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Phi Gamma Delta

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Template:Short description Template:Pp Template:Infobox Fraternity

File:Phi Gamma Delta fraternity house, Berkeley, California.JPG
University of California, Berkeley (Delta Xi) chapter house
File:OU Phi Gamma Delta.JPG
Ohio University (Alpha Omega) chapter house

Phi Gamma Delta ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), commonly known as Phi Gam and sometimes written as FIJI, is a North American social fraternity with 139 active chapters and 13 colonies across the United States and Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was founded at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1848. Along with Phi Kappa Psi, Phi Gamma Delta forms half of the Jefferson Duo.<ref>"North American College Fraternities: The 'Jefferson Duo'", page 68. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref> Since its founding, the fraternity has initiated more than 211,000 brothers.

HistoryEdit

FoundingEdit

Template:See also Phi Gamma Delta was founded on April 22, 1848, at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.<ref name=":0" /> Six students gathered in a dormitory room (known by the students as "Fort Armstrong") to establish a secret society.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"The Phi Gamma Delta Story: The Founding of Phi Gamma Delta", page 85. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The society they formed was initially called "The Delta Association". The founders, referred to by members as the "Immortal Six", were Daniel Webster Crofts, James Elliott Jr., Naaman Fletcher, Ellis Bailey Gregg, John Templeton McCarty, and Samuel Beatty Wilson.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"The Phi Gamma Delta Story: The Immortal Six", pages 85-92. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref><ref name=Cyclopedia>Stevens, Albert C., editor. The Cyclopædia of Fraternities. New York: Hamilton Printing and Publishing Company, 1899. pp. 361-362. via Hathi Trust.</ref> Contrary to popular belief, the Immortal Six were not Freemasons when they entered Jefferson College.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The first regular meeting of Phi Gamma Delta and the adoption of the Fraternity's Constitution took place on May 1, 1848.<ref name="Phi Gamma Delta Story page 84">"The Phi Gamma Delta Story: The Founding of Phi Gamma Delta", page 84. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref> Consequently, May 1 was chosen to be Founder's Day at the 43rd Convention held in 1891 and has traditionally been celebrated as the founding date of the Fraternity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"Fiji Heritage - Customs and Traditions: Founders Day", page 121. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref>

A second chapter, Beta, was established at Washington University later in 1848.<ref name="Baird's Manual Online">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The main archive URL is The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage.</ref><ref name=":2">Jacobs, Albert P. Greek-Letter Societies. Detroit: Gulley Printing House, March 1879. p. 28-30. via Hathi Trust.</ref> In 1850, Gamma, was chartered at the University of Nashville.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> This was followed by Delta at the Union University and Epsilon at the University of North Carolina in 1851.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Eleven of the fraternity's first sixteen chapters were in the Southern United States.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> By 1878, it had initiated 2,472 members.<ref name=":2" />

By 1890, Phi Gamma Delta had 4,244 members, 40 active chapters, and 23 inactive chapters.<ref name=":1">Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 4th edition. New York: James P. Downs, 1890. p. 155. via Hathi Trust.</ref> It had established a club with a rented house in New York City and had graduate associations in Chattanooga, Tennessee; Cleveland, Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Kansas City, Missouri; Williamsport, Pennsylvania; and New York City.<ref name=":1" /> In 1905, the fraternity had initiated 9,979 members and chartered 81 chapters, with 57 being active.<ref>Baird, William Raimond, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 6th edition. New York: The Alcolm Company, 1905. p. 201. via Hathi Trust.</ref>

By 1930, Phi Gamma Delta had initiated 27,582 members and had seventy active collegiate chapters, 24 inactive collegiate chapters, 73 graduate chapters, and 37 graduate associations.<ref name=":0" /> All 70 of the active college chapters had houses.<ref name=":0" /> The fraternity had graduate club houses in New York City and Detroit, Michigan.<ref name=":0" /> It also had a summer camp in the Rocky Mountains.<ref name=":0" />

Kappa Alpha ThetaEdit

Members of the Lambda chapter at Indiana Asbury University (now known as DePauw University) played an important role in the founding of Kappa Alpha Theta women's fraternity. Bettie Locke, the sister of George W. Locke (DePauw, 1871), was one of the first women enrolled at DePauw.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bettie had many Phi Gam friends and one of them asked her to wear his badge. She contended that she would do so only if she knew the secrets behind the letters. The fraternity, after debate, declined to initiate her. So, upon the suggestion of her father, John Wesley Locke, a Beta Theta Pi, she formed Kappa Alpha Theta with a few other women enrolled at DePauw at the time. Kappa Alpha Theta was founded on January 27, 1870. Phi Gamma Delta later presented Bettie Locke with an engraved silver cake basket as a token of friendship.<ref name="KATh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SymbolsEdit

The fraternity's motto is the Greek phrase {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which the fraternity translates as "Friendship, the sweetest influence".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its mission statement lists five core values or pillars: friendship, knowledge, service, morality, and excellence.<ref name="phigam.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>"The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref> In addition, members are encouraged to live by three priorities in this respective order: scholarship, fraternity, and self.<ref>"Scholarship - a Phi Gam's Top Priority", page 135. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref>

Phi Gamma Delta's badge is diamond-shaped, with the Greek letters {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} on a black background and a gold border.<ref name=":0">Shepardson, Francis Wayland, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 12th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1930. pp. 150-154. via Hathi Trust.</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Cyclopedia" /> About the letters is a white enamel five-pointed star; below are the Greek letters {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} which stand for the founding year 1848.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Cyclopedia" /><ref name=":2" /> The fraternity's pledge pin is a white enamel five-pointed star.<ref name=":0" />

The fraternity's coat of arms is metallic gold shield with a purple chevron with three silver stars, between three red roses. Above the shield the crest is a front-facing owl; below is a scroll with the fraternity's motto {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>Butterfield, Emily H. College Fraternity Heraldry. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1931. p. 67. via Hathi Trust.</ref>

The fraternity's colors are royal purple and white.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Its flower is the purple clematis.<ref name=":0" /> Its flag features the Greek letters {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} on a purple field, with a white star in the top right corner.<ref name=":0" />

Phi Gamma Delta has chosen not to use the term alumni for members who have graduated; post-collegiate members are referred to as Graduate Brothers, to imply that membership extends past the undergraduate experience. The fraternity uses the motto "Not for College Days Alone" to signify this.<ref>"The Not for College Days Alone", page 177. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref>

PublicationsEdit

The fraternity's publication is The Phi Gamma Delta, was first issued in 1879, and has been published quarterly since then.<ref name=":0" /> The fraternity issues the Purple Pilgrim manual to all new members of the fraternity; it has been updated numerous times, most recently in 2024. It is available online to read for non-members.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Use of Greek letters and etymology of "FIJI"Edit

Phi Gamma Delta limits the written display of its Greek letters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the fraternity's international bylaws, its chapters and members may only inscribe their letters in the following seven locations:<ref>"Greek Letters", pages 123-124. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  1. On a uniform diamond-shaped member badge
  2. On memorials to deceased brothers
  3. On the fraternity's official flag
  4. On the fraternity's official seal
  5. On a chapter house marker
  6. On a brother's official college ring
  7. On a brother's certificate of membership

In place of the actual Greek letters, "Fiji," "Phi Gam," or the English spelling "Phi Gamma Delta" is used in their place on objects such as apparel. The Fiji nickname started at New York University as a suggested name for the fraternity magazine (Fee Gee). It was officially adopted by the national fraternity at the 1894 convention in the belief that the term would be distinctive and appeal to the imagination.<ref name="Traditions page 119">"Fiji Heritage - Customs and Traditions: Origins of "Fiji", page 119. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004</ref> Before its formal appropriation by the organization at large, nicknames for members of the fraternity varied greatly; ranging from "Phi Gamm" and "Delta" by brothers across the nation, "Fee Gee" in New York, and "Gammas" in the South.<ref name="Traditions page 119" /> Today, "Fiji" and "Phi Gam" are considered by the fraternity to be the only appropriate nicknames for Phi Gamma Delta members on the international scale, though local nicknames related to a chapter's Greek name or other colloquialisms do exist.<ref>"The Origins of 'Fiji'", page 140. The Purple Pilgrim: A Manual for the Education of the Pledges of the Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. 1984</ref>

ChaptersEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}The fraternity is composed of two types of chapters. Most chapters serve primarily undergraduate students and are established at a single college or university. There are also chapters to serve members of the fraternity who have graduated and are established to serve a city or larger region.

MembershipEdit

At the 174th Ekklesia in 2022, the fraternity began a process to officially abolish pledging in all of its chapters from July 1, 2024 onward, the seventh such Greek organization to do so. The fraternity cited the negative impact of hazing on fraternity membership as well as the example of other Greek organizations that had previously abolished the pledging process behind the change.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chapters are now required to initiate new members within four days of the acceptance of their bids.

ActivitiesEdit

Fiji IslanderEdit

Built upon the "Fiji" nickname, many chapters hold an annual "Fiji Islander" party. These are typically large, tropical-themed festivities, often using banana and palm trees as decoration, although they can vary widely from chapter to chapter. Some are large parties where alcohol, sand, and tropical foliage are present. Others may be alcohol-free, and some are charity projects, rather than parties.

Honors and awardsEdit

Each year, the Phi Gamma Delta organization gives out several awards, both to chapters and to individual members.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pig DinnerEdit

The Frank Norris Pig Dinner is an annual graduate dinner held by all Phi Gamma Delta chapters. The dinner is named for author Frank Norris, a member of the chapter at the University of California, Berkeley, where the first Pig Dinner was held in 1893. Pig Dinner is sanctioned by the International Fraternity, and it serves to welcome graduate brothers back to their undergraduate chapters.

GovernanceEdit

The fraternity is governed by its archonate, consisting of officers that are elected at annual conventions called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name=":0" /> Its international headquarters is in Lexington, Kentucky.

Notable membersEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}Phi Gamma Delta has had alumni active in a variety of fields such as the arts, business, entertainment, law, politics, and sports.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> A select group of famous fraternity alumni include:

Controversies and member misconductEdit

RacismEdit

The fraternity once used a mascot named "Fiji Man," a thick-lipped, dark-skinned man in a grass skirt, sometimes holding a spear or with a bone in his nose, in the style of a once-common Pacific Islander stereotype.<ref name="Wilkinson19892">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Telvi20052">Template:Cite news</ref> Fraternity members built large sculptures of this racist caricature as a party decoration.<ref name="Wilkinson1989">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Telvi2005">Template:Cite news</ref> The Phi Gamma Delta national organization has since banned Fiji Man, and now prohibits appearing in blackface at fraternity events.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Despite this ban, however, some chapters continued to depict Fiji Man through the 1990s, which sparked controversy.

In 1979, members of the Theta Psi chapter at Colgate University constructed a Fiji Man snow sculpture in front of their chapter house. Members of the chapter quickly apologized for the incident, and they later hosted an open discussion forum on the campus regarding racism.<ref name="Telvi2005" />

In 1987, the Mu chapter at the University of Wisconsin–Madison was suspended twice for racism. In May, it was closed because of a Fiji Islander party featuring a large caricature of a Pacific Islander with a bone through his nose. Eight days after it was reinstated, the chapter was closed again because two Phi Gamma Delta members entered Zeta Beta Tau, a majority-Jewish fraternity, where they began shoving and punching people. The members were charged with battery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A "slave auction" with Fiji Man decorations held by the Sigma Chi chapter at the University of Southern California in 1989 resulted in mandatory diversity training for the fraternity members.<ref name="Wilkinson1989" /> The woman who conducted the training characterized it as not one of her more successful efforts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1989, members of the Tau Deuteron chapter at the University of Texas handed out t-shirts depicting Fiji Man caused campus-wide apprehension about racism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The chapter again caused controversy in 1990 when chapter members handed out t-shirts with a racist Little Black Sambo drawing during a basketball tournament. 500 students protested outside the fraternity house after the incident. In response, the chapter was temporarily suspended.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hazing allegationsEdit

In 1997, as part of an allegedly mandatory hazing event at the Iota Mu chapter at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 18-year-old freshman Scott Krueger died as a result of excessive alcohol consumption.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Manslaughter charges were brought against the Phi Gamma Delta organization itself, rather than any individuals. In response, the chapter was dissolved and the case was suspended.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> MIT later settled with Krueger's family for $4.75 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Krueger's story was adapted into "Tell Me Something I Don't Know", an mini-documentary on the dangers of alcohol abuse among college students.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The documentary was well-received and won a Heartland Emmy Award in 2003.

In 1999, a 19-year-old pledge was tackled and taken to the Lambda Nu chapter house at the University of Nebraska, where he was handcuffed and forced to drink 15 shots of brandy and whisky and three to six cans of beer over two and a half hours. He broke loose from the handcuffs and attempted to escape by sliding down a drainpipe from a third-story window. He fell and suffered head injuries. The incident led to the Nebraska Legislature making hazing a crime. In a resulting lawsuit, the Nebraska Supreme Court ruled that the university should have taken more steps to protect the student, as the university was aware of a pattern of hazing, sexual assault, and other problems at the Phi Gamma Delta house.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2006, 19-year-old Danny Daniels was found dead in the Phi Chi chapter house at Fresno State University, prompting an investigation and immediate suspension of the chapter. It was found that the fraternity hosted a large party the night before, and that members forced Daniels to drink large amounts of alcohol for initiation. Once he became sick, a few of his fraternity brothers carried him to a secluded room at the fraternity and left him. Daniels died in the early morning of January 8 from acute alcohol intoxication, and later tests showed that Daniels had a blood-alcohol level of 0.34, more than four times the legal limit. The university suspended the chapter for five years, and it currently remains inactive.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On September 17, 2010, Matt Fritzie, a pledge at the Pi Deuteron chapter at the University of Kansas, was partially paralyzed after diving into a shallow pool during a Fiji Islander party hosted by the chapter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The university placed the chapter on a two-year probation for hazing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Fritzie has since sued both the chapter and the national organization.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2012, the Mu Alpha chapter at West Virginia University was banned by the university in response to alcohol-related hazing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The fraternity reinstated the chapter in 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On April 4, 2014, Michael Evan Anderson, member of the Upsilon Alpha chapter at the University of Arizona, died after an unsanctioned Phi Gamma Delta event when he fell Template:Convert from the top of an air conditioning unit onto the roof of his dormitory. The investigation of his death by the university police led to an investigation from the Dean of Students Office, which included several counts of hazing, including kicking new members in the stomach, new members cleaning the house before and after parties, and performing personal acts of servitude to members.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The chapter was suspended for four years before being reestablished in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2015, five members of the Theta chapter at the University of Alabama were arrested after an investigation into hazing of their pledges. Per a legitimate anonymous source, fraternity members required pledges to stand in buckets of ice and salt, resulting in severe injuries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2017, the fraternity at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln was suspended by the university until 2020 for reckless alcohol use, hazing pledges, and inappropriate sexually based behavior, including a pattern of sexually harassing conduct.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2021, the Chi Mu chapter at the University of Missouri was suspended and later lost university recognition due to an alcohol poisoning incident. Campus authorities were alerted to an unresponsive freshman, Daniel Santulli, brought to a local hospital by members after a fraternity party. Lawsuits are in process, and two of the members have been charged with felonies. One lawsuit states Santulli's "skin was pale and his lips were blue, yet no one called 911." Instead, "the decision was made to drive Santulli to University Hospital in Columbia in one of the brother’s cars." It was also alleged that "this was not just an alcohol overdose, but was hazing on a pledge during their 'dad reveal'." The university announced it would no longer recognize the chapter as a student organization because of multiple violations of its standard of conduct.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2022, the Beta Gamma chapter at Bowling Green State University was suspended by the university after an investigation revealed hazing and underage drinking by the group.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2022, the Pi Deuteron chapter at the University of Kansas was suspended for several years due to extreme verbal, emotional, and physical abuse of pledges. One pledge reported to authorities his entire pledge class was "under the control and authority of members every waking minute each day" during the fall 2021 semester.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2025, the Omega Phi chapter at the University of Central Florida was placed on interim suspension and prohibited from spring 2025 rushing activities due to allegations of hazing and antisemitism. In spring 2023, two pledges were photographed blindfolded with Nazi symbolism placed on them. The photograph was anonymously reported to the university, and the chapter was suspended pending an investigation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sexual assaultEdit

In September 2012, University of Nebraska–Lincoln campus police fielded a report of a rape at the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity house.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On January 21, 2017, Phi Gamma Delta fraternity members at University of Nebraska–Lincoln were claimed to have screamed pro-rape slurs at participants of the 2017 Women's March. Chants of "no means yes, yes means anal" were allegedly aimed at thousands of women, children, and men walking past the fraternity house on the University of Nebraska campus. Fraternity members were accused on social media of waving Donald Trump signs, screaming "grab them by the pussy," and then announcing which marchers they would and would not want to "grab by the pussy".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Multiple protesters have said that they heard the fraternity members chanting, which a spokesperson for the fraternity has denied.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> One week later, a protest was held outside the fraternity's chapter house. The protest was attended by about 50 people, including an antifa group which flung tampons dipped in red paint at the building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The fraternity was suspended from UNL from March 2017 to May 2020 because of "a pattern of sexually harassing conduct" and other patterns of misconduct.<ref name="Cohen2021">Template:Cite news</ref> The chapter was accused of further sexual misconduct in October 2019.<ref name="Cohen2021" />

A federal lawsuit filed by a Butler University student in 2019 describes being raped by a member of the Psi chapter at Wabash College while she was drunk during a Phi Gamma Delta party. She told her attacker to stop and attempted to escape while blacking out repeatedly. Other members of the chapter tried to prevent the woman's friends from finding her as she was being raped, according to the lawsuit. The woman stated that Crawfordsville, Indiana police told her that Wabash College has no formal code of conduct and that the student who assaulted her would face few consequences, so they encouraged her not to pursue the complaint.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A member of the Kappa Tau chapter at the University of Tennessee was accused of drugging and raping two women during a party in 2019. The accused apologized to one of the women in a text message, which was later used as evidence of his guilt. The fraternity house was sanctioned.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A sexual assault was reported to University of Nebraska–Lincoln police on August 24, 2021, as having been committed by a Phi Gamma Delta member. Hundreds of protesters converged on the fraternity house that night, calling for an end to rape on campus and for the chapter to be shut down. Fraternity members stayed inside the house and shared a video via the internet of them laughing at the protestors outside the window.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The next day, chancellor Ronnie Green announced that the university would be closing the fraternity house and suspending the chapter while the allegation of sexual assault was investigated.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Campus protests against Phi Gamma Delta continued through the next week. State senator Megan Hunt spoke at one, confirming that, although she did not attend UNL, she was aware of the "open secret" of frequent sexual assault at Phi Gamma Delta and certain other UNL fraternities. During the week of protests, university police received an influx of reports of rape; many were previously unreported events from years ago.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2021, the chapter of Phi Gamma Delta was suspended until 2026. The suspension was because of alcohol use, and not officially connected to the recent protests or ongoing sexual assault investigation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On August 30, 2021, an online petition alleged a sexual assault at the Mu Deuteron chapter at University of Iowa, said to have occurred the year prior.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Fraternities and Sororities Template:North American Interfraternity Conference Template:Authority control

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