languages, and it seems likely that Messapic belongs, like Albanian, to a specific subgroup of the Indo-European languages that shows distinct reflections of all the three dorsal consonant rows. In the nominal context, both Messapic and Albanian continue, in the masculine terms in -o-, the Indo-European ending *-osyo (Messapic -aihi, Albanian -i / -u).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Regarding the verbal system, both Messapic and Albanian have formally and semantically preserved the two Indo-European subjunctive and optative moods. If the reconstructions are correct, we can find, in the preterital system of Messapic, reflections of a formation in *-s- (which in other Indo-European languages are featured in the suffix of the sigmatic aorist), as in the 3rd sg. hipades/opades ('he dedicated' < *supo-dʰeh₁-s-t) and in the 3rd pl. stahan ('they placed' < *stah₂-s-n°t). In Albanian, this formation was likewise featured in the category of aorists formed with the suffix -v-. However, except for the dorsal consonant rows, these similarities do not provide elements exclusively relating Messapic and Albanian, and only a few morphological data are comparable.Template:Sfn

HistoryEdit

File:Illyrian colonies in Italy 550 BC (English) (simple map).svg

Iapygian migrations in the early first millennium BC.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

The development of a distinct Iapygian culture in southeastern Italy is widely considered to be the result of a confluence of local Apulian material cultures with Balkanic traditions following the cross-Adriatic migrations of proto-Messapic speakers in the early first millennium BC.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

The Iapygians most likely left the eastern coasts of the Adriatic for the Italian Peninsula from the 11th century BC onwards,Template:Sfn merging with pre-existing Italic and Mycenean cultures and providing a decisive cultural and linguistic imprint.Template:Sfn Throughout the second half of the 8th century, contacts between Messapians and Greeks must have been intense and continuous; they began to intensify after the foundation of Taras by Spartan colonists around the end of the century. Despite its geographical proximity with Magna Graecia, however, Iapygia was generally not encompassed in Greek colonial territories, and with the exception of Taras, the inhabitants were evidently able to avoid other Greek colonies in the region.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn During the 6th century BC Messapia, and more marginally Peucetia, underwent Hellenizing cultural influences, mainly from the nearby Taras. The use of writing systems was introduced during this period, with the acquisition of the Laconian-Tarantine alphabet and its progressive adaptation to the Messapic language.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The oldest known Messapic texts date to the 6th century–early 5th century BCE.Template:Sfn

File:Apulia Calabria et Lucania - Shepherd-c-030-031.jpg

Apulia et Calabria, cropped from "Map of Ancient Italy, Southern Part", by William R. Shepherd, 1911.

The relationship between Messapians and Tarantines deteriorated over time, resulting in a series of clashes between the two peoples from the beginning of the 5th century BC.Template:Sfn After two victories of the Tarentines, the Iapygians inflicted a decisive defeat on them, causing the fall of the aristocratic government and the implementation of a democratic one in Taras. It also froze relations between Greeks and the indigenous people for about half a century. Only in the late-5th and 6th centuries did they re-establish relationships. The second great Hellenizing wave occurred during the 4th century BC, this time also involving Daunia and marking the beginning of Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic records, in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet that replaced the older Messapic script.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Along with Messapic, Greek and Oscan were spoken and written during the Romanization period all over Apulia,Template:Sfn and bilingualism in Greek and Messapic was probably common in southern Apulia at that time.Template:Sfn Based upon the legends of the local currencies promoted by Rome, Messapic appears to have been written in the southern zone, Oscan in the northern area, while the central sector was a trilingual area where Messapic, Greek and Oscan co-existed in inscriptions.Template:Sfn Messapic epigraphic records seem to have ended by the 2nd century BC.Template:Sfn During the 1st century BCE, the language was replaced by Latin, which is the origin of the modern Italian Sallentine dialects of the region.Template:Sfn

PhonologyEdit

A characteristic feature of Messapic is the absence of the Indo-European phonological opposition between the vowels /u/ and /o/, the language featuring only an o/u phoneme. Consequently, the superfluous letter /u/ (upsilon) was not taken over following the initial period of adaption of the Western ("red") Greek alphabet.Template:Sfn The 'o/u' phoneme existed in opposition to an 'a/o' phoneme formed after the phonological distinction between *o and *a was abandoned.Template:Sfn The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowel /o/ regularly appears as /a/ in inscriptions (e.g., Venas < *Wenos; menza < *mendyo; tabarā < *to-bhorā).Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The original PIE phonological opposition between ō and o is still perceptible in Messapic.Template:Sfn The diphthong *ou, itself reflecting the merged diphthongs *ou and eu, underwent sound change to develop into ao, then into ō (e.g., *Toutor > Taotor > Θōtor).Template:Sfn

The dental affricate or spirant written Θ is frequently used before the sounds ao- or o-, where it is most likely a replacement for the older letter File:Messapic-trident2.svg. Another special letter, File:Messapic-trident1.svg, occurs almost exclusively in Archaic inscriptions from the 6th and 5th centuries BC.Template:Sfn Multiple palatalizations have also taken place, as in 'Zis' < *dyēs, 'Artorres' < *Artōryos, or 'Bla(t)θes' < *Blatyos (where '(t)θ' probably denoted a dental affricate or spirant /ts/ or /tš/).Template:Sfn Proto-Indo-European *s was rather clearly reflected in initial and intervocalic positions as Messapic h, with notable examples including klaohi and hipa, but note Venas with *s in final position.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirates *bh and *dh are certainly represented by the simple unaspirated voiced obstruents /b/ and /d/ in Messapic (e.g., 'berain' < *bher-; '-des' < *dʰeh₁).Template:Sfn On the other hand, the outcomes of the Indo-European palatal, velar, and labiovelar stops remain unclear, with slender evidence.Template:Sfn

AlphabetEdit

The Messapic alphabet is an adaptation of the Western ("red") Greek alphabets, specifically the Laconian-Tarantinian version.Template:Sfn The actual Messapic inscriptions are attested from the 6th century BC onward, while the Peucetian and Daunian epigraphic record (written in a local variant of the Hellenistic alphabet rather than in the older Messapic script) only begins in the 4th century BC.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

MessapicEdit

The Greek letter Φ (/pʰ/) was not adopted, because it would have been superfluous for Messapic.Template:Sfn While zeta "normally" represented the voiced counterpart to /s/, it may have been an affricate in some cases.Template:Sfn The value of Θ is unclear, but is clearly dental; it may be an affricate or a spirant. In any case it appears to have arisen partly as the reflex of the segment *ty.Template:Sfn

Messapic	Western Greek	Greek name	Phonetic value
File:Messapic-a.svg	File:Greek Alpha 03.svg	alpha	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-b.svg	File:Greek Beta 16.svg	beta	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-g.svg	File:Greek Gamma archaic 1.svg	gamma	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-d.svg	File:Greek Delta 03.svg	delta	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-e.svg	File:Greek Epsilon 04.svg	epsilon	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-v.svg	File:Greek Digamma oblique.svg	digamma	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-z.svg	File:Greek Zeta archaic.svg	zeta	Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}
File:Messapic-eta.svg	File:Greek Eta normal.svg	eta	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-h.svg	File:Greek Eta archaic.svg	heta	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-theta.svg	File:Greek Theta archaic straight.svg	theta	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-i.svg	File:Greek Iota normal.svg	iota	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-k.svg	File:Greek Kappa normal.svg	kappa	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-l.svg	File:Greek Lambda 09.svg	lambda	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-m.svg	File:Greek Mu 02.svg	mu	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-n.svg	File:Greek Nu archaic.svg	nu	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-croce.svg	File:Greek Chi normal.svg	xi	main}}
File:Messapic-o.svg	File:Greek Omicron normal.svg	omicron	Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-p.svg	File:Greek Pi archaic.svg	pi	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-q.svg	File:Greek Koppa normal.svg	koppa	Template:IPAslink (before /o/)
File:Messapic-r.svg	File:Greek Rho pointed.svg	rho	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-s.svg	File:Greek Iota 04.svg	sigma	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-t.svg	File:Greek Tau normal.svg	tau	Template:IPAslink
File:Messapic-trident1.svg	File:Greek Psi straight.svg File:Greek Chi 05.svg	chi	Template:IPAslink > -h-, -y- (intervocalic before /i/)
File:Messapic-trident2.svg	–	–	Template:IPAslink > /θ/
Sources	Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb
Note	The letters are arranged in chronological order of appearance. Some letterforms went out of use and were replaced by new shapes (see Template:Harvnb).

ApulianEdit

The script used in northern Apulia was rather peculiar, and some consider it to be a distinct writing system named Apulian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A notable difference between the Apulian alphabet and the Laconian-Tarentinian Messapic alphabet was the use of Η (eta) for /ē/ rather than /h/.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

InscriptionsEdit

The Messapic language is a 'fragmentary language' ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), preserved only in about 600 inscriptions from the mid-6th up until the late-2nd century BC.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Many of them consist of the personal names of the deceased engraved in burial sites (36% of the total), and only a few inscriptions have been definitely deciphered.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Some longer texts are also available, including those recently found in the Grotta della Poesia (Roca Vecchia), although they have not been fully exploited by scholars yet.Template:Sfn Most of the Messapic inscriptions are accessible in the Monumenta Linguae Messapicae (MLM), published in print in 2002.Template:Sfn

Examples of Messapic inscriptions
Messapic inscription	English translation	Source
Template:Transliteration	'of Stabuas Šonetius, son of Dazimas'	Template:Sfn
Template:Transliteration	'of Dazimas Bales, son of Dazet'	Template:Sfn
Template:Transliteration; Template:Transliteration	'priestess of Damatira'; 'priestess of Aprodita'	Template:Sfn
Template:Transliteration	'listen, Zis (and) Venas'	Template:Sfn
Template:Transliteration	'listen, Zis, the public voice'	Template:Sfn
Template:Transliteration	'θotoria Marta handed (gave) her field to the city of Basta'	Template:Sfn
Template:Transliteration	'Etθeta, the daughter of Plazet Moldatθes, dedicated to Aphrodite'	Template:Sfn

LexiconEdit

Toponymy/AnthroponymyEdit

Messapic	Modern Italian	Balkan correspondences	Sources
Amantia, settlement	Amantea	Amantia Amantes Amantini	<ref name="Palmer40">Template:Harvnb</ref>
(Taotor) Andirabas, god		(Deus) Andinus	<ref AR">Template:Cite book</ref>
Anxa (Ansha), settlement	-	-	Template:Sfn
Apsias, river	-	Apsus	<ref name="Palmer40"/>
Apuli, tribal group Teanum Apulum, settlement	Apulia	Apulus, personal name	<ref name="Mallory378"/>
Artas, personal name	-	-	Template:Sfn
Ausculum, settlement	Ascoli Satriano	-	<ref name="Marchesini520"/>
Azetium, settlement	near Rutigliano	Azeta, Dardania	<ref name="AR">Template:Cite book</ref>
Barium, settlement	Bari	-	Template:Sfn
Barzidihi, personal name Barduli, settlement	-	Bardyllis	<ref name="Mallory378">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Batas/Baton, deity/personal name	-	Bato	Template:Sfn
Brendésion/Brentésion, settlement	Brindisi	Brač	<ref name="brendon"/>
Butuntum, settlement	Bitonto	Butua	<ref name="Marchesini520"/>
Calabri, tribal group	Calabria	Galabri	<ref name="Katicic208"/>
Caelia, settlement	Ceglie del Campo	Čelje	Template:Sfn
Canusium, settlement	Canosa di Puglia	-	<ref name="Torelli1995">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Dazas/Dazimas/ (Latin or ancient Greek forms: Dazos/Dazimos/Dasio/Dassius), personal name	-	Dasius/Dassius, personal name	Template:Sfn
Dardanos, settlement; Derdensis, region; Dardi, tribal group	-	Dardani	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Genusium/ager Genusinus, settlement/district	Ginosa	Genusus (modern Shkumbin)	<ref name="Katicic208">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Gnatia, settlement	-	-	Template:Sfn
Graiva	-	-	Template:Sfn
Herdonia, settlement	Ordona	-	<ref name="Torelli1995"/>
Hydruntum, settlement	Otranto	-	Template:Sfn
Ladi-, personal name component	-	Scerdilaidas	<ref name="Mallory378"/>
Manduria, toponym	-	Mezēnai, Mëz, Mâz
Peucetii	-	Peucetioe, Liburnia	<ref name="Mallory378"/>
Rudiae, settlement	-	-	Template:Sfn
Salapia, settlement Salapitani, tribal group	-	Selepitani	Template:Sfn
Taotor, deity	-	Teuta, Triteuta, Teutana	Template:Sfn
Thana, deity	-	Thana	<ref name="Ruotolo">Template:Cite book</ref>
Dauni, tribal group	-	Thunatai	<ref>Template:Cite book p. 625.</ref>
Uria, settlement	Vereto	-	Template:Sfn
Uxentum, settlement	Ugento/Ušèntu	-	<ref name="Marchesini520">Template:Harvnb</ref>

InheritedEdit

Only Messapic words regarded as 'inherited' from its precursor are hereunder listed, thus excluding loanwords from Greek, Latin or other languages.

Messapic lexical item	English translation	Proto-Messapic form	Albanoid (Illyric)	Paleo-Balkan	Other Indo-European cognates	Sources
ana	mother	*annā (a nursery word)	Proto-Albanian: *na(n)nā, amma;* Albanian: nënë/nana, ëmë/âmë ('mother')	Greek: ámma ('mother, nurse')	Hittite: annaš ('mother'); Latin: amma ('mother');	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
anda	and, as well		Proto-Abanian: edhō/êndō; Albanian: edhe/ênde* ('and', 'yet', 'therefore')	Greek: endha/ΕΝΘΑ; ('and' , 'as well')	Latin: ante ("opposite, in front of"); Hittite: anda	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
apa	from	*apo	Proto-Albanian: apo; Albanian: (për-)apë* ('from'); Albanian (Gheg): pi (PI < apa) ('from') or pa (PA < *apa) ('without')	Greek: apó	Sanskrit: ápa	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
atabulus	sirocco		Proto-Albanian: abula; Albanian: avull* ('steam, vapor')		Proto-Germanic: *nebulaz ('fog')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
aran	field	*h₂r°h₃ā-	Proto-Albanian: arā: Albanian: arë, ara* ('field')	Ancient Greek arura ('earth')	Hittite: arba- ('border, area'); Latvian: ara ('field')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
bàrka	belly		Proto-Albanian: baruka; Albanian: bark* ('belly')			<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Barzidihi, Barduli	(personal name)		Illyrian: Bardyl(l)is; Proto-Albanian: bardza; Albanian: bardhë/bardhi, Bardha* ('white', found also in anthroponyms, e.g., Bardh-i, Bardhyl)			<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
bennan	(a sort of vehicle)	*benna			Gaulish: benna (a kind of 'carriage')	<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
biles/bilihi	son		Proto-Albanian: bira; Albanian: bir, pl. bilj - bij* ('son')		Latin: fīlius ('son')	<ref name=":1" />
biliā/bilina	daughter	*bhu-lyā	Proto-Albanian: birilā; Albanian: bijë* - bija ('daughter'); older dialect bilë - bila ('daughter')		Latin: fīlia ('daughter')	<ref name=":1">Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
bréndon; bréntion	stag; stag's head. The Messapic word is at the origin of the toponym Brendésion (Βρενδέσιον), Brentḗsion (Βρεντήσιον), modern Brindisi		Proto-Albanian: brina; Albanian: bri, brî* ('horn'; 'antler')		Lithuanian: briedis, ('elk');Template:Efn Swedish: brinde ('elk')	<ref name="brendon">Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Damatura	Mother Earth (goddess)	*dʰǵʰ(e)m- matura	Pre-Proto-Albanian: d^źō > Proto-Albanian ðē(h)* > Albanian: dhe ('earth')	Whether the (pre-)Illyrian form is at the origin of the Greek goddess Demeter or the contrary is unclear.<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>	Latvian: Zemes Māte ('Mother Earth')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
deiva; dīva	god; goddess				Sanskrit: devá ('heavenly, divine'); Lithuanian Diēvas; Old Norse: Týr	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
den	voice	*ghen	Proto-Albanian: džana; Albanian: zë/zâ, zër/zân* ('voice')			<ref name="Pisani 1976 69">Template:Harvnb.</ref>
hazavaθi	to offer (sacral)			ha- is a prefix, zav- is the same root as in Greek: χεών	same root in Sanskrit ju-hô-ti and Avestan: zaotar- ('sacrificer')	<ref name="Pisani 1976 69"/>
hipades	he/she/it offers, dedicates, sets up	*supo dhē-s-t	Proto-Albanian: skūpa: Albanian: hip* ('go up') and dha/dhash ('he gave/I gave')			<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>
hipakaθi	offer, set up		Albanian: hip ('go up') and ka/kam ('he has/I have') > hip-ka-			<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
kàrpa	'tuff (rock), limestone', preserved as càrpë 'tuff' in Bitonto dialect and càrparu 'limestone' in Salentino		Albanian: kárpë/kárpa, pl. kárpa/-t ('rock, stiff')	root of the oronym Karpates (Carpathian Mountains)	Lithuanian kerpù, kir̃pti 'chop, cut'	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
klaohi/klohi	hear, listen (invocative)	*kleu-s-	Albanian: kluoj/kluaj/kluhem ('call, hear')	Greek: klythí ('hear')	Sanskrit: śrudhí ('hear'); Slavic: slušati ('hear'); Lithuanian: klausyti ('hear')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
kos	someone	*q^wo	Proto-Albanian: kuša; Albanian: kush* ('who')		Tocharian A: Kus ('who')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
ma	not	*meh₁	Albanian: ma, me, mos	Greek: mē	Sanskrit: mā	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
menza, Manduria (toponym)	foal	*mendyo	Proto-Albanian: mandja; Albanian: mëz* - maz ('foal') (also root of mazrek 'horse breeder'), mend ('to suckle'); Romanian: mînz ('foal')	Thracian: mezēnai 'horseman'	Gaulish: mandus ('foal')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
ner	man	*ner-	Proto-Albanian: nera; Albanian: njeri* ('man')	Greek: ανηρ ('man')	Sanskrit: nar- ('man')	<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
penkaheh	five		Proto-Albanian: pentše; Albanian: pesë* ('five')		Lithuanian: penki ('five')	<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
pi-	on, thereon		MM Gheg Albanian pi, Tosk Albanian mbi ('over, above')	Greek πι	Sanskrit pi-	<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
rhīnós	fog, mist, cloud		Proto-Albanian: rina: Albanian: re, rê, rên* ('cloud')			<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
tabarā; tabaras	priestess; priest (lit. 'offerer')	to-bhorā; to-bhoros	Albanian: të bie/të bar, bjer/bar ('bring', 'carry')	Greek: φορός ('bring')	Latin: ferō ('bring')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
teutā Taotor	community, people (name of a god)	*Toutor	Illyrian: Teuta(na) ('mistress of the people', 'queen')		Oscan: touto ('community'); Old Irish: túath ('tribe, people'); Lithuanian: tautà ('people'); Gothic þiuda 'folk'	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb</ref>
veinan	his; one's		Albanian: vetë ('himself, oneself')		Sanskrit: svayàm ('himself')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Vèrnula	toponym (a village near Lecce), from a root meaning 'alder'		Albanoid u̯irnā: Albanian verrë* ('alder')			<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Venas	desire (name of a goddess)	*wenos			Latin: Venus; Old Indic: vánas ('desire')	<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Zis	sky-god	*dyēs	Albanian Zojz ('sky-god')	Greek Zeus; Tymphaean: Deipaturos ('daylight-sky-father'), considered a loanword from Illyrian	Hittite: šīuš ('god'); Sanskrit: Dyáuṣ; Latin: Jupiter ('sky-god')	<ref>Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb.</ref>

Language contactEdit

ItalicEdit

File:Samnium.jpg

Southern Samnium and northern Apulia were major regions of Iapygian-Italic linguistic contact

Since its settlement, Messapic was in contact with the Italic languages of the region. In the centuries before Roman annexation, the frontier between Messapic and Oscan ran through Frentania-Irpinia-Lucania-Apulia. An "Oscanization" and "Samnitization" process gradually took place which is attested in contemporary sources via the attestation of dual identities for settlements. In these regions an Oscan/Lucanian population and a large Daunian element intermixed in different ways. Larinum, a settlement which has produced a large body of Oscan onomastics is described as a "Daunian city" and Horace who was from Venusia in the transboundary area between the Daunians and the Lucanians described himself as "Lucanian or Apulian". The creation of Roman colonies in southern Italy after the early 4th century BCE had a great impact in the Latinization of the area.Template:Sfn

A small corpus of Messapic vocabulary did pass into Latin. They include baltea from balta (swamp), deda (nurse), gandeia (sword), horeia (small fishing boat), mannus (pony/small horse) from manda. Messapic was an intermediary for the passing of several, mostly ancient Greek words, into Latin such as paro (small ship) from Greek paroon. The Latin form of Odysseus, Ulixes might derive from a Messapic variant like the ethnonym Graeci which may have been used in its original form by Illyrians for their Greek neighbours in Epirus. A Messapic morphological intermediary has been proposed for Latin lancea (spear) and balaena (from Greek phallaina). In literature, Horace and Ennius who came from the region are the only authors of Roman antiquity who have preserved the non-Italic word laama (swamp) which might be Messapic.Template:Sfn

Ancient GreekEdit

The Messapic verbal form eipeigrave ('wrote, incised'; variant ipigrave) is a notable loanword from Greek (with the initial stem eipigra-, ipigra- deriving from epigrá-phō, ἐπιγράφω, 'inscribe, engrave'), and is probably related to the fact that the Messapic alphabet has been borrowed from an Archaic Greek script.Template:Sfn Other Greek loanwords include argora-pandes ('coin officials', with the first part deriving from ἄργυρος),Template:Sfn and names of deities like Athana and perhaps Aprodita,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn however the latter name is considered to be a Messapic theonym of an Indo-European goddess.Template:Sfn It coincides with the Proto-Albanian *apro dītā 'come forth brightness of the day/dawn', which could be the original source of the Ancient Greek Aphrodite, and which is preserved in the Albanian phrase afro dita 'come forth the day/dawn', referring to the planet Venus,Template:Sfn and also used to refer to Prende, the dawn goddess, goddess of love, beauty, fertility, health and protector of women, in the Albanian pagan mythology, the equivalent of Ancient Greek Aphrodite.

The origin of the Messapic goddess Damatura/Damatira is debated: scholars like Vladimir I. Georgiev (1937), Eqrem Çabej, Shaban Demiraj (1997), or Martin L. West (2007) have argued that she was an Illyrian goddess eventually borrowed into Greek as Demeter,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn while others like Paul Kretschmer (1939), Robert S. P. Beekes (2009) and Carlo De Simone (2017) have argued for the contrary.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn More recently it is considered a Messapic theonym of an Indo-European goddess by Marchesini (2021).Template:Sfn

SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

Civiltà messapica Template:In lang
Archaeologists find western world's oldest map. Telegraph Newspaper Online, November 19, 2005.

Template:Paleo-Balkan languages Template:Illyrians