Pho
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox food
Phở or phoTemplate:Efn (Template:IPAc-en, Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Template:Small Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a Vietnamese soup dish consisting of broth, rice noodles ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), herbs, and meat – usually beef ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), and sometimes chicken ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name= "Scripter" /> Phở is a popular food in Vietnam<ref name= thanhnien /> where it is served in households, street-stalls, and restaurants country-wide. Residents of the city of Nam Định were the first to create Vietnamese traditional phở. It is considered Vietnam's national dish.Template:Cn
Phở is a relatively recent addition to the country's cuisine, first appearing in written records in the early 20th century<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Northern Vietnam. After the Vietnam War, refugees popularized it throughout the world. Due to limited historical documentation, the origins of phở remain debated. Influences from both French and Chinese culinary traditions are believed to have contributed to its development in Vietnam, as well as to the etymology of its name.<ref name="evolution1" /><ref name= "Greeley">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /><ref name=":0" /> The Hanoi (northern) and Saigon (southern) styles of pho differ by noodle width, sweetness of broth, and choice of herbs and sauce.
In 2017, Vietnam made December 12 the "Day of Pho".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
Phở likely evolved from similar beef noodle soups found in neighboring countries, including Thailand, and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Yunnan, where such dishes are common. While rice noodles and spices used in the broth align with Chinese culinary traditions in the north, beef consumption was not widespread among the Vietnamese, who traditionally used buffaloes for farming. The demand for beef increased under French colonial rule, leading some to attribute phở’s origins to French, Chinese, or a combination of both influences.<ref name=":0" /> However, its exact origins remain a topic of debate. During French colonial rule (1887–1954), the French introduced pot-au-feu, a slow-cooked beef stew, and the use of beef bones for broth mirrors French consommé techniques.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However dishes with a similar preparation to phở using water buffalo meat, such as xáo trâu have long been staples to the rural cuisine. Villagers in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} say they ate phở long before the French colonial period.<ref name="HNM Nguyen Ngoc Tien" /> The modern form emerged between 1900 and 1907 in northern Vietnam,<ref name="Trinh Quang Dung" /><ref name= "evolution1"/> southeast of Hanoi in Nam Định Province, then a substantial textile market. The traditional home of phở is reputed to be the villages of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) in Đông Xuân commune, Nam Trực District, Nam Định Province.<ref name="HNM Nguyen Ngoc Tien">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ANTG An Chi">Template:Cite news</ref>
Cultural historian and researcher Trịnh Quang Dũng believes that the popularization and origins of modern pho stemmed from the intersection of several historical and cultural factors in the early 20th century.<ref name=TQD>Template:Citation</ref> These include improved availability of beef due to French demand, which in turn produced beef bones that were purchased by Chinese workers to make into a beef noodle similar to phở called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (牛肉粉 or 牛腩粉) or ngau juk fun.<ref name=TQD/><ref name= NA>Template:Citation</ref> The Yunnan-style herbal beef soup is called niupafu (牛扒呼) or ngau paa fu in Cantonese. The demand for this dish was initially the greatest with workers from the provinces of Yunnan and Guangdong, who had an affinity for the dish due to its similarities to that of their homeland, which eventually popularized and familiarized this dish with the general population.<ref name=NA/>
Phở was originally sold as a snack at dawn and dusk by street vendors, who shouldered mobile kitchens on carrying poles ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="CVCN Nguyen Du" /> From the pole hung two wooden cabinets, one housing a cauldron over a wood fire, the other storing noodles, spices, cookware, and space to prepare a bowl of phở. The heavy {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was always shouldered by men.<ref name="Vu Hong Lien">Template:Cite book</ref> They kept their heads warm with distinctive felt hats called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Bui Minh Duc" />
Hanoi's first two fixed phở stands were a Vietnamese-owned Cát Tường on Cầu Gỗ Street and a Chinese-owned stand in front of Bờ Hồ tram stop. They were joined in 1918 by two more on Quạt Row and Đồng Row.<ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung 2">Template:Cite news</ref> Around 1925, a Vân Cù villager named Vạn opened the first "Nam Định style" pho stand in Hanoi.<ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung" /> Peddler {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} declined in number around 1936–1946 in favor of stationary eateries.<ref name="Bui Minh Duc" />
DevelopmentEdit
In the late 1920s, various vendors experimented with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, sesame oil, tofu, and even Lethocerus indicus extract ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). This "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" failed to enter the mainstream.<ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung 2" /><ref name="Thach Lam">Template:Cite wikisource</ref>
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, served with cooked beef, had been introduced by 1930. Chicken pho appeared in 1939, possibly because beef was not sold at the markets on Mondays and Fridays at the time.<ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung 2" />
With the partition of Vietnam in 1954, over a million people fled North Vietnam for South Vietnam. Phở, which was relatively less consumed in the South, suddenly became popular.<ref name="ANTG An Chi" /> No longer confined to northern culinary traditions, variations in meat and broth appeared, and additional garnishes, such as lime, mung bean sprouts ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), culantro ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), cinnamon basil ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), Hoisin sauce ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), and hot Sriracha sauce ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) became standard fare.<ref name="evolution1"/><ref name="ANTG An Chi" /><ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung 2" /> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} also began to rival fully cooked {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:What in popularity. Migrants from the North similarly popularized {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sandwiches.<ref name="Lê Văn Nghĩa">Template:Cite news</ref>
Meanwhile, in North Vietnam, private phở restaurants were nationalized ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref name="Gibb" /> and began serving phở noodles made from old rice. Street vendors were forced to use noodles made of imported potato flour.<ref name="Xuan Phuong">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Peters Defusing" /> Officially banned as capitalism, these vendors prized portability, carrying their wares on {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and setting out plastic stools for customers.<ref name="Guardian Renton">Template:Cite news</ref>
During the so-called subsidy period following the Vietnam War, state-owned pho eateries served a meatless variety of the dish known as pilotless pho ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}),<ref name="BBC Hoàng Linh">Template:Cite news</ref> in reference to the U.S. Air Force's unmanned reconnaissance drones. The broth consisted of boiled water with MSG added for taste, as there were often shortages of various foodstuffs like meat and rice during that period.<ref name="ThanhNien Thanh Thao">Template:Cite news</ref> Bread or cold rice was often served as a side dish, leading to the present-day practice of dipping {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (deep-fried wheat flour dough) in pho.<ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung 3">Template:Cite news</ref>
Pho eateries were privatized as part of Đổi Mới. Many street vendors must still maintain a light footprint to evade police enforcing the street tidiness rules that replaced the ban on private ownership.<ref name="Guardian Renton" />
GlobalizationEdit
In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, Vietnamese refugees brought phở to many countries. Restaurants specializing in phở appeared in numerous Asian neighborhoods and Little Saigons, such as in Paris and in major cities in the United States, Canada, and Australia.<ref name=georgia/><ref name="LAT Loh">Template:Cite news</ref> In 1980, the first of hundreds of phở restaurants opened in the Little Saigon in Orange County, California.<ref name="OCRegister Nguyen">Template:Cite news</ref>
In the United States, phở began to enter the mainstream during the 1990s, as relations between the U.S. and Vietnam improved.<ref name="LAT Loh" /> At that time Vietnamese restaurants began opening quickly in Texas and California, spreading rapidly along the Gulf and West Coasts, as well as the East Coast and the rest of the country. During the 2000s, phở restaurants in the United States generated US$500 million in annual revenue, according to an unofficial estimate.<ref name="SGTT Ngu Yen">Template:Cite news</ref> Phở can now be found in cafeterias at many college and corporate campuses, especially on the West Coast.<ref name="LAT Loh" />
The word "pho" was added to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary in 2007.<ref name="SDUT Schuman" /> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is listed at number 28 on "World's 50 Most Delicious Foods," compiled by CNN Go in 2011.<ref name="CNN" /> The Vietnamese Embassy in Mexico celebrated Phở Day on April 3, 2016, with Osaka Prefecture holding a similar commemoration the following day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Phở has been adopted by other Southeast Asian cuisines, including Lao and Hmong cuisine.<ref name="Scripter" /> It sometimes appears as "Phô" on menus in Australia.Template:Citation needed
Modern eraEdit
In recent decades, phở has evolved beyond its traditional form, with new variations emerging to cater to modern tastes and preferences. One notable innovation is phở cuốn,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> where the ingredients of phở are wrapped in fresh rice noodles, creating a new dish that has gained popularity in Hanoi.
Phở's influence has even extended into the cocktail scene, with bars like Nê offering phở-inspired cocktails that incorporate the soup’s signature spices.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Additionally, chefs such as Peter Cung have brought phở into the realm of fine dining, as exemplified by his Michelin-starred restaurant Anan Saigon, where phở is deconstructed into a multi-course meal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Official recognition has followed suit, with the Vietnamese government designating December 12 as the 'Day of Phở' in 2018, and in 2024, Hanoi and Nam Định-style phở were recognized as national intangible cultural heritage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These developments reflect the dish’s enduring relevance and its continued reinvention in both local and international culinary landscapes.
Etymology and originsEdit
Reviews of 19th and 20th-century Vietnamese literature have found that pho entered the mainstream sometime in the 1910s. Georges Dumoutier's extensive 1907 account of Vietnamese cuisine omits any mention of phở.<ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The word appears in a short story published in 1907.<ref name=Huynh>Huỳnh Tịnh Của,Tống Tử Vưu truyền [Legend of Tong Tu Vuu] (1907). Lòng mừng phời phở [頗] bang ngân ra đi (“I'm glad that the pho is gone”). This passage is cited in Đại Từ Điển Chữ Nôm (Great Nôm dictionary, 1998) by Vu Van Kinh.</ref> Nguyễn Công Hoan recalls its sale by street vendors in 1913.<ref name="Nguyen Cong Hoan">Template:Cite book</ref> A 1931 dictionary is the first to define {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} as a soup: "from the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. A dish consisting of small slices of rice cake boiled with beef."<ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /><ref name="Bui Minh Duc">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="VNN Vu Duc Vuong">Template:Cite news Translated into English: Template:Cite news</ref>
Possibly the earliest English-language reference to pho was in the book Recipes of All Nations, edited by Countess Morphy in 1935: In the book, pho is described as "an Annamese soup held in high esteem ... made with beef, a veal bone, onions, a bay leaf, salt, and pepper, and a small teaspoon of nuoc-mam (fish sauce)."<ref name="morphy">Template:Cite book</ref>
There are two prevailing theories on the origin of the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and, by extension, the dish itself. As author Nguyễn Dư notes, both questions are significant to Vietnamese identity.<ref name="CVCN Nguyen Du">Template:Cite journal</ref>
From FrenchEdit
Some historians suggest a connection to the French due to the introduction of beef as a staple ingredient during French colonial rule.<ref name=":0" /> French settlers commonly ate beef, whereas Vietnamese traditionally ate pork and chicken and used cattle primarily as beasts of burden.<ref name="Gibb" /><ref name="NYT Apple">Template:Cite news</ref> Gustave Hue (1937) equates {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to the French beef stew {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (literally, "pot on the fire").<ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /> Accordingly, Western sources generally maintain that {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in both name and substance.<ref name="dictionaries" /><ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /><ref name="Bloom">Bloom, Dan, "What's that Pho? - French loan words in Vietnam hark back to the colonial days" Taipei Times, May 29, 2010.</ref> However, several scholars dispute this etymology, pointing to the significant differences between the two dishes.<ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /><ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Nguyen Du">Template:Cite book</ref> Another suggestion of a separate origin is that phở in French has long been pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} rather than {{#invoke:IPA|main}}: in Jean Tardieu's Lettre de Hanoï à Roger Martin Du Gard (1928), a soup vendor cries "Pho-ô!" in the street.<ref name="Peters Defusing" />
Many Hanoians explain that the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} derives from French soldiers' ordering "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" (fire) from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, referring to both the steam rising from a bowl of phở and the wood fire seen glowing from a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in the evening.<ref name="Bui Minh Duc" />
Food historian Erica J. Peters argues that the French has embraced phở in a way that overlooks its origins as a local improvisation, reinforcing "an idea that the French brought modern ingenuity to a traditionalist Vietnam".<ref name="Peters Defusing">Template:Cite journal</ref> The connection between phở and the French culinary tradition remains widely debated but remains a prominent theory in discussions of its origins.<ref name=":0" />
From CantoneseEdit
Another possible origin links phở to Chinese influences. Hue and Eugène Gouin (1957) suggest that {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may be a shortened form of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and that it is derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Chinese: 牛肉粉; Cantonese Yale: ngau4 yuk6 fan2), which means "beef noodles." This dish was sold by Chinese immigrants in Hanoi. This etymology is supported by the 1931 dictionary definition of phở and the influence of Chinese culinary traditions, including the use of rice noodles and spices in the broth.<ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /> ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} is an allophone of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in some northern dialects of Vietnamese.)
Some scholars argue that phở (the dish) evolved from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a Vietnamese dish common in Hanoi at the turn of the century. Originally eaten by commoners near the Red River, it consisted of stir-fried strips of water buffalo meat served in broth atop rice vermicelli.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Around 1908–1909, the shipping industry brought an influx of laborers. Vietnamese and Chinese cooks set up {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to serve them {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} but later switched to inexpensive scraps of beef<ref name="Vuong Trung Hieu" /><ref name="HNM Nguyen Ngoc Tien" /> set aside by butchers who sold to the French.<ref name="Peters Appetites" /> Chinese vendors advertised this {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by crying out, "Beef and noodles!" (Template:CJKV).<ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung" /> Eventually, the street cry became "Meat and noodles!" (Template:CJKV), with the last syllable elongated.<ref name="ANTG An Chi" /><ref name="Bui Minh Duc" /> Nguyễn Ngọc Bích suggests that the final "n" was eventually dropped because of the similar-sounding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:CJKV).<ref name="Greeley" /><ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> The French author Jean Marquet refers to the dish as "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}!" in his 1919 novel Du village-à-la cité.<ref name="Peters Appetites">Template:Cite book</ref> This is likely what the Vietnamese poet Tản Đà calls "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" in "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" ("Gambling"), written around 1915–1917.<ref name="CVCN Nguyen Du" /><ref name="Nguyen Du" />
Ingredients and preparationEdit
Phở is served in a bowl with a specific cut of flat rice noodles in clear beef broth, with thin cuts of beef (steak, fatty flank, lean flank, brisket). Variations feature slow-cooked tendons, tripe, or meatballs in southern Vietnam. Chicken pho is made using the same spices as beef, but the broth is made using chicken bones and meat, as well as some internal organs of the chicken, such as the heart, the undeveloped eggs, and the gizzard.<ref name="town"/><ref name="pho-mytran"/>
When eating at phở stalls in Vietnam, customers are generally asked which parts of the beef they would like and how they want it done.
Beef parts include:
- Tái băm: Rare beef patty, beef is minced by a chopping knife right before serving
- Tái: Medium rare meat
- Tái sống: Rare meat
- Tái chín: Mixture of medium rare meat and pre-cooked well-done meat, the default serving in most pho restaurants
- Tái lăn: Meat is sauteed before adding to the soup
- Tái nạm: Mix of medium rare meat with flank
- Nạm: Flank cut
- Nạm gầu: Brisket
- Gân: Tendons
- Sách: Beef tripe
- Tiết: Boiled beef blood
- Bò viên: Beef ball
- Trứng tái: Poached chicken egg (served in a separate bowl)
For chicken phở, options might include:
- Đùi gà: Chicken thigh
- Lườn gà: Chicken breast
- Lòng gà: Chicken innards
- Trứng non: Immature chicken eggs
- Trứng chần: chicken egg yolk
NoodlesEdit
The freshly made rice noodles which are usually used are called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or for short, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Vietnamese, while the dried rice noodles are called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or for short, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In North America, the semi dried pho noodles are labeled on the packaging as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fresh pho noodles).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pho noodles are usually medium-wide; however, people from different regions of Vietnam will prefer different widths.
BrothEdit
The soup for beef phở is generally made by simmering beef bones, oxtails, flank steak, charred onion, charred ginger, and spices. For a more intense flavor, the bones may still have beef on them. Chicken bones also work and produce a similar broth. Seasonings can include Saigon cinnamon or other kinds of cinnamon as alternatives (may be used usually in stick form, sometimes in powder form in pho restaurant franchises overseas), star anise, roasted ginger, roasted onion, black cardamom, coriander seed, fennel seed, and clove.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The broth takes several hours to make.<ref name="pho-mytran" /> For chicken phở, only the meat and bones of the chicken are used in place of beef and beef bone. The remaining spices remain the same, but the charred ginger can be omitted since its function in beef phở is to subdue the quite strong smell of beef.
The spices, often wrapped in cheesecloth or a soaking bag to prevent them from floating all over the pot, usually contain cloves, star anise, coriander seed, fennel, cinnamon, black cardamom, ginger, and onion.
Careful cooks often roast ginger and onion over an open fire for about a minute before adding them to the stock, to bring out their full flavor. They also skim off all the impurities that float to the top while cooking; this is the key to a clear broth. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (fish sauce) is added toward the end.
GarnishesEdit
Different regions have different ways of eating pho that suit their taste and practice. The Northern pho is typically served with scallions, onions, and cilantro (coriander leaves). The Southern variant also adds Thai basil and bean sprouts. Thai chili peppers, lime wedges, fish sauce, chili oil, hot chili sauce (such as Sriracha sauce), pickled garlic (Northern style), or hoisin sauce (Southern style) may be added to taste as accompaniments.<ref name="BBC">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pho-mytran" /><ref name="BonAppetit Gross">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Central pho is more special. On the table, they prepare pickled papaya, and sate sauce.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Several ingredients not generally served with phở may be ordered by request. Extra-fatty broth (nước béo) can be ordered and comes with scallions to sweeten it. A popular side dish ordered upon request is hành dấm, or vinegared white onions.
Styles of phoEdit
Regional variantsEdit
The several regional variants of pho in Vietnam, particularly divided between "Northern phở" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) or "Hanoi phở" (phở Hà Nội), and "Southern phở" (phở Nam) or "Saigon pho" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). Northern Vietnamese phở uses a savoury, clear broth, blanched whole green onion, and garnishes offered generally include only diced green onion and cilantro, pickled garlic, chili sauce and quẩy. The Northern pho is often described as subtle and light on spices while having a deep savory taste from beef bones.<ref name="BBC Travel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="BBC Travel 2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On the other hand, southern Vietnamese phở broth is sweeter and cloudier, and is consumed with bean sprouts, fresh sliced chili, hoisin sauce, and a greater variety of fresh herbs. Phở may be served with either phở noodles or kuy teav noodles ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="Nguyen 101">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The variations in meat, broth, and additional garnishes such as lime, bean sprouts, ngò gai (culantro), húng quế (Thai basil), and tương đen (hoisin sauce), tương ớt (chili sauce) appear to be innovations made by or introduced to the South.<ref name="evolution1"/> Another style of northern phở is phở Nam Định from Nam Định city which uses more fish sauce in the broth and wider noodles.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other provincial variations exist where pho is served with delicacy meats other than beef or chicken, such as duck, buffalo, goat, or veal.
Other phở dishesEdit
Phở has many variants including many dishes bearing the name "phở", many are not soup-based:
- Phở sốt vang: Wine-sauced pho, with beef stewed in red wine.
- Phở tái lăn: pho with rare beef quickly stir-fried before serving.
- Phở xào: sauteed pho noodles with beef and vegetables.
- Phở áp chảo: similar to phở xào but stir-fried with more oil and gets more burned.
- Phở cuốn: rolled pho, with ingredients rolled up and eaten as a gỏi cuốn.
- Phở trộn: mixed pho, noodles and fresh herbs and dressings, served as a salad.
- Phở chấm: dipping pho, with the noodles and broth served separately.
- Phở chiên phồng: This variant is the same as the previous but without eggs and looks like pillows
- Phở chiên trứng: This means a variant that pho is deep-fried with eggs.
- Lẩu phở: Using deconstructed phở ingredients and eaten as a hotpot.
Other local variances or dishes called phở:
- Phở chua: meaning sour phở is a delicacy from Lạng Sơn city.<ref name="TTVH Vu The Long">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Phở khô Gia Lai: an unrelated noodle dish from Gia Lai, similar to hủ tiếu.
- Phở sắn: a tapioca noodle dish from Quế Sơn District of Quảng Nam.
- Phở sa tế: phở noodles with chili and peanut sauce and venison meat, came from Teochew immigrants in southern Vietnam.
- Phở vịt: duck phở, a specialty of Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn provinces.
- Phở gan cháy: meaning grilled liver pho, a specialty found in Bắc Ninh city.
- Phở trâu: Buffalo pho, a specialty of Nam Định and Hà Nam provinces.
- Phở dê: Goat pho, a specialty of Ninh Bình province.
- Phở đỏ: made from red rice, a specialty of Hà Giang highland.
- Phở xíu chấm: a dish served with grilled pork and a specialy of Nam Định city.
- Phở Lào or Laos phở is the Vietnamese name of Khao piak sen.
Vietnamese beef soup can also refer to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is a spicy beef noodle soup associated with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in central Vietnam.
Outside VietnamEdit
After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, the Philippines welcomed refugees into its territories, resulting in thousands of Vietnamese from southern Vietnam taking shelter on the Filipino island of Palawan. The Vietnamese immigrants brought with them part of their culture which influenced the Filipinos of the island, and vice versa. A notable culinary legacy is a pho-like Filipino dish popular in Palawan island that locals call chao long (not to be confused with the Vietnamese porridge called chao long). The Filipino chao long is a noodle dish, which is a combination of broth, protein (beef, pork, and/or chicken), rice noodles, mung bean sprouts, and basil leaves. It is accompanied by a Filipino citrus called calamansi and served with a bread similar to Vietnamese bánh mì, which the locals refer to as "French bread".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Notable restaurantsEdit
Famous phở shops in Hanoi are Phở Bát Đàn, Phở Thìn Bờ Hồ, Phở Thìn Lò Đúc, Phở 10 Lý Quốc Sư. In 2016, BBC noted Pho 10 Ly Quoc Su to be among the best pho addresses in Vietnam.<ref name="BBC Travel"/> Phở Thìn Lò Đúc has also opened foreign branches in Australia, Japan and the U.S.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Famous phở shops in Saigon included {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Pasteur Street ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was a street famous for its beef phở, while Hien Vuong Street ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was known for its chicken phở.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At Phở Bình, American soldiers dined as National Liberation Front agents planned the Tết Offensive just upstairs.<ref name="IHT Abt">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Time Cain">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Nowadays in Ho Chi Minh City, well-known restaurants include: Phở Hùng, Phở Hòa Pasteur,<ref name="NYT Gross">Template:Cite news</ref> and Phở 2000, which U.S. President Bill Clinton visited in 2000.<ref name="LAT Loh" /><ref name="NYT Apple" />
One of the largest phở chains in Vietnam is Pho 24, a subsidiary of Highlands Coffee, with 60 locations in Vietnam and 20 abroad.<ref name="Forbes Nguyen">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In the U.S.Edit
The largest phở chain in the United States is Phở Hòa, which operates over 70 locations in seven countries.<ref name="LAT Loh" /><ref name="LAT Hsu">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Pho Hoa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A similar restaurant named Pho 75 serves in the Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, areas in the United States.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> Numbers in the restaurant name are "lucky" numbers for the owners: culturally lucky numbers or to mark a date in Vietnam or their personal history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Many phở restaurants in the United States offer oversized helpings with names such as "train phở" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), "airplane phở" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), or "California phở" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="CVCN Nguyen Du" /><ref name="Bui Minh Duc" /><ref name="KHPT Trinh Quang Dung 3" /> Some restaurants have offered a phở eating challenge, with prizes for finishing as much as Template:Convert of phở in one sitting,<ref name="PioneerPress Brewer">Template:Cite news</ref> or have auctioned special versions costing $5,000.<ref name="LAW Shatkin">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="LAist William-Ross">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
Template:Portal Template:Div col
- Bánh mì
- List of soups
- List of Vietnamese culinary specialities
- List of Vietnamese dishes
- Vietnamese cuisine
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Noodle Template:Beef Template:Street food Template:Vietnamese cuisine Template:Soups