Mesures usuelles
Template:Italic title Template:Short description {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}, customary measures) were a French system of measurement introduced by French Emperor Napoleon I in 1812 to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements. The system was restricted to use in the retail industry and continued in use until 1840, when the laws of measurement from 1795 and 1799 were reinstituted.<ref name="histmet">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rationale behind the new systemEdit
In the five years immediately before the French First Republic introduced the metric system, every effort was made to make the citizens aware of the upcoming changes and to prepare them for it.<ref name="Alder"/> The administration distributed tens of thousands of educational pamphlets, private enterprise produced educational games, guides, almanacs, and conversion aids, and metre standards were built into the walls of prominent buildings around Paris.<ref name="Alder"/> The introduction was phased by district over the next few years, with Paris being the first district to change. The government also realised that the people would need metre rulers, but they had only provided 25,000 of the 500,000 rulers needed in Paris as late as one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure.<ref name="Alder">Template:Cite book</ref> To compensate, the government introduced incentives for the mass-production of rulers. Paris police reported widespread flouting of the requirement for merchants to use only the metric system.<ref name="Alder"/> Where the new system was in use, it was abused, with shopkeepers taking the opportunity to round prices up and to give smaller measures.<ref name="Alder"/>
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Napoleon I, the French Emperor, disliked the inconvenience of surrendering the high factorability of traditional measures in the name of decimalisation, and recognised the difficulty of getting it accepted by the populace.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (imperial decree of 12 February 1812), he introduced a new system of measurement, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or "customary measures", for use in small retail businesses. However, all government, legal, and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education.<ref name=historique>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>For example the engineering textbook, Template:Cite book</ref>
The prototypes of the metric unit, the kilogram and the metre, enabled an immediate standardisation of measurement over the whole country, replacing the varying legal measures in different parts of the country, and even more across the whole of Europe. The new {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (known as the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was defined as five hundred grams, and the new {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was defined as two metres. Products could be sold in shops under the old names and with the old relationships to one another, but with metric-based and slightly changed absolute sizes. This series of measurements was called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
Napoleon's decree was eventually revoked during the reign of King Louis Philippe I by the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (law of 4 July 1837), which took effect on 1 January 1840, and reinstated the original metric system. This brought the system of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to a legal end,<ref name=historique/> though the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} remains in some informal use to this day.
Permitted unitsEdit
The law authorised the following units of measure:<ref name=H&H>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Anchor The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fathom) was defined as exactly two metres and was as before divided into 6 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (or "feet") or 72 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (inches). The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was divided into 12 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (or "lines"). The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, at precisely 333.Template:Overline mm and 27.Template:Overline mm, were about 2.6% larger than the previous Parisian measures and 9% larger than their English counterparts.
- The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (ell), used to measure cloth, was defined as 120 centimetres, and divided into the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (half an ell, or 60 cm) and the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (third of an ell, or 40 cm). It was 1.3% larger than {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (118.48 cm) and 5.0% larger than its English counterpart (45 inches; 114.3 cm).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The litre was subdivided like a British quart, into {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally, "halves", being the equivalent of a pint of about sixteen fluid ounces), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally, "fourths", being the equivalent of a cup of about eight fluid ounces), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally, "eighths"), and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally, "sixteenths", of about two fluid ounces).
- The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, (bushel), was redefined as being an eighth of a hectolitre and with associated measures {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (double, half, and quarter bushels respectively). The original {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, like the English bushel, varied depending on the Template:Em it was used, as well as the Template:Em it was used.
- The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, (pound), was defined as 500 grams, divided into 16 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, (ounces), each {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} being divided into 8 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Each gros being thought of as being composed of 72 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, whose name is the same as in English. Hence, the livre was 9216 {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=Europa1842/> The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were about 10% larger than their English counterparts, while the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was 17% less than its English counterpart.
The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} did not include any units of length greater than the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} - the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (10 km) remaining in use throughout this period.<ref name="Europa1842">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}. (Website based on {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, Template:ISBN.)</ref>
See alsoEdit
- French units of measurement
- History of measurement
- History of the metric system
- International System of Units
- List of unusual units of measurement
- Metric system
- Systems of measurement
- Units of measurement