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Pan-Arab colors

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File:Flag of Hejaz (1917).svg
Flag of the Arab Revolt, associated with pan-Arabism.

The pan-Arab colors are black, white, green and red. Individually, each of the four pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain aspect of the Arab people and their history.<ref>Abū Khaldūn Sati' al-Husri, The days of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs, Sidney Glauser Trans. (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1966), 46.</ref>

HistoryEdit

File:Flag of Libya (1969–1972, 2-3).svg
Arab Liberation Flag, or Revolutionary flag
(A modern revolutionary flag that spread to the Arab world inspired by the 1952 Egyptian revolution)<ref name="crw">Pan-Arab Colors, crwflags.com</ref>

The four colors derive their potency from a verse by 14th century Arab poet Safi al-Din al-Hilli: "White are our acts, black our battles, green our fields, and red our swords.".<ref>Muhsin Al-Musawi, Reading Iraq: Culture and Power in Conflict (I. B. Tauris 2006), p. 63</ref> The black is the Black Standard, which was used by the Rashidun and Abbasid Caliphate, while white was the dynastic color of the Umayyad Caliphate.<ref name="Aramco">Template:Cite journal</ref> Green is a color associated with Islam, the primary religion of Arabs.<ref name="Teitelbaum 2001 p.205">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Marshall 2017 p.110-111">Template:Cite book</ref> Green is also identified as the color of the Fatimid Caliphate by some modern sources,<ref name="Aramco"/><ref name="Pan-arab">Template:Cite book</ref> despite their dynastic color having been white.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Finally, red was used as the Hashemite dynastic color.

Pan-Arab colors, used individually in the past, were first combined in 1916 in the flag of the Arab Revolt or Flag of Hejaz.<ref>I. Friedman, British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915–1922, Transaction Publ., 2011, p. 135</ref> Many current flags are based on Arab Revolt colors, such as the flags of Jordan, Kuwait, Palestine, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="Ibof" />

In the 1950s, a subset of the Pan-Arab colors, the Arab Liberation colors, came to prominence. These consist of a tricolor of red, white and black bands, with green given less prominence or not included. The Arab Liberation tricolor or the Arab Liberation Flag was mainly inspired by the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 and Egypt's official flag under president Mohamed Naguib,<ref name="Naguib">M. Naguib, Egypt's Destiny, 1955</ref> which became the basis of the current flags of Egypt, Iraq, Sudan,and Yemen (and formerly in the flags of Syria, the states of North Yemen and South Yemen), and in the short-lived Arab unions of the United Arab Republic and the Federation of Arab Republics.<ref name="Ibof">Template:Cite book</ref>

Flags with Pan-Arab colorsEdit

Current National flagsEdit

Flags of first-level administrative divisionsEdit

Former national flags with the Pan-Arab colorsEdit

Flags of Arab political and paramilitary movements using Pan-Arab colorsEdit

  • Red flag.svg

    Red dynastic color, used by the Hashemites (The Prophet of Islam Muhammad)

  • Umayyad Flag.svg

    White dynastic color, used by Umayyads (661–750) and the Fatimids (909–1171)<ref>The contrast of white vs. black as the Fatimid/Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic color over time developed in white as the color of Shia Islam and black as the color of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ʿAbbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic color; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ʿAbbasid caliphs were black [...] The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white [...] The Ismaili Shiʿite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ʿAbbasid enemy [...] white became the Shiʿite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ʿAbbasid 'establishment'." Jane Hathaway, A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen, 2012, p. 97f.</ref> and the Rashidun Caliphate

  • Black flag.svg

    Black Standard used by the Abbasids (750–1258)<ref>The Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Caliphate adopted black for its rāyaʾ for which their partisans were called the Template:Transliterations. Template:Citation</ref> and the Rashidun Caliphate

  • Rectangular green flag.svg

    Green, associated with the Rashidun Caliphate<ref name="Teitelbaum 2001 p.205"/><ref name="Marshall 2017 p.110-111"/>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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