Novarupta
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox mountain NovaruptaTemplate:Efn is a volcano that was formed in 1912, located on the Alaska Peninsula on a slope of Trident Volcano in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about Template:Convert southwest of Anchorage. Formed during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
Eruption of 1912Edit
The 1912 eruption that formed Novarupta was the largest to occur during the 20th century. It began on June 6, 1912, and culminated in a series of violent eruptions. Rated a 6 on the volcanic explosivity index,<ref name="simkin_siebert">Template:Cite book </ref> the 60-hour-long eruption expelled Template:Convert of ash, thirty times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.<ref name="Brantley1999">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Fierstein1992">Template:Cite journal </ref> The erupted magma of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite<ref name="VolcNAmer">Wood, C.A. and Kienle, J. (editors) (1990) Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Template:ISBN, p. 70.</ref> resulted in more than Template:Convert of air fall tuff and approximately Template:Convert of pyroclastic ash-flow tuff.<ref name="Fierstein2001">Template:Cite journal </ref> During the 20th century, only the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and the 1902 eruption of Santa María in Guatemala were of comparable magnitude; Mount Pinatubo ejected Template:Convert of tephra,<ref> Template:Cite gvp</ref> and Santa María just slightly less.
At least two larger eruptions occurred in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during the 19th century: the 1815 eruption of Tambora (Template:Convert of tephra)<ref name="SI_Tambora"> Template:Cite gvp</ref> and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Template:Convert of tephra).<ref> Template:Cite gvp</ref>
The Novarupta eruption occurred about Template:Cvt from the peak of Mount Katmai Volcano and Template:Cvt below the post-eruption Mount Katmai summit. During the eruption a large quantity of magma erupted from beneath the Mount Katmai area, resulting in the formation of a Template:Convert wide, funnel-shaped vent and the collapse of Mount Katmai's summit, creating a Template:Convert deep,<ref name="Brantley1999"/> Template:Convert caldera.<ref name="SI_Katmai"> Template:Cite gvp</ref>
The eruption ended with the extrusion of a lava dome of rhyolite<ref name="VolcNAmer"/> that plugged the vent. The Template:Convert high and Template:Convert wide dome it created forms what is now referred to as Novarupta.<ref name="Rosi2003">Template:Cite book</ref>
Despite the magnitude of the eruption, no deaths directly resulted.<ref name="Griggs1922"/>Template:Rp<ref name="alaska_edu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eyewitness accounts from people located downwind in the path of a thick ash cloud described the gradual lowering of visibility to next to nothing.<ref name="Schaaf">Template:Cite journal</ref> Ash threatened to contaminate drinking water and destroyed food resources, but the Alaska Natives were aided in their survival by traditional knowledge passed down through generations from previous eruptions. However, the Native villages experiencing the heaviest ash falls were abandoned and the inhabitants relocated.<ref name="Schaaf" />
Valley of Ten Thousand SmokesEdit
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Pyroclastic flows from the eruption formed the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, named by botanist Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916.<ref name="Griggs1922">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Clemens1999">Template:Cite book </ref>
The eruption that formed the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is one of the few in recorded history to have produced welded tuff, producing numerous fumaroles that persisted for 15 years.<ref>Template:Cite journal </ref>
Katmai National ParkEdit
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Established as a National Park & Preserve in 1980, Katmai is located on the Alaska Peninsula, across from Kodiak Island, with headquarters in nearby King Salmon, about Template:Convert southwest of Anchorage. The area was originally designated a National Monument in 1918 to protect the area around the 1912 eruption of Novarupta and the Template:Convert, Template:Convert deep, pyroclastic flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.<ref name="KNPP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>
See alsoEdit
- Timeline of volcanism on Earth
- Parícutin, a cinder cone volcano in Mexico whose emergence could be fully observed.