Piaggio P.180 Avanti
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The Piaggio P.180 Avanti is an executive/VIP light transport aircraft, designed by Piaggio Aero and built in Italy. It features twin, wing-mounted turboprop engines, in a pusher configuration.<ref name="Flying30Dec08">Template:Cite news</ref> The Avanti seats up to nine people in a pressurized cabin and may be flown by one or two pilots. The design is of three-surface configuration, having both a small forward wing and a conventional tailplane, as well as its main wing, with the main wing spars passing behind the passenger cabin area. The FAI lists it as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft with speed of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DevelopmentEdit
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A 1980s wave of new-generation planes, developed to appeal to Fortune 500 clients, included Piaggio's Avanti and Beech Aircraft Corp.'s very similar Starship.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name= "Martin">Template:Cite news</ref> Engineering studies for the airplane that would eventually be named Avanti began in 1979 and designs were tested in wind tunnels in Italy and the United States in 1980 and 1981, conducted by Professor Jan Roskam from the University of Kansas (using Wichita State University's wind tunnel and Boeing's transonic wind tunnel in Seattle)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> along with Professor Gerald Gregorek at Ohio State University (using OSU's 2D pressure wind tunnel).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite conference</ref>
Piaggio's chief engineer, Template:Ill,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> filed in 1982 to patent the Avanti design.<ref name=Patent>Template:Cite patent</ref><ref name=Design>Template:Cite patent</ref> Beginning in 1983, Gates Learjet partnered with Piaggio to develop a fuselage for the new aircraft (referred to as Gates Piaggio GP-180).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="FltInt1985">Template:Cite news</ref> Learjet's design influence can be seen in the steeply raked windshield and the two large ventral delta fins under the tail.<ref name="Huber">Template:Cite news</ref> At high angles of attack these delta fins provide a nose-down pitching moment and help to avoid a potential stall,<ref name="Gerzanics">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Hodgkins">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="AirportJournals">Template:Cite news</ref> and they increase stability in flight by damping yaw and Dutch roll.<ref name="Flying30Dec08" />
Gates Learjet's financial problems ended their collaboration in January 1986, but Piaggio continued the project,<ref name="Huber" /> and the first prototype flew on 23 September 1986.<ref name="Janes 88 p163">Taylor 1988, p. 163</ref> The P.180 Avanti received Italian certification on 7 March 1990<ref name="FltInt1990" /><ref name="tcds" /> and American certification was obtained on 2 October 1990.<ref name="Brasseys 99 p438">Taylor 1999, p. 439</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first 12 fuselages were manufactured in Wichita, Kansas, with H & H Parts and Plessey Midwest, then flown to Italy for final assembly.<ref name="FltInt1990">Template:Cite news</ref> Avanti Aviation Wichita ran out of money in 1994; the project languished until a group of investors led by Piero Ferrari became involved in 1998. The 100th aircraft was delivered in October 2005 and the 150th in May 2008. Piaggio reported that, as of October 2010, the Avanti and Avanti II fleets had logged over 500,000 flying hours.<ref name="FG19Oct10">Template:Citation</ref>
An improved Avanti II obtained European and U.S. certification in November 2005. Six months later, 70 planes had been ordered, including 36 by Avantair. Avanti II received type approval for Russia in 2011.<ref name= "Morrison">Template:Cite news</ref> The Avanti II featured uprated Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66B turboprop engines and flies about 18 km/h (11 mph) faster, with better fuel economy; and an all-new "glass panel" avionics suite from Rockwell Collins reduced cockpit clutter.<ref name= "George2010">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Goyer">Template:Cite news</ref> In addition to heading, attitude and navigation information, flat panel color liquid crystal displays add collision avoidance (TCAS), ground proximity (TAWS) and real-time graphic weather depiction.<ref name="Berlin">Template:Cite news</ref>
The Avanti is marketed as being faster than other turboprops and many midsized jets, with cost efficiency as much as 40 percent better than market-competing jets, as a result of less drag and a lower fuel burn rate.<ref name=Fogelson>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Reeves">Template:Cite news</ref> Powered by the same Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66 engines as the Beech Super King Air 200, the Avanti II is Template:Convert faster than that model.<ref name="Barnard">Template:Cite news</ref> Flying magazine judged the Avanti to be the "Fastest Civilian Turboprop Twin" in 2014, saying "Avanti's speed is pretty much on par with Cessna's M2, while providing more space and a lower operating cost."<ref name="Fastest">Template:Cite news</ref>
First flown in 2013, the P.1HH UAV prototype crashed off Sicily in May 2016 after 100 hours of flight tests; a second prototype flew in July 2017 before two others joined.<ref name= "Flight29nov2018" /> The first Avanti EVO manufactured at the new $150 million factory at Albenga Airport was delivered in 2016, one year after moving production from its previous Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport plant.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 22 November 2018, Piaggio Aerospace entered receivership after declaring itself insolvent as its restructuring plan failed. After the 2008 financial crisis, a key US fractional customer went bankrupt and P.180 Evo sales dropped from a 2008 peak of 30 deliveries to just three in 2018. By November 2018, no P.1HHs were delivered to the UAE and the Italian Ministry of Defence €766 million support for the P.2HH program was frozen as populist coalition partner Five Star Movement prioritized social programmes over defence spending.<ref name= Flight29nov2018>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 21 June 2019, the Italian government committed to €{{#expr:260+200+160+96}} million in orders to make the business more attractive to a potential buyer: €260 million from the defence ministry for nine new Avanti Evos, plus an upgrade of 19 earlier aircraft; €200 million for engine maintenance; €160 million for the P1HH HammerHead certification completion and at least one system (two aircraft and one ground station) acquisition; and €96 million for logistics support. While the deals should be approved later, two aircraft had been delivered so far in 2019, and two more remain in the backlog.
Three non-binding expressions of interest to buy the aircraft business had been received, 10 for the engine business and 26 for the whole company. The official tender for the sale of Piaggio Aerospace was to start after the summer of 2019.<ref name= Flight24jun2019>Template:Cite news</ref>
By December 2020, the fleet surpassed one million flight hours. 246 aircraft have been produced, of which 213 are in service: 96 in Europe, 95 in the Americas, 18 in Asia-Pacific, and four in Africa and the Middle East.<ref name= Piaggio1dec2020>Template:Cite press release</ref>
DesignEdit
The Avanti's counter-rotating<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> turboprop engines are placed on a mid-set, high-aspect-ratio wing located just behind the cabin. The three-surface design incorporates both a T-tail and a pair of small, fixed forewings having slight anhedral and landing flaps. On the Avanti II these flaps automatically deploy in concert with the main wing flaps. This reduces the load on the tailplane, even when the flaps are deployed, by reducing the pitch-down moment created by the deployment of the main wing flaps. This in turn allows the size of both the tailplane and the main wing to be reduced.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref name="P180_Avanti-Specification"/><ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation.</ref> This particular three-lifting-surface configuration was patented in 1982.<ref name="Patent" />
The forward wing's angle of incidence is slightly greater than that of the main wing, so that it stalls before the main wing, producing an automatic nose-down effect prior to the onset of main-wing stall; its five-degree anhedral (negative dihedral) keeps the stream wash interference clear of the engine inlets, the main wing and the tailplane.<ref name="P180_Avanti-Specification"/>
The cabin cross-section varies continuously along the length of the aircraft; the shape approximates an NACA airfoil section, and the slowly changing curve helps prolong laminar flow on the front of the fuselage. Piaggio claims that the fuselage contributes up to 20% of the Avanti's total lift, with the front and rear wing providing the remaining 80%. Due to the unusual fuselage shape, the mid-cabin is considerably wider than the cockpit. The front and rear airfoils are custom sections designed by Jerry Gregorek<ref name="Gregorek">Template:Cite news</ref> of Ohio State University's Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory to achieve a drag-reducing 50% laminar flow at cruise. The company claims the overall design of the P.180 Avanti II enables the wing to be 34% smaller than on conventional aircraft.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
The P.180 is reported to have good fuel efficiency relative to small turbojets flying in the same speed and altitude range. Flight International stated:
"The Avanti has no direct turboprop competitors, its closest jet rivals are the Raytheon Premier I and the Cessna Citation CJ2+ ... Piaggio says low-drag laminar flow is maintained to around 50% of the wing chord, compared with around 20–25% for conventional tractor turboprops where propeller wash disturbs the airflow over the wing... specific air range at high altitude is Template:Convert compared with around Template:Convert for current jets or Template:Convert for other turboprops."<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
By this estimate, fuel efficiency is 70% better than comparable jet aircraft, although this greater efficiency is achieved only at a relatively slow 315 KTAS and FL410.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> P.180 Avanti II Specifications now show slightly lower numbers for specific range of Template:Convert.
Interior noise is lower than in conventional turboprop aircraft, because the propellers and engine exhausts are behind the cabin. Piaggio quotes 68 dBA. However, due to the strongly disturbed flow in which the pusher propellers operate, the exterior noise is higher. The exterior noise level and its higher pitched sound has been shown to be the result primarily of the interaction of the turbine engine exhaust flows and the five-bladed pusher propellers (est. +9 dB).<ref name="P180noise">Template:Citation.</ref> On takeoff, the Avanti has been measured at 81.9 dBA sideline noise level, slightly lower than the Beechcraft King Air at 82.8 dBA. This is below FAA stage-3 noise limits, which set a maximum of 89 EPNdB for takeoff.<ref name="FAAStageClassifications">Template:Citation.</ref><ref name="FAANoise">Template:Citation.</ref> However, the P.180 has been the subject of noise complaints at airports, such as Aspen–Pitkin County Airport in Colorado,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> as well as Naples Municipal Airport, Florida, where that airport authority determined that it was the noisiest aircraft using the facility.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Alan Parker, chairman of the Naples Municipal Airport Authority's technical committee, described the Avanti as "irritating loud" and compared the high-pitched sound to "fingernails on a chalkboard".<ref name="AVweb27Apr10">Template:Cite news</ref>
The Piaggio P.180 Avanti has a sea-level standard-day maximum-gross-weight takeoff distance of Template:Convert and a landing roll of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Deliveries were at a high of 30 in 2008, but only two in 2013.
In 2014 Piaggio announced development of an updated version, named EVO.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> It uses new Hartzell composite propellers, with blades of scimitar configuration. Its wings carry new winglets; aerodynamic improvements have been incorporated, and an additional 60-gallon (400 lb) fuel tank option to increase range to Template:Convert.<ref name="George">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Dedicated">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company predicts improved climb performance, 250 nmi greater range, and 3% reduction in fuel usage. The revised propeller shape, combined with a lower engine speed, promises a 68% reduction in external noise. Avanti EVO type certification was granted by EASA on 28 November 2014,<ref name="TCDS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and by the FAA on 6 July 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Projected purchase price was $7.4 million in 2014.<ref>Piaggio Says Chinese Like Italian Style. Template:Webarchive, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 11 November 2014.</ref> By 2021 the equipped price was $7.695 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first EVO was delivered in April 2015, with five more to follow the same year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
VariantsEdit
- P.180 Avanti
- First production variant.
- P180 M
- Military version with a combination passenger/freighter configuration for use as a VIP and light utility transport.
- P.180 RM
- Variant for use in radio calibration.
- P.180 AMB
- Air ambulance variant.<ref name="Huettel">Template:Cite news</ref>
- P.180 APH
- Aerial cartography.
- Template:Visible anchor
- Variant with improved avionics and engines.<ref name="tcds">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- EVO
- Variant with 400kt TAS and higher useful load.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Multirole Patrol Aircraft (MPA)
- Initially called Maritime Patrol Aircraft, MPA is a variant of the Avanti II with a larger wingspan and bigger fuel tanks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As with the EVO propulsion system, MPA uses more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-66B engines and Hartzell five-blade scimitar propellers.<ref name="Bergqvist">Template:Cite news</ref> MPA electronics include the Albatros mission system from Saab Group and Pro Line Fusion avionics from Rockwell Collins.<ref name="Tomkins">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Piaggio-Selex P.1HH Hammerhead
- Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle based on the Avanti II airframe, with an increased wingspan and the ability to carry up to Template:Convert of weapons.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The P.1HH HammerHead Mission Management System is based on the Selex ES (now Leonardo S.p.A.) skyISTAR solution.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Osborne">Template:Cite news</ref> The vehicle's first flight took place in December 2013 from Trapani–Birgi Italian Air Force base.<ref name="Eshel" /><ref name="Kington" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Italian Air Force signed an agreement with Piaggio Aerospace to buy three Unmanned Aerial System P.1HH HammerHead (six aircraft and three ground control stations) with delivery starting from the early months of 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Eshel">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Kington">Template:Cite news</ref> United Arab Emirates Air Force ordered eight P.1HH aircraft.<ref name="Chong">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Stevenson">Template:Cite news</ref> On 31 May 2016 the first P.1HH prototype crashed off the Sicilian coast,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Murdo">Template:Cite news</ref> delaying flight testing for thirteen months during construction of a second prototype. Piaggio flew the second prototype at Trapani–Birgi military airport on 5 July 2017<ref name="Murdo2017">Template:Cite news</ref> The UAE was to take delivery of six P.1HHs in 2018 and the remaining two in 2019,<ref name=Flight6jun2018/> however by November 2018, no P.1HHs had been delivered and Piaggio Aerospace requested to be placed into receivership.<ref name=Flight29nov2018/>
- P.2HH
- Piaggio develops with Leonardo, the Italian and UAE Armed Forces a P.1HH successor for 2023, with a new wing, more composite materials, and re-thought systems.<ref name=Flight6jun2018>Template:Cite news</ref> With a larger wing and airframe, maximum endurance rose to 30 h, but following the 2018 Italian election, the country's €766 million program for 20 aircraft and 10 control stations was suspended.<ref name=Flight29nov2018/>
- B.TL.20
- (Template:Langx) Royal Thai Armed Forces designation for the Avanti EVO.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
OperatorsEdit
CivilEdit
The Avanti is operated by charter companies and small feeder airlines, and is also used as a business aircraft. The fractional aircraft operator Avantair was Piaggio's largest client, with a fleet of 57 Avanti aircraft,<ref name="Fogelson" /> before they went bankrupt and the fleet was liquidated.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In May 2017, 220 aircraft were in operation around the world,<ref name=AvWeek22may2017>Template:Cite news</ref> with 89 being first-generation Avanti, 126 second-generation Avanti II and 6 Avanti EVO models.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A Piaggio Avanti San Diego-to-Charleston flight in 2003, piloted by Joe Ritchie with co-pilot Steve Fossett, set National Aeronautic Association and Fédération Aéronautique Internationale transcontinental speed records with an average speed of Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> breaking the previous Los Angeles to New York turboprop record of 395.21 knots set by Chuck Yeager in 1986 in a Piper Cheyenne 400LS. Elapsed time for the Avanti's coast-to-coast trip was 3:51:52.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GovernmentEdit
- Bulgarian Air Force
- 28th Air Detachment<ref>Aboulafia, Richard. Jane's Civil Aircraft, 1996, Harper Collins, p. 197</ref>
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police (former operator – aircraft sold in 2014)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
{{#invoke:flag||Italy}}
- Italian Air Force<ref name="Brasseys 99 p438-9">Taylor 1999, pp. 438–39.</ref> operates 17 Piaggio P.180 Avanti since 1994<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Italian Army<ref name="Brasseys 99 p438-9"/>
- Italian Navy<ref name="Flight WAF09 p43">Flight International 15–21 December 2009, p. 43</ref>
- Carabinieri<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Guardia di Finanza<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Polizia di Stato<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Corpo Forestale dello Stato<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Ente Nazionale per l'Assistenza al Volo<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
{{#invoke:flag||Poland}}
- Polish Medical Air Rescue (LPR) – 1 (1 Avanti II)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
{{#invoke:flag||Russia|}}
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State ATM Corporation" – 1 (1 Avanti II)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- United Arab Emirates Air Force – 2<ref name="Peaford">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Gale">Template:Cite news</ref>
Accidents and incidentsEdit
On 21 October 2022, Gold's Gym owner Rainer Schaller, his wife, his two children, and two others were killed in the crash of a German-registered Avanti into the ocean near Limón, Costa Rica. The flight had departed Palenque, Mexico.<ref name="Niles23Oct22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Specifications (P180 Avanti EVO)Edit
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See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Taylor, John W.R. (ed.) Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1988. Template:ISBN.
- Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.) Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition. London: Brassey's, 1999. Template:ISBN.
- "World Air Forces Directory 2009". Flight International, 15–21 December 2009, pp. 33–53.
External linksEdit
- Template:Official website
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link
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