Miniskirt
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox clothing item
A miniskirt (or mini-skirt, mini skirt, or mini) is a skirt with its hemline well above the knees, generally at mid-thigh level, normally no longer than Template:Convert below the buttocks;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and a dress with such a hemline is called a minidress or a miniskirt dress. A micro-miniskirt or microskirt is a miniskirt with its hemline at the upper thigh, at or just below crotch or underwear level.
Short skirts existed for a long time before they made it into mainstream fashion, though they were generally not called "mini" until they became a fashion trend in the 1960s. Instances of clothing resembling miniskirts have been identified by archaeologists and historians as far back as Template:Circa–1370 BC. In the early 20th century, the dancer Josephine Baker's banana skirt that she wore for her mid-1920s performances in the Folies Bergère was subsequently likened to a miniskirt. Extremely short skirts became a staple of 20th-century science fiction, particularly in 1940s pulp artwork, such as that by Earle K. Bergey, who depicted futuristic women in a "stereotyped combination" of metallic miniskirt, bra and boots.
Template:Cns and gradually climbed upward over the next few years. By 1966, some designs had the hem at the upper thigh. Stockings with suspenders (garters) were not considered practical with miniskirts and were replaced with coloured tights. The popular acceptance of miniskirts peaked in the "Swinging London" of the 1960s, and has continued to be commonplace, particularly among younger women and teenage girls. Before that time, short skirts were only seen in sport and dance clothing, such as skirts worn by female tennis players, figure skaters, cheerleaders, and dancers.
Several designers have been credited with the invention of the 1960s miniskirt, most significantly the London-based designer Mary Quant and the Parisian André Courrèges.
HistoryEdit
History in ChinaEdit
In the Warring States period of China, men could wear short skirts similar to a kilt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In the Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty of China, some short skirts worn by men were short enough to reach the mid-thighs as observed in the Terracotta army of Qin Shihuang.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Han Chinese women also wore short outer skirts, such as the Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang-zh) and the Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang-zh); however, they had to be worn over a long skirt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp One of the earliest known cultures where women regularly wore clothing resembling miniskirts was a subgroup of the Miao people of China, the Template:Transliteration (Template:Zh).<ref name="norma">Template:Cite book</ref> In albums produced during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) from the early eighteenth century onward to illustrate the various types of Miao, the Template:Transliteration women were depicted wearing "mini skirts that barely cover the buttocks."<ref name="norma" /> At least one of the "One Hundred Miao Pictures" albums contains a poem that specifically describes how the women's short skirts and navel-baring styles were an identifier for this particular group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
History in Europe and AmericaEdit
Pre-1960sEdit
Figurines produced by the Vinča culture (Template:Circa–4500 BC) have been interpreted by archaeologists as representing women in miniskirt-like garments.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One of the oldest surviving garments resembling a miniskirt is short and woolen with bronze ornaments. It was worn by the Egtved Girl for her burial in the Nordic Bronze Age (Template:Circa–1370 BCE).<ref name="Harding2000">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Russian writer Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky has noted numerous times in his ethnographic works about the 19th century Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) people that their culture valued the beauty of female legs, and Mordvin women could wear short Template:Ill (a kind of traditional skirt).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1922, skirts were shortened and could now reach the mid-shin rather than just the ankle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The banana skirt worn by the dancer Josephine Baker for her mid-1920s performances in the Folies Bergère was subsequently likened to a miniskirt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Prior to being censored in 1934, cartoon character Betty Boop also wore a short skirt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 20th century until the 1960 woman did generally not wear skirts above the knee. Exceptions included stage performers or showgirls like Josephine Baker, athletes, and competitive dancers. During the 1950s, even the skirts of cheerleaders and many ballerinas fell to the calf. Women were taught to keep their knees covered, seat themselves in ways that kept the legs together, or maintain other postures to avoid being viewed as sexually promiscuous.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Nevertheless, miniskirts were beginning to emerge by this time. Two notable examples that showed miniskirts were the science fiction films Flight to Mars (1951) and Forbidden Planet (1956).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Mid-20th century science fictionEdit
Extremely short skirts became a staple of 20th-century science fiction, particularly in 1940s pulp artwork such as that by Earle K. Bergey, who depicted futuristic women in a "stereotyped combination" of metallic miniskirt, bra and boots.<ref name=bass99>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The "sci-fi miniskirt" was seen in genre films and television programmes as well as on comic book covers.<ref name=bass99/> The very short skirts worn by regular female characters Carol and Tonga (played by Virginia Hewitt and Nina Bara) in the 1950–55 television series Space Patrol are considered as probably the first 'micro-minis' to have been seen on American television.<ref name=bass99/> Only one formal complaint relating to the skirts has been known, by an advertisement agency regarding an upwards shot of Carol climbing a ladder.<ref name=bass99/> Hewitt pointed out that even though the complainant claimed they could see up her skirt, her matching tights rendered her effectively clothed from neck to ankle.<ref name=bass99/> Otherwise, Space Patrol was applauded for being wholesome and family-friendly, even though the women's short skirts would have been unacceptable in other contexts.<ref name=bass99/> Although the 30th-century women in Space Patrol were empowered, experts in their field, and largely treated as equals, "it was the skirts that fuelled indelible memories."<ref name=bass304>Template:Cite book</ref> The Space Patrol skirts were not the shortest to be broadcast at the time. The German-made American 1954 series Flash Gordon showed Dale Arden (played by Irene Champlin) in an even shorter skirt.<ref name=bass25>Template:Cite book</ref>
1960sEdit
The manager of an unnamed shop in London's Oxford Street began experimenting in 1960 with skirt hemlines an inch above the knees on window mannequins and noted how positively his customers responded.<ref>Montreal Gazette, May 28, 1960, page 2</ref> In August 1961, Life published a photograph of two Seattle students at the University of Hawaiʻi wearing above-the-knee garments called "kookie-muus", an abbreviated version of the traditionally concealing muumuu, and noted a "current teen-age fad for short skirts" that was pushing hemlines well above the knee.<ref name=lifeaug61>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The article also showed young fashionable girls in San Francisco wearing hemlines "just above the kneecap" and students at Vanderbilt University wearing "knee ticklers" ending three inches above their knee when playing golf. The caption commented that such short skirts were selling well in the South and that "some Atlanta girls" were cutting old skirts to "thigh high" lengths.<ref name=lifeaug61/>
Extremely short skirts, some as much as eight inches above the knee, were observed in Britain in the summer of 1962.<ref name=gilmore>Template:Cite news</ref> The young women who wore these short skirts were called "Ya-Ya girls", a term derived from "yeah, yeah" which was a popular catcall at the time.<ref name=gilmore/> One retailer noted that the fashion for layered net crinoline petticoats raised the hems of short skirts even higher.<ref name=gilmore/> The earliest known reference to the miniskirt is in a humorous 1962 article datelined Mexico City and describing the "mini-skirt" or "Ya-Ya" as a controversial item of clothing that was the latest thing on the production line there. The article characterised the miniskirt as stopping eight inches above the knee. It referred to a writing by a psychiatrist, whose name it did not provide, who had argued that the miniskirt was a youthful protest of international threats to peace. Much of the article described the reactions of men, who were said to favour the fashion on young women to whom they were unrelated, but to oppose it on their own wives and fiancées.<ref>John Abney, "Yahoo! The Ya-Ya!" Billings Gazette, Aug. 6, 1962, p. 6.</ref>
Only a very few people, including an avant-garde in the UK, wore such lengths in the beginning years of the decade.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The standard hemline for public and designer garments in the early sixties was mid-knee, just covering the knee.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It would gradually climb upward over the next few years, fully baring the knees of mainstream models in 1964, when both André Courrèges<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Mary Quant<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> showed above-the-knee lengths, followed shortly thereafter by Rudi Gernreich<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and Jacques Tiffeau in the US.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The following year, skirts continued to rise as British miniskirts were officially introduced to the US in a New York show whose models' thigh-high skirts stopped traffic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By 1966, many designs had the hem at the upper thigh.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Towards the end of the 1960s, an even shorter version of the miniskirt, called the microskirt or micro-mini, emerged.<ref name=cumming>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The shape of miniskirts in the 1960s was distinctive. They were not the squeezingly tight skirts designed to show off every curve that 1950s sheath skirts had been, nor were they shortened versions of the tightly belted, petticoat-bolstered 1950s circle skirt. In the 1990s and later, exhibitions on the sixties would occasionally present vintage miniskirts pulled in tight against gallery mannequins, but sixties miniskirts were not worn tight in that way.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sixties miniskirts were simply-constructed, uninhibiting, slightly flared A-line shapes, with some straight and tapered forms seen in the early years of their existence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This shape was seen as deriving from two forms of the 1950s: (1) the shift dress, a waistless, tapered column introduced by Givenchy in 1955,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> presaged by Karl Lagerfeld in 1954,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and refined by Givenchy and Balenciaga in 1957 under the names sack dress or chemise dress,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and (2) the trapeze dresses popularized by Yves Saint Laurent in 1958<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> that were a variation of Dior's 1955 A-line,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> both of a geometric triangular shaping. In silhouette, the minidresses of the mid-1960s were basically abbreviated versions<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> of the shift dress and trapeze dress,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with Paco Rabanne's famous metal and plastic minidresses of 1966 and 1967 following the trapeze line and most of Rudi Gernreich's following the shift line. Mary Quant and other British designers, as well as Betsey Johnson in the US,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> also showed minidresses that resembled elongated rugby jerseys, body-skimming but not tight. When skirts were worn alone, they tended to sit on the hips rather than holding the waist, called hipster minis if they were really low on the hips.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The fashionable forms of the microminis of the later 1960s were also not tight, often looking somewhat tunic-like<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and in fabrics like Qiana.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In addition, sixties miniskirts were not worn with high heels but with flats or low heels,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> for a natural stance,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a natural stride,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and to enhance the fashionable child-like look of the time,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> seen as a reaction to 1950s artifice like stiletto heels,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> constrained waists, padded busts, and movement-inhibiting skirts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another way youth was indicated in the new short skirts was through using models with slim but muscular legs, as preferred by designers André Courrèges<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Emanuel Ungaro<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> at the time. The designer Mary Quant was quoted as saying that "short short skirts" indicated youthfulness, which was seen as desirable, fashion-wise.<ref name=gilmore/>
In the UK, skirts shortened to less than Template:Convert were classed as children's garments rather than adult clothes. Children's clothing was not subject to purchase tax whereas adult clothing was.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The avoidance of tax meant that the price was correspondingly less.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Stockings with suspenders (American English: "garters") were not considered practical with miniskirts and were replaced with coloured tights.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Legs could also be covered with knee-high socks<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> or various heights of boots, lower-calf height in 1964–65,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> knee-heights throughout the period,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> over-the-knee and thigh-high boots more 1967–69,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and even boot-hose or body boots (tights incorporating a shoe sole and heel to form a waist-high boot), often in stretch vinyl.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sandal straps or laces might crisscross or otherwise rise up the leg,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> even as high as the thigh,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and body paints were offered for a time to add colour to the leg in more individualised ways than wearing tights.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During the late 1960s, as most skirts became shorter and shorter,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> designers began offering a few alternatives.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Calf-length midi-skirts were introduced in 1966–67,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and floor-length maxi-skirts appeared around the same time<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> after being seen on hippies first around 1965–66.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Like miniskirts, these were overwhelmingly casual in feel and simply constructed to a two-straight-side-seams A-line shape.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Women in the late sixties welcomed these new styles as options but did not necessarily wear them,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> feeling societal pressure to shorten their skirts instead.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Decades later, starting in the late nineties, the term midi-skirt would be expanded to refer to any calf-length skirt from any era, including skirts of that length from the 1930s, 1950s, and 1980s of any shape,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and the term maxi-skirt would be expanded to apply to any floor-length skirt from any era, including ballgowns. This was not the case during a period from the late 1960s to the 1980s, when the term midi-skirt only applied to casual, simply-cut A-line calf-length skirts of the late sixties and earliest seventies and the term maxi-skirt only applied to casual, simply-cut A-line floor-length skirts of the late sixties and earliest seventies. Even the full, calf-length skirts worn from the mid-seventies to the early eighties were not called midi-skirts at the time,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as that was by 1974 considered a passė term restricted only to a specific shape of skirt from the late sixties and earliest seventies.
As designers attempted to require women to switch to midi-skirts in 1969 and 1970, women, especially in the US,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> responded by ignoring them,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> continuing to wear minis and microminis<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and turning to trousers<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> like those endorsed by Yves Saint Laurent in 1968,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a trend that would dominate the 1970s.
Designer claimsEdit
Several designers have been credited with the invention of the 1960s miniskirt, most significantly the London-based designer Mary Quant and the Parisian André Courrèges. Although Quant reportedly named the skirt after her favourite make of car, the Mini,<ref name="katya">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=miles>Template:Cite book</ref> there is no consensus as to who designed it first. Valerie Steele has noted that the claim that Quant was first is more convincingly supported by evidence than the equivalent Courrèges claim.<ref name=steele>Template:Cite book</ref> However, the contemporary fashion journalist Marit Allen, who edited the influential "Young Ideas" pages for UK Vogue, firmly stated that the British designer John Bates was the first to offer fashionable miniskirts.<ref name=allen>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other designers, including Pierre Cardin and Yves Saint Laurent, had also been raising hemlines at the same time.<ref name=polanc>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Mary Quant
The miniskirt is one of the garments most widely associated with Mary Quant.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Quant herself is ambivalent about the claim that she invented the miniskirt, stating that her customers should take credit, as she herself wore very short skirts, and they requested even shorter hemlines for themselves.<ref name=polanq>Template:Cite book</ref> Regardless of whether or not Quant invented the miniskirt, it is widely agreed that she was one of its highest-profile champions.<ref name=steele/><ref name=polanc/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Contrary to obvious and popular belief, Quant named the garment after the Mini Cooper, a favourite car of hers, stating that the car and the skirt were both "optimistic, exuberant, young, flirty", and complemented each other.<ref name=katya/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Quant had started experimenting with shorter skirts in the late 1950s, when she started making her own designs up to stock her boutique on the King's Road.<ref name=polanq/> Among her inspirations was the memory of seeing a young tap-dancer wearing a "tiny skirt over thick black tights", influencing her designs for young, active women who did not wish to resemble their mothers.<ref name=katya/><ref name=polanq/> In addition to the miniskirt, Quant is often credited with inventing the coloured and patterned tights that tended to accompany the garment, although their creation is also attributed to the Spanish couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga who offered harlequin-patterned tights in 1962<ref name=jess/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or to Bates.<ref name=bates43>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 2009, a Mary Quant minidress was among the 10 British "design classics" featured on a series of Royal Mail stamps, alongside the Tube map, the Spitfire, and the red telephone box.<ref name=katya/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- André Courrèges
Courrèges explicitly claimed that he invented the mini, and accused Quant of only "commercialising" it.<ref name=steele/> He presented short skirts measuring four inches above the knee in January 1965 for that year's Spring/Summer collection,<ref name=polanc/> although some sources claim that Courrèges had been designing miniskirts as early as 1961, the year he launched his couture house.<ref name=steele/> The collection, which also included trouser suits and cut-out backs and midriffs, was designed for a new type of athletic, active young woman.<ref name=polanc/> Courrèges had presented "above-the-knee" skirts in his August 1964 haute couture presentation which was proclaimed the "best show seen so far" for that season by The New York Times.<ref name=peterson>Template:Cite news</ref> The Courrèges look, featuring a knit bodystocking with a gabardine miniskirt slung around the hips, was widely copied and plagiarised, much to the designer's chagrin, and it would be 1967 before he again held a press showing for his work.<ref name=polanc/> Steele has described Courrèges's work as a "brilliant couture version of youth fashion" whose sophistication far outshone Quant's work, although she champions the Quant claim.<ref name=steele/> Others, such as Jess Cartner-Morley of The Guardian explicitly credit him, rather than Quant, as the miniskirt's creator.<ref name=jess>Template:Cite news</ref>
- John Bates and others
The idea that John Bates, rather than Quant or Courrèges, innovated the miniskirt had an influential champion in Marit Allen, who as editor of the influential "Young Ideas" pages for UK Vogue, kept track of up-and-coming young designers.<ref name=allen/> In 1966 she chose Bates to design her mini-length wedding outfit in white gabardine and silver PVC.<ref name=allen/> In January 1965 Bates's "skimp dress" with its "short-short skirt" was featured in Vogue, and would later be chosen as the Dress of the Year.<ref name=bates45>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bates was also famous for having designed mini-coats and dresses and other outfits for Emma Peel (played by Diana Rigg) in the TV series The Avengers, although the manufacturers blocked his request for patterned tights to enable Emma Peel to fight in skirts if necessary.<ref name=allen/><ref name=bates43/>
An alternative origin story for the miniskirt came from Barbara Hulanicki of the London boutique Biba, who recalled that in 1966 she received a delivery of stretchy jersey skirts that had shrunk drastically in transit. Much to her surprise, the ten-inch long garments rapidly sold out.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1967 Rudi Gernreich was among the first American designers to offer miniskirts, in the face of strongly worded censure and criticism from American couturiers James Galanos and Norman Norell.<ref>Template:Cite magazineTemplate:Subscription required</ref> Criticism of the miniskirt also came from the Paris couturier Coco Chanel, who declared the style "disgusting" despite being herself famed for supporting shorter skirts in the 1920s.<ref name=steele/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ReceptionEdit
Owing to Quant's position in the heart of fashionable "Swinging London", the miniskirt was able to spread beyond a simple street fashion into a major international trend, with not only significant aesthetic value but also considerable political worth.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The style came into prominence in Australia when Jean Shrimpton wore a short white shift dress, made by Colin Rolfe, on 30 October 1965 at Derby Day, first day of the annual Melbourne Cup Carnival in Australia, where it caused a sensation. According to Shrimpton, who claimed that the brevity of the skirt was due mainly to Rolfe's having insufficient material, the ensuing controversy was as much as anything to do with her having dispensed with a hat and gloves, seen as essential accessories in such a conservative society.<ref name="shrimpton">Shrimpton, Jean (1990). An Autobiography.</ref><ref name="milesago">Kimball, Duncan (2002-09-12). Jean Shrimpton in Melbourne. Milesago article on Jean Shrimpton also known as jean shrimpTON, modified "Thursday, 12 September 2002 10:48:55". Retrieved from http://www.milesago.com/Features/shrimpton.htm.</ref>
At the same time, there was some opposition in the US to miniskirts as bad influences on the young,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but this waned as people became more accustomed to them.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some European countries banned mini-skirts from being worn in public, claiming they were an invitation to rapists. In response, Quant retorted that there was clearly no understanding of the tights worn underneath.<ref name="Adburgham">Adburgham, Alison (1967-10-10). Mary Quant. Interview with Alison Adburgham, The Guardian, 10 October 1967. Retrieved from http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,106475,00.html.</ref>
Miniskirts arose at the same time women were beginning to wear trousers more in public,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and both were controversial.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Just as many schools attempted to control skirt hems via dress codes, many public establishments attempted to restrict women's wearing of pants by enforcing their own sartorial rules.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Women sometimes forced establishments to make a choice between miniskirts and pants by trying to enter restaurants in tunic-topped pantsuits and then removing their trousers when restaurant staff objected, leaving the women in ultra-short mini-tunics that restaurants had to accept because their own rules stated that it was okay for women to wear skirts,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> an absurd outcome that eventually helped lead restaurants to relax their dress codes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The response to the miniskirt was particularly harsh in Africa, where many state governments saw them as an un-African garment and part of the corrupting influence of the West.<ref name=ross>Template:Cite book</ref> Young city-dwelling African women who wore Western clothing such as the miniskirt were particularly at risk of attack based on their clothing, although Robert Ross notes that gender roles and politics were also a key factor.<ref name=ross/> The urban woman earning her own living and independence was seen as a threat to masculine authority, particularly if she wore clothing seen as un-African.<ref name=ross/> Short skirts were seen as indicating that their wearer was a prostitute, and by conflation, a witch who drained male-dominated society of its vitality and energy.<ref name=ross/> In addition to prostitutes and witches, miniskirts also became associated with secretaries, schoolgirls and undergraduates, and young women with "sugar daddies" as lovers or boyfriends.<ref name=ivaska>Template:Cite book</ref> Andrew M. Ivaska has noted that these various tropes boiled down to a basic fear of female power, fear that a woman would use her education or sexual power to control men and/or achieve her own independence, and that the miniskirt therefore became a tangible object of these fears.<ref name=ivaska/>
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In 1968, the Youth League of Tanzania's ruling TANU party launched Operation Vijana.<ref name=ross/> Organised and run by young men, Vijana was a morality campaign targeting indecent clothing, which led to attacks on women with at least one stoning reportedly triggered by the victim's miniskirt.<ref name=ross/> Gangs of youths patrolled bus stations and streets looking for women dressed "inappropriately", and dealing out physical attacks and beatings.<ref name=ivaska/> In Ethiopia, an attack on women wearing miniskirts triggered a riot of leftist students in which a hundred cars were set on fire and fifty people injured.<ref name=ross/>
Kamuzu Banda, president of Malawi, described miniskirts as a "diabolic fashion which must disappear from the country once and for all."<ref name=ross/> It is also reported that Kenneth Kaunda, president of Zambia, cited apartheid and the miniskirt as his two primary hates.<ref name=ross/> By the mid-1970s the Zanzibar revolutionary party had forbidden both women and men from wearing a long list of garments, hairstyles and cosmetics, including miniskirts.<ref name=ross/>
In the Soviet Union, miniskirts became widely known after the 1967 Moscow International Fashion Festival, and quickly made their way into popular media, including movies (The Diamond Arm, Afonya, Office Romance;<ref name="Culture.ru">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> an earlier 1956 film Carnival Night also featured dancers wearing short dresses and a conservative Soviet bureaucrat outraged by their "naked legs"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>), cartoons (The Bremen Town Musicians) and sci-fi works (i.e. Definitely Maybe and The Final Circle of Paradise), despite strong criticism from senior citizens and attempts to control skirt lengths in public<ref name="Wday.ru">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Culture.ru" /> (which continued well into the 1980s - for example, hard rock vocalist Elena Sokolova has angered the authorities by wearing an extremely short skirt on stage during her performance at the Template:Ill festival<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>). One of the best known Soviet designers of miniskirts was Vyacheslav Zaitsev.<ref name="Wday.ru" /> Short skirts and dresses remain popular in modern day Russia (except for some conservative Muslim regions like Dagestan, where wearing miniskirts is strongly frowned upon and discouraged by travel advisories<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>).
Post-1960sEdit
1970sEdit
From 1969 onwards, the fashion industry largely returned to longer skirts such as the midi and the maxi,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with even Mary Quant showing no above-the-knee skirts for 1970.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Journalist Christopher Booker gave two reasons for this reaction: firstly, that "there was almost nowhere else to go ... the mini-skirts could go no higher"; and secondly, in his view, "dressed up in mini-skirts and shiny PVC macs, given such impersonal names as 'dolly birds', girls had been transformed into throwaway plastic objects".<ref>Christopher Booker (1980) The Seventies</ref> This lengthening of hemlines coincided with the growth of the feminist movement. However, in the 1960s the mini had been regarded as a symbol of liberation, and it was worn by some, such as Germaine Greer and, in the following decade, Gloria Steinem.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Greer herself wrote in 1969 that:
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The women kept on dancing while their long skirts crept up, and their girdles dissolved, and their nipples burst through like hyacinth tips and their clothes withered away to the mere wisps and ghosts of draperies to adorn and glorify ...<ref>Greer, Germaine (1969-02). Germaine Greer in Oz, February 1969.</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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In the earliest seventies, particularly in the US, minis and microminis briefly rebounded in popularity<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> after women's rejection of designers' attempt to impose midiskirts as the sole length in 1970, referred to as "the midi debacle."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Women both continued to wear miniskirts and switched even more to trousers,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and designers, having been made to understand that they would no longer be respected as arbiters,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> followed suit for a couple of years and included minis again,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> often underneath midis and maxis.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Unlike in the 1960s, minis during this period might be worn with chunky platform shoes, often with high wedge heels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1971, almost all designers, even upper-echelon couture designers,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> showed hot pants,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> also presented in combination with midiskirts, maxiskirts, and minis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They continued to express a desire for women to wear longer skirts, though, and soon those women who had not switched entirely to jeans and trousers were often wearing their skirts at the knee.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1973, Kenzo made calf-length skirts look new by cutting them fuller and in lighter fabrics for a style that was very different from the midi<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and women soon accepted this, making it one of the characteristic styles of the mid-seventies, one that would last into the early eighties, sometimes dropping to the ankle.
Although miniskirts had mostly disappeared from mainstream fashion by the mid-'70s,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> prompting the leading designer of the time, Yves Saint Laurent, to say, "I don't think short skirts will ever come back,"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> they never entirely went away, with women having to be pressured by the fashion industry to abandon above-the-knee skirts as late as 1974,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> miniskirt stalwart André Courrèges continuing to show them,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and even some mainstream designers like Halston,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Kenzo,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Karl Lagerfeld<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> offering a few mini-tunics and mini-blousons among the standard calf-length dirndl skirts of the mid-seventies Big Look period.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In these occasional high-fashion versions of the mid-seventies,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> mini was taken to mean any length above the knee.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Enough above-the-knee skirts were shown in Paris in 1976 for fashion writers to suggest a possible mini revival,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but these were never broadly taken up by the general public,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which was still gravitating toward below-the-knee dirndls.
Around 1976,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> punks began including among their array of clothes intended to shock very short miniskirts in materials like black leather, rubber, PVC,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> tartan, and even trash bag plastic,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the unfashionable length shocking almost as much as the aggressive materials. Punks of this period also introduced the wearing of miniskirts with then-very-out-of-style high-heeled, late-1950s pumps, which they got at thrift shops, a combination not worn in the 1960s and unthinkable during the 1950s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Though not at all mainstream, these punk looks would influence bands that came after them into wearing more sixties-looking miniskirts again, as evidenced by Deborah Harry of the group Blondie, Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson of The B-52's, Fay Fife of The Revillos, Rhoda Dakar of The Bodysnatchers, Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees, and the group The Slits, who often wore miniskirts during the "new wave" era of the late '70s. Some of these performers were part of a few sixties-revival subcultures that came in the wake of punk and included Mod revival and ska revival, both of whose female adherents sought out authentic-looking early miniskirts as part of their sixties-revival look.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Blondie's Deborah Harry had her sixties-ish look provided by fashion designer Stephen Sprouse,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> who had been responsible for Halston's "skimp" minis of 1974<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and would become internationally known for his own sixties-revival line during the eighties. The song "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea" (1978), by new wave artist Elvis Costello, contains the line in the chorus: "There's no place here for the mini-skirt waddle."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
During the seventies, when males and females typically wore identical denim cutoff shorts instead of miniskirts if they wanted short lengths, the female cast members of the US TV show Hee Haw, known as the "Hee Haw Honeys", always wore country-style minidresses even during the miniskirt's fashion hiatus in the late '70s and early '80s; and as mentioned above, female tennis players, figure skaters, cheerleaders, and dancers also wore short skirts.
Toward the end of the seventies, in 1978 and '79, some of the above-the-knee skirt looks that would become associated with the eighties began to be introduced,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> including the flounced, hip-yoked style debuted by Norma Kamali and Perry Ellis in 1979 and called rah-rah skirts in the UK<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and above-the-knee versions of the tight sheath skirt, with even Yves Saint Laurent showing some above-the-knee lengths.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The sixties-revival subcultures emanating from the UK seemed to reach the high fashion world somewhat in 1979,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as a few Paris catwalks presented styles seemingly pulled right out of the sixties, including miniskirts inspired by Courrèges, Rabanne, and Gernreich.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Courrèges himself revived some of his sixties styles that year.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some fashion writers even proclaimed a miniskirt revival for 1979-80, particularly from Paris designers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> At this point, these styles were still considered avant-garde, though,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and a variety of mostly longer skirts were worn by the public, with the full, calf-length forms that had dominated the mid-seventies still prevalent but beginning to be made slimmer,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> slightly shorter,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> more brightly coloured,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and often slit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The mainstream return of the miniskirt would not come until the 1980s.
1980s and 1990sEdit
Miniskirts returned to mainstream acceptance in the 1980s, but with some differences from the 1960s:
Because women had worn skirts that covered the knee and often dropped to the calf for so many years during the 1970s, any skirt above the knee was often called a miniskirt in the late seventies and early eighties, even skirts that hit just above the knee.
They were not presented this time as the only length women should wear, nor was there societal pressure for women to shorten their hemlines, as there had been in the late 1960s when designers also presented a variety of lengths.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They were now just one option among a variety of lengths and styles of skirts and pants available to women,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and miniskirts tended to be in the minority among all the other kinds of skirts and pants seen on the streets, particularly in the early part of the decade. Throughout the decade, street lengths ranged from ankle to thigh, for both skirts and trousers, and most women wore their skirts just below the knee,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as they also had in the seventies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Miniskirts came in a greater variety of shapes than in the sixties, from full and flouncy to narrow to tight to abbreviated revivals of skirt shapes of the 1940s and '50s<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> like sheath skirts, trumpet skirts, tulip skirts, and bubble/puffball skirts. Above-the-knee versions of strapless 1950s dresses were seen, as were formal minis with bustles and trains in the back.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Even tutus were shown mid-decade.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many above-the-knee dresses had noticeable shoulder pads.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
They were worn with a greater range of heel heights than in the sixties, depending on the shape of the miniskirt, with flats preferred for some styles and high-heeled pumps preferred for others.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the early part of the decade, opaque tights, sometimes brightly coloured,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and flat, calf-high boots might be worn with the more casual styles, much like in the mid-sixties.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Throughout the period, dressier styles with high heels tended to be worn with hose ranging from slightly tinted to opaque.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A punk influence was sometimes seen when miniskirts were paired with combat boots or Doc Martens.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Another difference between 1960s miniskirts and 1980s miniskirts is that 1980s miniskirts might be worn over footless tights, long tight shorts, various lengths of thermal underwear, or tight, cropped pants, a trend that began with designers like Norma Kamali, Perry Ellis, and Willi Smith in 1979.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the early eighties, the footless tights might be referred to by the 1950s terms clamdiggers, pedal-pushers, capri pants, or toreadors, depending on their length, but in the second half of the eighties, all footless tights began to be referred to as leggings. Also at the end of the eighties, visible bike shorts were often worn with miniskirts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the early eighties, miniskirts were still considered avant-garde and unusual among the public,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> though designers had begun showing them again in 1979<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and had begun shortening some skirts to just above the knee in 1978.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some minis from 1979 and '80 were modeled after sweatshirts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Others were lifted straight out of the Space Age mid-sixties.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Some were inspired by punk.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The most influential designer of miniskirts in the early eighties was probably Norma Kamali. In 1980, when there was a fad for wearing oversized sweatshirts as minidresses,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> she introduced sweatshirt-fabric versions of the flounced, hip-yoked, above-the-knee skirts she had first presented in 1979, called rah-rah skirts in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1981 and '82, miniskirts from this "Sweats" line would reach mainstream levels of popularity and make Kamali a household name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the spring of 1982 (as featured in the June issue of Time Magazine that year),Template:Citation needed short skirts began to re-emerge more strongly among the public,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> notably in the form of "rah-rahs", which were modeled on those worn by female cheerleaders at sporting and other events.
By 1983, miniskirts had become more widespread, but the Kamali-style full versions common in 1981-82 had waned in popularity in favor of slim, straight minis in jean-cut blue denim,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as well as other trim styles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Kenzo had been almost the only designer to champion miniskirts during their nadir in the mid-seventies, and he was vindicated in the eighties as several of the miniskirt styles he had shown back then<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> were taken up by other designers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Yves Saint Laurent had believed short skirts would never return in the mid-seventies,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but he led the move to above-the-knee skirts starting in 1978<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and during the first half of the eighties was known for a number of brief but dressy skirt styles,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> especially slim, black leather miniskirts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Karl Lagerfeld had begun showing miniskirts again at the end of the seventies<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and in 1983 would take over the house of Chanel,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> where he soon began adding minis and microminis to the offerings,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> a surprise because Chanel herself had hated 1960s miniskirts, considering the knees to be an ugly part of the body.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Throughout the 1980s, beginning at the end of the seventies, designers experimented with shortening heavily constructed historical dress styles, mostly from the 1950s, with fifties crinoline skirts,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> fifties sheath skirts, and fifties bubble/puffball skirts<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> shown in above-the-knee lengths as early as 1979. Styles from the deeper past were also shortened. In the early eighties, Perry Ellis referenced the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries by altering the shape of the flouncy, hip-yoked miniskirts he'd been showing since 1979. In 1980, he bolstered them with petticoats and added stiffening to extend them out to the sides, causing some fashion writers to compare them to panniers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The following year, he added stuffed-organdy padding to the skirts and referred to them as farthingales, a sixteenth-century term for a similarly padded floor-length skirt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A better known example of a truncated historical skirt style came from former punk designer Vivienne Westwood. In 1985, British designer Westwood offered her first "mini-crini,"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> an abbreviated version of the Victorian crinoline, complete with wire cage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its mini-length, bouffant silhouette inspired the puffball skirts widely presented by more established designers such as Christian Lacroix.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1989, Westwood's mini-crini was described as having combined two conflicting ideals – the crinoline, representing a "mythology of restriction and encumbrance in woman's dress", and the "equally dubious mythology of liberation" associated with the miniskirt.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Sixties-revivalist Stephen Sprouse showed his first collection in 1983<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and favored almost period-perfect shift minidresses and trapeze minidresses in graffiti prints, blacks, and searing sixties brights, including fluorescents,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with geometric paillettes and sixties-style cutouts, sometimes of peace signs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some of his microminis were in patent leather.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Unlike in the sixties, he showed these clothes with eighties shoe shapes like high-heeled pumps and Doc Martens.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A style that would be seen off and on throughout the decade but would become common in the second half of the eighties was the tight, stretch minidress worn with high-heeled eighties pumps and often padded shoulders.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In silhouette, this was sort of an abbreviated, less heavily constructed version of 1950s sheath skirts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These forms of tight, blatantly seductive 1980s minis were shown on bodies that were voluptuous and/or muscular instead of thin and child-like as in the sixties.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> When these stretch minidresses were paired with sixties-style makeup and accessories, it was a lesson in the differences between sixties minis and eighties minis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In the mid-1980s, Azzedine Alaïa began presenting mini and micromini versions of his extremely tight dress designs,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> his anatomical seaming and occasional sheer fabrics creating a prurient effect that would never have been seen in sixties miniskirts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His miniskirts, though, also included some that resembled flippy skating skirts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and others that were grass-like raffia so short they barely covered the wearer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His earlier fitted, curve-accenting skirts, usually in a just-above-the-knee length that sometimes rose to the lower thigh,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> would be very influential in the second half of the decade, spawning imitations by companies like North Beach Leather<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Body Glove.
During the mid- to late eighties, Patrick Kelly put his own whimsical signature on the familiar, high-heel-accompanied, tight, stretch minidresses of the decade,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> covering them with bright buttons, bright bowties, cartoon faces, etc.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
For fall of 1987 and spring of '88, designers united in presenting a great proportion of miniskirts in almost all collections,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with very few mainstream designers bucking the trend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Though a few designers showed these minis in somewhat sixties shapes with flat shoes or boots,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> most showed truncated versions of eighties suits and cocktail dresses<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with slightly narrower shoulders,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> worn with high-heeled over-the-knee boots or high-heeled eighties pumps that looked like pumps from the late fifties/early sixties.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dark hose were recommended for them.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many of the new minis were stretch-fit tight,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and some were very short,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with Ungaro's so brief they were likened to 1950s bathing suits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The fashion industry's miniskirt campaign was so intense that newspaper articles appeared on women considering plastic surgery on their knees to suit the new lengths.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
However, though there was a rush on miniskirts for a time,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the unanimity around mini lengths did not last long,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as women continued to consider minis just one option among the many available during the decade and did not replace their entire wardrobes with them as they had in the sixties. This 1987-88 miniskirt push, though, would help cement the mini's status as a basic item in the average woman's wardrobe for many years to come.
From the 1980s, many women began to incorporate the miniskirt into their business attire,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a trend which grew during the remainder of the century. The titular character of the 1990s television program Ally McBeal, a lawyer portrayed by Calista Flockhart, has been credited with popularising micro-skirts.<ref name=standring>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Multiple image The very short skirt is an element of Japanese school uniform, which since the 1990s has been exploited by young women who are part of the kogal (or gyaru) subculture as part of their look.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
2000s and 2010sEdit
In the early 2000s, micro-minis were once again revived.<ref name=cumming/> In 2003, Tom Ford, at that time described as one of the few designers able to effortlessly dictate changes in fashion, stated that micro-skirts would be the height of fashion for Spring/Summer 2003.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For fashionable wear, early 21st century microskirts were often worn with leggings or tights in order to avoid revealing too much.<ref name=standring/>
A BBC article in 2014 wrote that miniskirts remained as contemporary a garment as ever, retaining their associations with youth.<ref name=katya/> In an early 2010s study the department store Debenhams found that women continued buying miniskirts up to the age of 40, whilst 1983 studies showed that 33 years old was when the average woman had stopped buying them.<ref name=katya/> Debenhams' report concluded that by the 2020s, miniskirts would be seen as a wardrobe staple for British women in their 40s and early 50s.<ref name=katya/>
Despite this, in the early 21st century, miniskirts are still seen as controversial, and remain subject to bans and regulation.<ref name=katya/> Valerie Steele told the BBC in 2014 that even though miniskirts no longer had the power to shock in most Western cultures, she would hesitate to wear one in most parts of the world.<ref name=katya/> She described the garment as symbolic of looking forward to future freedom and backwards to a "much more restricted past" and noted that international rises in extreme conservatism and religious fundamentalism had led to an anti-women backlash, some of which was shown through censure and criticism of women wearing "immodest" clothing.<ref name=katya/> In 2010, the mayor of Castellammare di Stabia in Italy ordered that police fine women for wearing "very short" miniskirts.<ref name=katya/><ref name="ban">Template:Cite news</ref> In the 2000s, a ban on miniskirts at a teacher's college in Kemerovo was claimed by lawyers to be against the terms of equality and human rights as laid out by the Russian constitution, whilst in Chile, the women's minister, Carolina Schmidt, described a regional governor's ban on public employees wearing minis and strapless tops as "absolute nonsense" and challenged their right to regulate other people's clothing.<ref name=ban/> In July 2010, Southampton city council also tried to regulate their female employees's wardrobes, telling them to avoid miniskirts and dress "appropriately."<ref name=ban/>
Miniskirts regularly appear in Africa as part of controversies, something that has continued since the 1960s.<ref name="morris">Template:Cite news</ref> In the early 21st century alone, instances have included a proposed ban on miniskirts in Uganda justified by claiming that they were a dangerous distraction to drivers and would cause road accidents, and in 2004, a leaflet campaign in Mombasa instructed women to dress modestly and "shun miniskirts", leading to the Kenyan government denying that they wanted a ban.<ref name=ban/> Since the 1990s, women perceived to be "indecently dressed" might be stripped in public often by gangs of men, but sometimes by other women.<ref name=morris/> These acts took place in Kenya, Zambia and elsewhere, including incidents in Johannesburg in 2008 and 2011 which led to similar attacks in various states including Sudan, Malawi, Zimbabwe and elsewhere.<ref name=morris/> The President of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, was forced to make a statement in 2012 after male gangs forcibly stripped women in Lilongwe and Mzuzu.<ref name=morris/> By this point, "miniskirt protests" regularly followed these acts of violence, with the protesters defiantly wearing miniskirts.<ref name=morris/> In late February 2010, a group of about 200 Ugandan women demonstrated against a so-called "miniskirt law", an anti-pornography legislation which specifically forbade women to dress "in a manner designed to sexually excite", or from wearing clothing that revealed their thighs and/or other body parts.<ref name=ban/> Uganda revisited their proposed ban in 2013, with Simon Lokodo, Minister of Ethics and Integrity, proposing another anti-pornography bill which would outlaw revealing "intimate parts", defined as "anything above the knee", and vowing that women who wore miniskirts would be arrested.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While most of these proposed bans come from male politicians, in 2009, Joice Mujuru, Zimbabwe's vice president, had to deal with rumours that she intended to ban miniskirts and trousers for women.<ref name=morris/> In Africa, one of the main issues with the miniskirt since the 1960s is that it is seen as representative of protest against predominantly male authority, an accusation also applied to trousers for women which are perceived as blurring the gender divide.<ref name=ross/><ref name=ivaska/><ref name=morris/>
2020sEdit
The resurgence of controversial early 2000s trends, including visible thong strings and low-rise jeans, has extended to miniskirts, now seen on both fashion runways and social media platforms like TikTok.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The micro miniskirt trend has been associated with various fashion movements, from the mod style of the 1960s to the edgy looks of the 2000s. The skirts revival has evoked nostalgia for Y2K icons like Britney Spears and Paris Hilton, making it a piece for fashion enthusiasts seeking a contemporary edge with a nod to the past.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With brands like Miu Miu and Miaou, the micro miniskirt has made its way back into one of the top fashion trends.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The micro mini made its emergence during Paris fashion week across catwalks and street style. Fashion brands like Khaite and Etro are capitalizing on the micro mini skirt trend, driven by customers' nostalgia and desire for a return to sexier styles.<ref name=":0" />
During Spring/Summer 22, Miu Miu debuted their utilitarian take on the micro trend.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It's a subversive and deconstructive take on the classic schoolgirl pleated skirt.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The skirt was immediately seen on Nicole Kidman, Paloma Elsesser, Zendaya, Lily Rose Depp, Bella Hadid, and many more,<ref name=":2" /> and went viral on TikTok and Instagram. The Miu Miu skirt set even has its own instagram account @miumiuset with 6K followers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With its low rise and extreme shortness, the miniskirt captures attention, reflecting Miuccia Prada's dedication to bold and unconventional fashion statements.<ref name=":1" /> The skirt is priced between $950 and $1,150.<ref name=":1" />
The Diesel belt skirt debuted in Diesel's FW22 show in Milan, with leather belts transformed into micro-mini skirts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The belt is another take on the current micro mini skirt trend referencing Paris Hilton's iconic quote "skirts should be the size of a belt".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Inspired by the chunky, low-waisted belts of the 1990s, Diesel's creative director Glenn Martens envisioned a garment that exudes a nostalgic yet contemporary vibe.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A TikTok review by content creator Adrienne Reau, garnering 5.2 million views, has sparked controversy over the skirt design. The Daily Mail labeled it "'sloppy'," while Insider noted its impracticality, stating it's impossible to sit in. Diet Prada added humor, questioning if wearers are "ready to expose your buttcheeks to the breeze?"<ref name=":3" />
Critics express concerns over its impracticality due to its extremely short length, while its predominantly showcasing on slender models has prompted calls for more size-inclusive offerings.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Miu Miu's presentation of the skirt solely on slim young bodies further fueled these criticisms, although subsequent magazine covers featuring plus-sized model Paloma Elsesser and 54-year-old actress Nicole Kidman helped broaden its appeal to a wider audience.<ref name=":4" /> Model Jessica Blair highlighted in a TikTok video how clothing options for plus-size individuals were severely limited in the early 2000s, effectively excluding them from fashion. “Clothing options for plus-size people in the early 2000s were virtually non-existent, thereby completely excluding fat people from fashion,” Blair stated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ImagesEdit
- Woman in a red miniskirt and green cardigan crop.jpg
Woman wearing a red miniskirt
- Miniskirt3.jpg
- Miniskirt1.jpg
A woman in a jean-microskirt, Template:Circa 2006
- 1970sgirls.jpg
College girls, 1973 in Memphis.
- Atam-models-2.JPG
Model at the ATAM convention in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico.
- Minirock (Lack) Photo Model 1.jpg
Photomodel in a black leathered miniskirt at Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord.
- Miami-dolphins-040201-N-2541H-001.jpg
Members of the Miami Dolphins cheerleading team, Template:Circa 2004
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Sources
External linksEdit
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