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Mon (emblem)

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Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:More citations needed

File:Goshichi no kiri inverted.svg
The Template:Transliteration of the Toyotomi clan, now used as the emblem of the Japanese Government; originally an emblem of the imperial family—a stylized paulownia.

Template:Nihongo, also called Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo, and Template:Nihongo, are Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual, a family, or (more recently) an institution, municipality or business entity. While Template:Transliteration is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration refer specifically to emblems that are used to identify a family. An authoritative Template:Transliteration reference compiles Japan's 241 general categories of Template:Transliteration based on structural resemblance (a single Template:Transliteration may belong to multiple categories), with 5,116 distinct individual Template:Transliteration. However, it is well acknowledged that there are a number of lost or obscure Template:Transliteration.<ref>日本の家紋大全 梧桐書院 Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Some 6939 mon are listed here Template:Webarchive.</ref> Among Template:Transliteration, the Template:Transliteration officially used by the family is called Template:Nihongo3. Over time, new Template:Transliteration have been created, such as Template:Nihongo3, which is unofficially created by an individual, and Template:Nihongo3, which is created by a woman after marriage by modifying part of her original family's Template:Transliteration, so that by 2023 there will be a total of 20,000 to 25,000 Template:Transliteration.<ref name="nippone"/>

The devices are similar to the badges and coats of arms in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families. Template:Transliteration are often referred to as crests in Western literature, the crest being a European heraldic device similar to the Template:Transliteration in function. Japanese Template:Transliteration influenced Louis Vuitton's monogram designs through Japonisme in Europe in the late 1800s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:Heiji Monogatari Emaki - Sanjo scroll part 2.jpg
A scene from the Template:Transliteration showing several Template:Nihongo3 with Template:Transliteration fleeing a battle; the Template:Transliteration with nine circles is called Template:Transliteration, representing the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and two imaginary stars, and was believed to ward off evil. The Template:Transliteration of cranes represented good fortune, longevity, and prosperity of the descendants.

Template:Transliteration originated in the mid-Heian period (Template:C.) as a way to identify individuals and families among the nobility. They had a pecking order, and when Template:Nihongo3 passed each other on the road, the one with the lower status had to give way, and the Template:Transliteration was painted on the Template:Transliteration. The Template:Transliteration, an Template:Nihongo3 depicting the Heiji rebellion, shows Template:Transliteration painted on Template:Transliteration. Gradually, the nobility began to use Template:Transliteration on their own costumes, and the samurai class that emerged in the late Heian period and came to power in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) also began to use Template:Transliteration.<ref name="nippone">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nipponj">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the 12th century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. It is seen on flags, tents, and equipment. On the battlefield, Template:Transliteration served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as Template:Transliteration-based standards (cf. Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration).

Gradually, Template:Transliteration spread to the lower classes, and in the Muromachi period (1336–1573), merchants painted emblems on their shop signs, which became Template:Transliteration. In the Edo period (1603–1867), kabuki actors used Template:Transliteration, and the general public was allowed to choose and use their favorite Template:Transliteration. By the Genroku period (1680–1709) in the early Edo period, the use of Template:Transliteration was fully established among the general public. However, the use of the chrysanthemum Template:Transliteration used by the imperial family and the hollyhock Template:Transliteration used by the Tokugawa clan (Tokugawa shogunate) was prohibited.<ref name="nippone"/><ref name="nipponj"/> Template:Transliteration were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theater troupes and even criminal gangs. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition. {{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}}

Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the Template:Transliteration of the wearer. Commoners without Template:Transliteration often used those of their patron or the organization they belonged to. In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few Template:Transliteration which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever Template:Transliteration they wished, passing it on to their descendants. It was not uncommon for shops, and therefore shop-owners, to develop Template:Transliteration to identify themselves.

Occasionally, patron clans granted the use of their Template:Transliteration to their retainers as a reward. Similar to the granting of the patron's surnames, this was considered a very high honor. Alternatively, the patron clan may have added elements of its Template:Transliteration to that of its retainer, or chosen an entirely different Template:Transliteration for them.

DesignEdit

File:Gourd-Shaped Sake Bottle with Aoi Crests.jpg
Template:Transliteration bottle with Tokugawa clan's Template:Transliteration, 18th century, Edo period
File:Kamon himeji.jpg
Various Template:Transliteration on display at Himeji Castle

Template:Transliteration motifs can be broadly classified into five categories: animals, plants, nature, buildings and vehicles, and tools and patterns, each with its own meaning. The most common animal motifs are the crane and the turtle, which, according to tradition, were symbols of longevity and were used to wish the family a long and prosperous life. Plant Template:Transliteration were symbols of wealth and elegance, so they were often used to wish for the improvement of the family's social status and economic power, and motifs such as wisteria and paulownia were often used. Template:Transliteration depicting buildings, vehicles, or tools often indicated occupation or status. For example, a Template:Transliteration with a Template:Transliteration gate indicated a family associated with Shinto, a Template:Transliteration with a Template:Transliteration wheel indicated nobility, and a Template:Transliteration with a crowbar indicated a family associated with construction. The Template:Transliteration of nature was a symbol of respect for nature and prayers for a good harvest, and motifs such as the moon, mountains, and thunder were used.<ref name="nippone"/><ref name="nipponj"/>

The most commonly used Template:Transliteration motifs are wisteria, paulownia, hawk feathers, flowering quince, and creeping woodsorrel, which are called the Template:Nihongo3. However, according to a dictionary of Template:Transliteration published by Shogakukan, oak is listed instead of paulownia.<ref name="nippone"/> There are more than 150 types of wisteria Template:Transliteration, and their use by the Fujiwara clan led to their popularization.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Similar to the blazon in European heraldry, Template:Transliteration are also named by the content of the design, even though there is no set rule for such names. Unlike in European heraldry, however, this "blazon" is not prescriptive—the depiction of a Template:Transliteration does not follow the name—instead the names only serve to describe the Template:Transliteration. The pictorial depictions of the Template:Transliteration are not formalized and small variations of what is supposed to be the same Template:Transliteration can sometimes be seen, but the designs are for the most part standardized through time and tradition.

The degree of variation tolerated differ from Template:Transliteration to Template:Transliteration as well. For example, the paulownia crest with 5-7-5 leaves is reserved for the prime minister, whereas paulownia with fewer leaves could be used by anyone. The imperial chrysanthemum also specifies 16 petals, whereas chrysanthemum with fewer petals are used by other lesser imperial family members.

Japanese heraldry does not have a cadency or quartering system, but it is not uncommon for cadet branches of a family to choose a slightly different Template:Transliteration from the senior branch. Each princely family (Template:Transliteration), for example, uses a modified chrysanthemum crest as their Template:Transliteration. Template:Transliteration holders may also combine their Template:Transliteration with that of their patron, benefactor or spouse, sometimes creating increasingly complicated designs.

Template:Transliteration are essentially monochrome; the color does not constitute part of the design and they may be drawn in any color.

Modern usageEdit

File:Mitsubishi logo.svg
Logo of Mitsubishi ("three diamonds" (rhombuses), in the form of a Template:Transliteration

Virtually all modern Japanese families have a Template:Transliteration, but unlike before the Meiji Restoration when rigid social divisions existed, Template:Transliteration play a more specialized role in everyday life. On occasions when the use of a Template:Transliteration is required, one can try to look up their families in the temple registries of their ancestral hometown or consult one of the many genealogical publications available. Many websites also offer Template:Transliteration lookup services. Professional wedding planners, undertakers and other "ritual masters" may also offer guidance on finding the proper Template:Transliteration.

Template:Transliteration are seen widely on stores and shops engaged in traditional crafts and specialties. They are favored by sushi restaurants, which often incorporate a Template:Transliteration into their logos. Template:Transliteration designs can even be seen on the ceramic roof tiles of older houses. Template:Transliteration designs frequently decorate Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, tofu and other packaging for food products to lend them an air of elegance, refinement and tradition. The paulownia Template:Transliteration appears on the obverse side of the 500 yen coin.

Items symbolizing family crafts, arts or professions were often chosen as a Template:Transliteration; likewise, Template:Transliteration were, and still are, also passed down a lineage of artists. Geisha typically wear the Template:Transliteration of their Template:Transliteration (geisha house) on their clothing when working; individual geisha districts, known as Template:Transliteration, also have their own distinctive Template:Transliteration, such as the plover crest (Template:Transliteration) of Ponto-chō in Kyoto.

A woman may still wear her maiden Template:Transliteration if she wishes and pass it on to her daughters; she does not have to adopt her husband's or father's Template:Transliteration. Flowers, trees, plants and birds are also common elements of Template:Transliteration designs.<ref name=JapanSociety>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Transliteration also add formality to a kimono. A kimono may have one, three or five Template:Transliteration. The Template:Transliteration themselves can be either formal or informal, depending on the formality of the kimono, with formality ranging from the most formal 'full sun' (Template:Transliteration) crests to the least formal 'shadow' (Template:Transliteration) crests. Very formal kimono display more Template:Transliteration, frequently in a manner that makes them more conspicuous; the most formal kimono display Template:Transliteration on both sides of the chest, on the back of each sleeve, and in the middle of the back. On the armor of a warrior, it might be found on the Template:Transliteration (helmet), on the Template:Transliteration (breast plate), and on flags and various other places. Template:Transliteration also adorned coffers, tents, fans and other items of importance.

As in the past, modern Template:Transliteration are not regulated by law, with the exception of the Imperial Chrysanthemum, which doubles as the national emblem, and the paulownia, which is the mon of the office of prime minister and also serves as the emblem of the cabinet and government (see national seals of Japan for further information). Some local governments and associations may use a Template:Transliteration as their logo or trademark, thus enjoying its traditional protection, but otherwise Template:Transliteration are not recognized by law. One of the best known examples of a Template:Transliteration serving as a corporate logo is that of Mitsubishi, a name meaning 'three lozenges' (occasionally translated as 'three buffalo nuts'), which are represented as rhombuses.<ref>"The Mitsubishi Mark" Template:Webarchive. Mitsubishi.com. 2008. Accessed 10 August 2008.</ref> Another example of corporate use is the logo for the famous soy sauce maker Kikkoman, which uses the family Template:Transliteration of the founder,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and finally, the logo of music instrument/equipment and motorcycle builder Yamaha, which shows three tuning forks interlocked into the shape of a capital 'Y' in reference to both their name and the origin of the company.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In Western heraldryEdit

Japanese Template:Transliteration are sometimes used as charges or crests in Western heraldry. They are blazoned in traditional heraldic style rather than in the Japanese style. Examples include the swastika with arrows used by Japanese ambassador Hasekura Tsunenaga, the Canadian-granted arms of the Japanese-Canadian politician David Tsubouchi,<ref name="Tsubouchi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Akihito's arms as a Knight of the Garter.<ref>Coat of arms of Heisi Tenno Template:Webarchive, numericana</ref> {{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}}

Gallery of representative Template:Transliteration by themeEdit

Animal motifEdit

Floral motifEdit

Nature motifsEdit

Tool and pattern motifEdit

Building and vehicle motifsEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

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