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Peter Handke

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox writer Peter Handke ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born 6 December 1942) is an Austrian novelist, playwright, translator, poet, film director, and screenwriter. He was awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."<ref name=Nobel>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Handke is considered to be one of the most influential and original German-language writers in the second half of the 20th century.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the late 1960s, he earned his reputation as a member of the avant-garde with such plays as Offending the Audience (1966) in which actors analyze the nature of theatre and alternately insult the audience and praise its "performance", and Kaspar (1967). His novels, mostly ultra objective, deadpan accounts of characters in extreme states of mind, include The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick (1970) and The Left-Handed Woman (1976).<ref name="Britannica summary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Prompted by his mother's suicide in 1971, he reflected her life in the novella A Sorrow Beyond Dreams (1972).

A dominant theme of his works is the deadening effects and underlying irrationality of ordinary language, everyday reality, and rational order.<ref name="Britannica summary"/> Handke was a member of the Grazer Gruppe (an association of authors) and the Grazer Autorenversammlung, and co-founded the Verlag der Autoren publishing house in Frankfurt. He collaborated with director Wim Wenders, and wrote such screenplays as The Wrong Move and Wings of Desire.

In 1973, he won the Georg Büchner Prize, the most important literary prize for German-language literature. In 1999, as a protest against the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Handke returned the prize money to the German Academy for Language and Literature.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Handke has drawn significant controversy for his public support of Serbian nationalism in the wake of the Yugoslav Wars.<ref name="Sage-thetimes-2006-Theatre-dismissal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LifeEdit

Early life and familyEdit

Handke was born in Griffen, then in the German Reich's Reichsgau Carinthia.<ref name="Britannica" /> His father, Erich Schönemann, was a bank clerk and German soldier whom Handke did not meet until adulthood. His mother Maria, a Carinthian Slovene, married Bruno Handke, a tram conductor and Wehrmacht soldier from Berlin, before Peter was born.<ref name="Munzinger" /> The family lived in the Soviet-occupied Pankow district of Berlin from 1944 to 1948, where Maria Handke had two more children: Peter's half-sister and half-brother. Then the family moved to his mother's home town of Griffen. Peter experienced his stepfather as more and more violent due to alcoholism.<ref name="Munzinger" />

In 1954, Handke was sent to the Catholic Marianum boys' boarding school at Tanzenberg Castle in Sankt Veit an der Glan. There, he published his first writing in the school newspaper, Fackel.<ref name="Munzinger" /> In 1959, he moved to Klagenfurt, where he went to high school, and commenced law studies at the University of Graz in 1961.<ref name="Britannica" />

Handke's mother took her own life in 1971, reflected in his novel Wunschloses Unglück (A Sorrow Beyond Dreams).<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After leaving Graz, Handke lived in Düsseldorf, Berlin, Kronberg, Paris, the U.S. (1978–1979) and Salzburg (1979–1988).<ref name="Wenders" /> Since 1990, he has resided in Chaville near Paris.<ref>Messie und Messias / Wie wohnt eigentlich der Schriftsteller Peter Handke? Ein Hausbesuch. Süddeutsche Zeitung 8 October 2011</ref> He is the subject of the documentary film Peter Handke: In the Woods, Might Be Late (2016), directed by Corinna Belz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since 2012, Handke has been a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.<ref name="AlJazeeraBK">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is a member of the Serbian Orthodox Church.<ref name="Traynor">Ian Traynor: Stand up if you support the Serbs / Austrian writer Peter Handke does, and his pro-Milosevic stance has enraged fellow artists. The Guardian, 21 April 1999</ref><ref>James Smyth: Handke in Another Tempo wordpress.com</ref>

As of early November 2019, there was an official investigation by the relevant authorities into whether Handke may have automatically lost his Austrian citizenship upon obtaining a Yugoslav passport and nationality in the late 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

CareerEdit

While studying, Handke established himself as a writer, linking up with the Grazer Gruppe (the Graz Authors' Assembly), an association of young writers.<ref name="Wenders" /> The group published a magazine on literature, Template:Ill, which published Handke's early works.<ref name="Britannica" /> Group members included Wolfgang Bauer and Barbara Frischmuth.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Handke abandoned his studies in 1965,<ref name="Britannica" /> after the German publishing house Suhrkamp Verlag accepted his novel Template:Ill (The Hornets) for publication.<ref name="Suhrkamp" /> He gained international attention after an appearance at a meeting of avant-garde artists belonging to the Gruppe 47 in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1966.<ref name="Hutchinson" /> The same year, his play Publikumsbeschimpfung (Offending the Audience) premiered at the Template:Ill in Frankfurt, directed by Template:Ill.<ref name="Suhrkamp" /><ref name="Hutchinson" /> Handke became one of the co-founders of the publishing house Template:Ill in 1969 with a new commercial concept, as it belonged to the authors.<ref>Martin Lüdke: 50 Jahre "Verlag der Autoren" / Mit Enthusiasmus gegründet Deutschlandfunk, 11 March 2019</ref> He co-founded the Grazer Autorenversammlung in 1973<ref>40 Jahre Grazer Autorenversammlung ORF 15 June 2013</ref> and was a member until 1977.<ref name="Wenders" />

Handke's first play, Publikumsbeschimpfung (Offending the Audience), which premiered in Frankfurt in 1966 and made him well known,<ref name="Hutchinson" /> was the first of several experimental plays without a conventional plot.<ref name="Britannica" /> In his second play, Kaspar, he treated the story of Kaspar Hauser as "an allegory of conformist social pressures".<ref name="Hutchinson" />

Handke collaborated with director Wim Wenders on a film version of Die Angst des Tormanns beim Elfmeter, wrote the script for Falsche Bewegung (The Wrong Move) and co-wrote the screenplay for Der Himmel über Berlin (Wings of Desire) including the poem at its opening and Les Beaux Jours d'Aranjuez (The Beautiful Days of Aranjuez). He also directed films, including adaptations from his novels The Left-Handed Woman after Die linkshändige Frau, and The Absence after Die Abwesenheit.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="Wenders" /> The Left-Handed Woman, was released in 1978 and was nominated for the Golden Palm Award at the Cannes Film Festival in 1978 and won the Gold Award for German Arthouse Cinema in 1980. Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide's description of the film is that a woman demands that her husband leave and he complies. "Time passes... and the audience falls asleep." Handke also won the 1975 German Film Award in Gold for his screenplay for Falsche Bewegung (The Wrong Move). Since 1975, Handke has been a jury member of the European literary award Petrarca-Preis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2019, Handke was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."<ref name=Nobel/>

Literary receptionEdit

In 1977, reviewing A Moment of True Feeling, Stanley Kauffmann wrote that Handke "is the most important new writer on the international scene since Samuel Beckett."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> John Updike reviewed the same novel in The New Yorker and was equally impressed, noting that "there is no denying his [Handke's] willful intensity and knifelike clarity of evocation. He writes from an area beyond psychology, where feelings acquire the adamancy of randomly encountered, geologically analyzed pebbles."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung described him as "the darling of the West German critics."<ref name=NYT>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hugo Hamilton stated that, since his debut, Handke "has tested, inspired and shocked audiences."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Joshua Cohen noted that Handke "commands one of the great German-language prose styles of the post-war period, a riverine rhetoric deep and swift and contrary of current," while Gabriel Josipovici described him, "despite reservations about some of his recent work," as one of the most significant German-language writers of the post-war era.<ref name=Cohen>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> W. G. Sebald was inspired by Handke's intricate prose. In an essay on Repetition, he wrote about "a great and, as I have since learned, lasting impression" the book made on him. "I don’t know," he lauded, "if the forced relation between hard drudgery and airy magic, particularly significant for the literary art, has ever been more beautifully documented than in the pages of Repetition."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Karl Ove Knausgård described A Sorrow Beyond Dreams as one of the "most important books written in German in our time."<ref name=Rashid>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The book and its author were also praised in Knausgård's My Struggle.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

ControversiesEdit

In 1996, Handke's travelogue Eine winterliche Reise zu den Flüssen Donau, Save, Morawa und Drina oder Gerechtigkeit für Serbien (published in English as A Journey to the Rivers: Justice for Serbia) created controversy, as Handke portrayed Serbia as being among the victims of the Yugoslav Wars. In the same essay, Handke also criticised Western media for misrepresenting the causes and consequences of the war.<ref name="Sage-thetimes-2006-Theatre-dismissal"/>

Sebastian Hammelehle wrote that Handke's view of the Yugoslav Wars, which has provoked numerous controversies, was probably romanticized, but that it represented the view of a writer, not a war reporter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The American translator Scott Abbott, who travelled with Handke through Yugoslavia after which numerous essays were published, stated that Handke considered Yugoslavia as the "incredible, rich multicultural state that lacked the kind of nationalisms that he saw in Germany and Austria".<ref name=NYT /> Abbott added that Handke viewed the disintegration of country as the disappearance of utopia.<ref name=NYT /> Reviewing The Moravian Night, Joshua Cohen stated that Handke's Yugoslavia was not a country, but a symbol of himself, a symbol of literature or the "European Novel".<ref name=Cohen /> Volker Hage wrote that The Moravian Night is "extremely cosmopolitan" and connected to the present, while also that the book represents the autobiographical summary of Handke's life as a writer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tanjil Rashid noted that "Handke’s novels, plays and memoirs demonstrate the evil of banality".<ref name=Rashid />

After his play Voyage by Dugout was staged in 1999, Handke was condemned by other writers: Susan Sontag proclaimed Handke to be "finished" in New York.<ref name="Zakaria-CNN-Handke-Tokarczuk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Salman Rushdie declared him as a candidate for "International Moron of the Year" due to his "idiocies",<ref name="BBC-'shameful' Nobel-2019">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="slobodnadalmacija-2019-Žižek-Rushdie-PEN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Rushdie-Globe&Mail-Balkan Witness">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Alain Finkielkraut said that he was an "ideological monster",<ref name="Staff-Guardian-Stand-up-if-support-Serb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Slavoj Žižek stated that his "glorification of the Serbs is cynicism".<ref name="Staff-Guardian-Stand-up-if-support-Serb"/> When Handke was awarded the International Ibsen Award in 2014, the Norwegian author Øyvind Berg called for the jury to resign.<ref name="kk">Krever at juryen går av, Klassekampen</ref>

However, disputing such interpretations of his work as listed above as misinterpreted by the English press, Handke has described the Srebrenica massacre as an "infernal vengeance, eternal shame for the Bosnian Serbs responsible."<ref name="Parlons donc de la Yougoslavie" >{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This concern about the imprecision and political nature of language, carries through Handke's view. In a 2006 interview, Handke commented on concerns about the stereotyped language of the media that "knew everything", endlessly recycling words like "the butcher of Belgrade".<ref>"Le discours intégral de l'écrivain autrichien sur la tombe de Milosevic," Libération, 4 May 2006.</ref>

Handke’s literary fame was overshadowed in 2006 by his politics. The writer’s public support of Slobodan Milošević, the former president of Yugoslavia who died that year while on trial for genocide and war crimes, caused controversy after Handke spoke at his funeral.<ref name="Britannica" /> Because of this the administrator of the theatre Comédie-Française, Marcel Bozonnet, removed Handke's play "Voyage au pays sonore ou L'art de la question" from the forthcoming 2007 schedule.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This event once again drew both supportive and critical voices. Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, the French minister of culture, implicitly criticized Bozonnet's action in a letter addressed to him, and by deciding to invite Handke to the ministry. A petition against the censorship of his work was signed by Emir Kusturica, Patrick Modiano (winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2014), Paul Nizon, Bulle Ogier, Luc Bondy and Handke’s compatriot Elfriede Jelinek (winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2004).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Handke was subsequently selected to receive that year’s Heinrich Heine Prize, though he refused it before it was to be revoked from him.<ref name="Britannica" />

In 2013, Tomislav Nikolić, as the President of Serbia, expressed gratitude saying that some people still remember those who suffered for Christianity, implying that Handke was a victim of scorn for his views, to which Handke replied with an explanation, "I was not anyone's victim, the Serbian people is victim." This was said during the ceremony at which Handke received the Gold Medal of Merit of the Republic of Serbia.<ref name="rts.rs-2013-Nikolic-medal-Handke">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2019, The Intercept published a number of articles by Peter Maass criticizing Peter Handke's Nobel Prize in Literature reception. In another article by Intercept, Maass went to great lengths accusing Handke of being an "exponent of white nationalism". Subsequently in an interview conducted by Maass in December 2019, asking Handke whether the 1995 Srebrenica massacre had happened, Handke responded: “I prefer waste paper, an anonymous letter with waste paper inside, to your empty and ignorant questions.” Maass also claims that two Nobel prize jurors were adhering to "conspiracy theories" with regard to American involvement in the Yugoslav conflicts, and that the jurors were "misinformed" about Handke's literary achievements. Peter Handke received countless mails that included threats, or unsanitary content. Germany's Eugen Ruge also protested against the scale of the criticism. In November, around 120 authors, literary scholars, translators and artists expressed their unease in an open letter. They felt that the criticism against Handke was no longer rational.<ref>"Congratulations, Nobel Committee, You Just Gave the Literature Prize to a Genocide Apologist". TheIntercept. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</ref><ref>Sheeehan D. (December 6, 2019) “I prefer toilet paper to your empty and ignorant questions.” The Peter Handke drama rolls on. lithub.com. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</ref><ref>"Nobel laureate Peter Handke's critics and supporters". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</ref>

In February 2020, Handke was decorated with the Order of Karađorđe's Star for "special merits in representing Serbia and its citizens" as he "wholeheartedly defended the Serbian truth". The current President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić presented recipients on the occasion of the Serbian Statehood Day.<ref name="aljazeera-2020-Vučić-Handke-Orden">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="slobodnaevropa-2020-Vučić-odlikovao-Handkea">Template:Cite news</ref>

Reactions to the Nobel PrizeEdit

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AwardsEdit

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WorksEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Handke has written novels, plays, screenplays, essays and poems, often published by Suhrkamp.<ref name="Suhrkamp" /> Many works were translated into English. His works are held by the German National Library, including:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Prose fictionEdit

PlaysEdit

FilmsEdit

  • 1971 Chronik der laufenden Ereignisse (Chronicle of Current Events)
  • 1977 Die linkshändige Frau (The Left-Handed Woman), after his 1976 novel
  • 1985 Das Mal des Todes (The Malady of Death), after Marguerite Duras' 1982 novella
  • 1992 L'Absence (The Absence)

ScreenplaysEdit

  • 1969 3 amerikanische LP's (3 American LPs), film by Wim Wenders
  • 1972 Die Angst des Tormanns beim Elfmeter (The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick), film by Wim Wenders
  • 1975 Falsche Bewegung (Wrong Move), film by Wim Wenders
  • 1987 Der Himmel über Berlin (Wings of Desire), film by Wim Wenders

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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