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Out of the Past

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use American English Template:Infobox film

Out of the Past (billed in the United Kingdom as Build My Gallows High) is a 1947 American film noir directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Robert Mitchum, Jane Greer, and Kirk Douglas. The film was adapted by Geoffrey Homes (Daniel Mainwaring) from his 1946 novel Build My Gallows High (also written as Homes),<ref name="CrimeReads">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with uncredited revisions by Frank Fenton and James M. Cain.<ref name="Grdn"/>

Its complex, fatalistic storyline, dark cinematography, and classic femme fatale garnered the film critical acclaim and cult status.<ref name="CrimeReads" /> In 1991, the National Film Preservation Board at the Library of Congress added Out of the Past to the United States National Film Registry of “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant” films.<ref name="nfr" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PlotEdit

Joe Stefanos arrives in Bridgeport, California, a rural mountain town, seeking Jeff Bailey, who owns a local gas station. Joe meets The Kid, Jeff's deaf-mute employee and friend, and asks him about Jeff's whereabouts. Meanwhile, Jeff is fishing with Ann Miller. They are in love, though her lifelong friend Jim is jealous. The Kid shows up at the fishing spot and interrupts them, signing to Jeff that someone is asking about him. Jeff returns to the gas station and Stefanos tells Jeff that he must go to Lake Tahoe to meet "Whit" and that it has been a long time since they met.

File:Out of The Past 1947.JPG
Mitchum and Greer

Jeff invites Ann to ride with him to Whit's place. He tells her about his past in a flashback that took place three years ago. Jeff Bailey's real name is Jeff Markham. He and Jack Fisher were partners and private investigators in New York. Whit Sterling, a gambling kingpin, hires Markham—solo—to find Whit's girlfriend, Kathie Moffat, who shot Whit and stole $40,000 from him. Whit promises Jeff she will not be harmed if he finds her and has her returned to him.

Jeff eventually corners Kathie in Acapulco. He is immediately taken by her beauty. She admits she shot Whit and that she hates him, but denies taking his money. Eventually, Jeff falls in love with her and proposes that they run away together. Suddenly, Whit and Stefanos show up at Jeff's place in Acapulco. They ask Jeff if he managed to find Kathie but he lies to them and says that Kathie is on a south-bound steamer. Whit instructs Jeff to keep looking for her.

Jeff and Kathie then secretly run to San Francisco. At first they avoid appearing in public spaces, but then feel more comfortable to go out as time moves on. However, Jack Fisher, who is now working for Whit, spots Jeff at the track. Jeff arranges to meet Kathie to split and then meet at a mountain cabin to lose Fisher from trailing him, but Fisher chooses to follow Kathie instead and catches them at the cabin. Fisher tries to blackmail them and the two men brawl. Kathie deliberately kills Fisher and drives away, leaving behind a bank book showing a balance of $40,000. She had in fact taken Whit's money.

The flashback ends. Jeff wants to clean things up and return to Ann. Ann drops him off at Whit's estate. A cheerful Whit tells Jeff he has a job for him. To his surprise, Jeff finds out that Kathie went back to Whit and she appears as the two men have breakfast. She later comes to speak privately with Jeff and she tells him that she had no choice but to come back. She told Whit about their relationship but not about what happened to Fisher. He tells her to get out.

File:OutOfThePastMitchumGreer.jpg
Mitchum and Greer

Leonard Eels, a crooked San Francisco lawyer, helped Whit dodge $1 million in taxes and is now blackmailing him. Whit wants Jeff to recover the incriminating records and tells him to meet with Eels's secretary. The secretary, Meta Carson, explains the plan to Jeff, who suspects he is being framed. That night, at Eels's apartment, Jeff alerts Eels, obliquely, promising to return. After Jeff and Meta leave Eels's apartment, Jeff trails Meta, then returns and finds Eels dead. He decides to hide the body in the closet.

Jeff then sneaks into Meta's apartment, and overhears Kathie arranging for the discovery of Eels's body. When the hidden body is not found, she believes Eels has escaped. Jeff confronts her, and Kathie reveals that she gave Whit a signed affidavit swearing that Jeff killed Fisher. She says they can start all over again. They kiss, he leaves. Stefanos arrives and confirms to Kathie that he killed Eels.

Jeff consigns the tax papers to a delivery service. Whit's thugs capture him. He offers the incriminating records in exchange for the affidavit, without implicating Kathie. When Kathie and Meta arrive at Eels's apartment to retrieve the affidavit, the police are already there. The women instead phone Whit.

Jeff becomes wanted for the murders of Fisher and Eels, and police expect him to return to Bridgeport. Stefanos, directed by Kathie, trails the Kid to the gorge where Jeff is hiding out. The Kid spots Stefanos poised to shoot Jeff and hooks his coat with a fishing line, pulling him off-balance so that he falls to his death. Jeff returns to Whit's mansion to inform them of Stefanos' death and to tell Whit about Kathie's double-cross. He suggests making Stefanos' death look like a guilt-ridden suicide after his murder of Eels. He will return the records if Whit destroys Kathie's affidavit and hands her over to the police for Fisher's death. Whit accepts, promising Kathie he will kill her if she does not cooperate.

Jeff meets Ann in the woods. She believes in him, but tells him to be absolutely sure of what he wants. She promises to wait for him.

Jeff discovers that Kathie has killed Whit. She gives Jeff a choice: run away with her or take the blame for all three murders. He dials the phone while she is upstairs packing. They leave in a car with Jeff driving. Seeing a police roadblock ahead, Kathie shoots him. She fires at the police. A machine gun riddles the car with bullets, killing her.

In Bridgeport, Ann asks the Kid if Jeff was going away with Kathie. Lying, the Kid nods his head. Ann gets into Jim's car, and the Kid smiles, saluting Jeff's name on the gas station's sign.

CastEdit

Background and productionEdit

Daniel Mainwaring wrote Build My Gallows High while on retreat after writing six movies in one year. He was also slightly burned out on detective fiction, having written several novels featuring a sleuthing reporter named Robin Bishop.<ref>Smith, Kevin Burton. "Robin Bishop", The Thrilling Detective. Accessed April 15, 2025.</ref> He read a poem by an African-American writer that provided the title for the novel.<ref name=Flinn>Flinn, Tom. "DANIEL MAINWARING ON "OUT OF THE PAST"." Velvet Light Trap, vol. 10, 1973. 44–5.</ref>

One scholar deduced that the poem in question is "Haman" from Benjamin Cutler Clark's The Past, Present, and Future (1867).<ref name=Scruggs>Scruggs, Charles. "Out of the Black Past: The Image of the Fugitive Slave in Jacques Tourneur's Out of the Past." African American Review, vol. 44, no. 1, 2011. 97-113, 329.</ref>Template:Rp The poem is about Haman's machinations and includes the line, "At length a gallows high he swung, upon which all were to be hung..."<ref>Clark, B (Benjamin Cutler). The Past, Present, and Future. In Prose and Poetry. Toronto: Adam Stevenson, & Co., 1867. 51.</ref>

A script reader at RKO Pictures recommended the novel as a "worthy addition to the rough, tough school of Chandler, Cain and Burnett...presents an almost perfect story for an actor like Bogart". William Dozier approved the purchase for $20,000, which included Mainwaring as screenwriter.<ref name="uni"/>Template:Rp Gallup's Audience Research recommended RKO change the title to Out of the Past. Warren Duff was unsure about Mainwaring's first draft. One of the problems was The Kid narrated the film, which convoluted the structure. Duff paid James M. Cain $20,000 to re-write it, but the second draft was so flawed Duff hired Mainwaring back to finish the screenplay.<ref name=Flinn/>

Out of the Past was produced by RKO Pictures, and the key personnel—director Jacques Tourneur, cinematographer Nicholas Musuraca, actors Mitchum and Greer, along with Albert S. D'Agostino's design group—were long-time RKO collaborators. Although the studio focused on making B-films during the early 1940s, the post–World War II Out of the Past was given a comparatively lavish budget.<ref name=schatzbmovie/><ref name=crafton/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

John Garfield and Dick Powell turned down the lead.<ref name="uni">Richard B. Jewell, Slow Fade to Black: The Decline of RKO Radio Pictures, University of California, 2016.</ref> Kirk Douglas, in only his third credited screen performance, plays a supporting role but a central part in the story as Mitchum's antagonist. The next time Mitchum and Douglas played major roles in the same picture was in the 1967 Western The Way West, alongside Richard Widmark.<ref>Server, Lee. Robert Mitchum: "Baby I Don't Care". St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2002. 408.</ref>

Musuraca also shot Tourneur's 1942 RKO horror film Cat People.<ref>"Cat People (1942)", catalog, American Film Institute (AFI), Los Angeles, California. Retrieved June 5, 2022.</ref>

ReceptionEdit

The film made a profit of $90,000.<ref name="uni"/>

Out of the Past is considered one of the greatest of all films noir.<ref name="Grdn">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=ballingray/><ref name=schatzofalltime/><ref name=ebert/> Robert Ottoson hailed the film as "the ne plus ultra of forties film noir".<ref name=ottoson/> Bosley Crowther, the film critic for The New York Times in 1947, complimented the crime drama's direction and performances, although he did find the latter portion of the screenplay hard to follow:

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Shortly after the film's release, the staff of the widely read trade publication Variety also gave it a positive review:

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Out of the Past is a hardboiled melodrama [from the novel by Geoffrey Homes] strong on characterization. Direction by Jacques Tourneur pays close attention to mood development, achieving realistic flavor that is further emphasized by real life settings and topnotch lensing by Nicholas Musuraca...Mitchum gives a very strong account of himself. Jane Greer as the baby-faced, charming killer is another lending potent interest. Kirk Douglas, the gangster, is believable and Paul Valentine makes his role of henchman stand out. Rhonda Fleming is in briefly but effectively."<ref>Out of the Past review, Variety, December 31, 1946. Last retrieved June 5, 2022.</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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In The Nation in 1948, James Agee wrote, "Out of the Past is a medium-grade thrillerTemplate:Nbsp... Fairly well played, and very well photographedTemplate:Nbsp... the action develops a routine kind of pseudo-tensionTemplate:Nbsp... Robert Mitchum is so very sleepily self-confident with the women that when he slopes into clinches you expect him to snore in their faces."<ref>Agee, James - Agee on Film Vol. 1 © 1958 by The James Agee Trust.</ref>

Decades later, in his 2004 assessment of the film for the Chicago Sun-Times, critic Roger Ebert noted:

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With regard to the production's stylish and moody cinematography, Ebert also dubbed the film "The greatest cigarette-smoking movie of all time":<ref name="ebert200">Template:Cite news</ref>

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Pauline Kael wrote, "A thin but well-shot suspense melodramaTemplate:Nbsp... It's empty trash, but you do keep watching it."<ref>Kael, Pauline - 5001 Nights at the Movies 1991 ISBN 0-8050-1366-0</ref> Leslie Halliwell gave it two of four stars, stating: "Moody film noir with Hollywood imitating French models; plenty of snarling and a death-strewn climax.<ref>Halliwell's Film Guide, 7th Edition 1987 ISBN 0-06-016322-4</ref>

The film holds a score of 93% on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 9/10, based on 40 reviews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

AdaptationsEdit

Out of the Past was remade as Against All Odds (1984) with Rachel Ward in the Greer role, Jeff Bridges filling in for Mitchum, and James Woods as a variation of Kirk Douglas' villain, with Jane Greer as the mother of her original character in Out of the Past and Richard Widmark in a supporting role.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On November 14, 1987, Mitchum guest hosted Saturday Night Live. Greer made a surprise appearance in a gag sequel called "Out of Gas," in which their characters met again 40 years later at a filling station.

Has been shown on the Turner Classic Movies show Noir Alley with Eddie Muller.

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Bibliography

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External linksEdit

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