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Poltava

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File:Poltava polk.svg
The shield of the Poltava Regiment, 17th and 18th century
File:Poltava regiment XVIIth century.svg
The shield of the Poltava Regiment headquarters

Poltava (Template:IPAc-en,<ref>Template:Cite dictionary</ref> Template:IPAc-en;<ref>Template:Cite American Heritage Dictionary</ref><ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city located on the Vorskla River in Central Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Poltava Oblast as well as Poltava Raion within the oblast. It also hosts the administration of Poltava urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_poltava_city">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Poltava has a population of Template:Ua-pop-est2022

HistoryEdit

Template:See also It is still unknown when Poltava was founded, although the town was not attested before 1174. However, municipal authorities chose to celebrate the city's 1100th anniversary in 1999. The settlement is indeed an old one, as archeologists unearthed an ancient Paleolithic dwelling, as well as Scythian remains, within the city limits.

Middle AgesEdit

The present name of the city is traditionally connected to the settlement Ltava, which is mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle in 1174.<ref name=hop>Poltava: chronicles of the most important events. "History of Poltava" website.</ref><ref>Antipovich, G., Buryak, Voloskov, V., others. Poltava: a book for tourists. Ed.2. "Prapor". Kharkiv, 1989.</ref> According to the chronicle, on Saint Peter's Day (12 July) of 1182, Igor Sviatoslavich, chasing hordes of the Cuman khans Konchak and Kobiak, crossed the Vorskla River near Ltava and moved towards Pereiaslav), where Igor's army was victorious over the Cumans.<ref name=hop/> During the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1238–39, many cities of the middle Dnipro region were destroyed, possibly including Ltava.<ref name=hop/>

In the mid-14th century the region was part of the Duchy of Kyiv, which was a vassal of the Algirdas' Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<ref name=hop/> According to the Russian historian Aleksandr Shennikov, the region around modern Poltava was a Cuman Duchy belonging to Mansur, who was a son of Mamai.<ref name=shennikov>Duchy of the Mamai's descendants. Zarusskiy.org. 29 June 2008</ref> Shennikov also claims that the Mansur Duchy joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as an associated state rather than a vassal state, and that the city of Poltava already existed at that time.<ref name=shennikov/> In 1399, Mansur's army assisted the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army in the battle of the Vorskla River. According to legend, after the battle, the Cossack Mamay helped Vytautas to escape death.<ref name=shennikov/>

The city is mentioned for the first time under the name of Poltava no later than 1430.<ref name=hop/> Supposedly, in 1430 the Lithuanian duke Vytautas gave the city, along with Glinsk (today a village near the city of Romny) and Glinitsa, to Murza Olexa (Loxada Mansurxanovich), who moved to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Golden Horde.<ref name=hop/> In 1430 Murza Olexa was baptized as Alexander Glinsky, who was a progenitor of the Glinsky family.<ref name=hop/> According to Shenninkov, Alexander Glinsky must have been baptized in 1390 by Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kyiv, who had just regained his title of Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Russia (rather than the Metropolitan of Russia Minor and Lithuania). On 6 March 1390 Cyprian permanently moved to Muscovy.<ref name=shennikov/>

In 1482, Poltava was razed by the Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray.<ref name=hop/>

Early modern periodEdit

File:Battle of Poltava monument 01.jpg
The Column of Glory commemorates the centenary of the Battle of Poltava (1709)

In 1537 Ografena Vasylivna Glinska (Baibuza) passed Poltava to her son-in-law Mykhailo Ivanovych Hrybunov-Baibuza.<ref name=hop/>

After the Union of Lublin in 1569, the territory around Poltava became part of the Crown of Poland. In 1630 Poltava was passed to a Polish magnate, Bartholomew Obalkowski.<ref name=hop/> In 1641 it changed ownership again, to Alexander Koniecpolski.<ref name=hop/> In 1646 Poltava became part of Wiśniowiecki Ordynatsia (a large Wiśniowiecki estate in Left-bank Ukraine centered in Lubny), governed by the Ruthenian-Polish magnate Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (1612–51).<ref name=hop/>

In 1648, the city became the base of a distinguished regiment of Ukrainian Cossacks, and served as a Cossack stronghold during the Khmelnytsky Uprising.<ref name=hop/> In 1650, to commemorate a victory of the Cossack Host over the Polish army at the Poltavka River, the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Sylvester Kossov, ordered the establishment of the Holy Cross Exaltation Monastery in Poltava. The project was financed by a number of prominent local residents, including Martyn Pushkar, Ivan Iskra, Ivan Kramar and many others.<ref name=hop/>

During the 1654 Pereyaslav Council, the Poltava city delegates pledged their allegiance to the Czar of Muscovy, after which stolnik Andrei Spasitelev arrived in Poltava and recorded 1,335 residents who had pledged their allegiance.<ref name=hop/> In 1658 Poltava became a center of anti-government revolt led by Martyn Pushkar, who contested the legitimacy of Ivan Vyhovsky's election to the post of Hetman of Zaporizhian Host.<ref name=hop/> The uprising was extinguished with the help of Crimean Tatars.<ref name=hop/>

On the issue boyar Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev wrote to Alexei Mikhailovich on 8 June 1658: "... the Cherkas [Cossack] city of Poltava is ravaged and burned to the ground and only if the Great Sovereign orders to rebuild on the Tatar Sokma (pathway) of Bakeyev Route and protect many his sovereign cities from Tatar visits. And if the Great Sovereign allows to place a voivode in the city and rebuilt the city until the fall that in Poltava Cherkasy [Cossacks] and residents built their houses and stock-piled their food".<ref name=hop/> With the signing of the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the city was finally subjected to the Tsardom of Muscovy, while remaining part of the Cossack Hetmanate.

The city suffered from the Great Turkish War when in 1695 Petro Ivanenko led an anti-Muscovite uprising with the help of Crimean Tatars, who ravaged the local monastery.<ref name=hop/> The same year the Poltava Regiment actively participated in the Azov campaigns which resulted in the taking of the Turkish fortress of Kyzy-Kermen (today the city of Beryslav, Kherson Oblast).<ref name=hop/> On 8 July (New Style) or 27 June (Old Style) 1709 the Battle of Poltava took place near the city during the Great Northern War. The battle ended in a decisive victory of Peter I of Russia over the Swedish forces and had great historical importance for the Russians.<ref name=hop/> In 1710 there was a plague in the city and its surrounding area.<ref name=hop/> In the mid-18th century the Kolomak Woods near Poltava became a base of haidamaks (Cossack paramilitary bands).<ref name=hop/>

By 1770, Poltava had several brick factories, a regimental doctor, and a pharmacy; that same year the city conducted four fairs.<ref name=hop/> In 1775 it became a city of Novorossiysk Governorate, guarded by the 8th Company of the Dnieper Pike Regiment headquartered in Kobeliaky.<ref name=hop/> In 1775 Poltava's Holy Cross Exaltation Monastery became the seat of bishops of the newly created Eparchy (Diocese) of Slaviansk and Kherson. This large new diocese included the lands of the Novorossiya Governorate and the Azov Governorate north of the Black Sea.<ref name=bio/><ref name=theo>Никифор Феотоки (Nikephoros Theotoki's biography) Template:In lang</ref>

Since much of that area had only recently been seized from the Ottoman Empire by Russia, and a large number of Orthodox Greek settlers had been invited to settle in the region, the imperial government selected a renowned Greek scholar, Eugenios Voulgaris, to preside over the new diocese. After his retirement in 1779, he was replaced by another Greek theologian, Nikephoros Theotokis.<ref name=bio>Евгений Булгарис (Eugenios Voulgaris's biography) Template:In lang</ref><ref name=theo/>

File:Poltava 1850 Main Square.PNG
Alexander Square in 1850

In 1779 the city established the Poltava county school, which became its first secular educational institution.<ref name=hop/> In 1787 Catherine the Great stopped in Poltava on the way from Crimea, escorted by Grigori Potemkin, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov.<ref name=hop/> In Poltava, on 7 June 1787, before another Russo-Turkish War, Potemkin received his title "Prince of Taurida", while Suvorov received a snuffbox with monogram.<ref name=hop/> In 1802 the city became the seat of the newly established Poltava Governorate.<ref name=hop/> The city's population in 1802 consisted of some 8,000 residents.<ref name=hop/> That same year Poltava opened a government-funded hospital of 20 beds.<ref name=hop/>

19th centuryEdit

File:City of Poltava 1857 (cropped).jpg
Map of Poltava 1857
File:Хресна хода в Полтаві 1909.jpg
The 200th Anniversary celebrations of the Battle of Poltava in June 1909

On 2 February 1808, the Poltava Male Gymnasium was established.<ref name=hop/> On 20 June 1808 some 54 families of craftsmen were invited to the city from German principalities and settled in the newly established German Sloboda neighborhood with about 50 clay-made houses.<ref name=hop/> In 1810 there were 8,328 people living in Poltava;<ref name=hop/> that same year, the city's first theater was built.<ref name=hop/> In August 1812, on orders of Little Russia Governor General Lobanov-Rostovsky, the famed Ukrainian writer and statesman Ivan Kotlyarevsky formed the 5th Poltava Cavalry Cossack Regiment.<ref name=hop/>

By 1860, Poltava had around 30,000 inhabitants, a district school, a gymnasium, an Institute for Noble Maidens, a spiritual academy, a cadet corps, a library and a number of schools. In 1870, Poltava railway station was opened, leading to rapid economic growth in the region. However, by 1914 the Population of Poltava (around 60,000) was mostly working in small enterprises. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Poltava became an important cultural centre, where many representatives of Ukrainian national revival were active.

20th centuryEdit

File:Музей дальньої авіації.jpg
The Poltava Museum of Long-Range and Strategic Aviation

During the events of 1917–1920, Poltava was under the rule of a number of governments, including the Central Rada, Hetmanate, Ukrainian People's Republic, White Movement and Bolsheviks. From 1918 to 1919 there was Occupation of Poltava by the Bolsheviks. After becoming a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Poltava experienced accelerated industrial growth, and its population increased to 130,000 by 1939.

In World War II, the Nazi Wehrmacht occupied Poltava from 18 September 1941 until 23 September 1943, when it was retaken during the Chernigov-Poltava Strategic Offensive of the Battle of the Dnieper. During the Nazi occupation the Jewish population (9.9% of the total population in 1939) was imprisoned in a ghetto before being murdered during mass executions perpetrated by an Einsatzgruppe and buried in mass graves in the area.<ref name="yadvashem">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By the summer of 1944, the United States Army Air Forces conducted a number of shuttle bombing raids against Nazi Germany under the name of Operation Frantic. Poltava Air Base, as well as Myrhorod Air Base, were used as eastern locations for landing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers involved in those operations.Template:Cn

The post-war restoration of Poltava continued in the 1950s and 1960s. The city became an important centre of military education in the Soviet Union, where missile and communications officers were prepared, and was also home to a Soviet Air Force division of heavy bombers.Template:Cn

Until 18 July 2020, Poltava was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Poltava Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Poltava Oblast to four, the city was merged into Poltava Raion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PopulationEdit

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 bar:2020 at: 284110 text: 284.110 shift:(-11,5)

</timeline>Template:Historical populations

LanguageEdit

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 265 355 85.39%
Russian 43 706 14.06%
Other or undecided 1 694 0.55%
Total 310 755 100.00 %

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 75 % of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 12 % spoke Russian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GeographyEdit

ClimateEdit

Poltava has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), with four distinct seasons, it is one of the coldest cities in Ukraine. The annual precipitation is fairly evenly distributed, with the highest concentration in summer, and which falls as snow in winter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Weather box

Government and subdivisionsEdit

Template:See also

File:Полтава. Будинок губернського земства 1.jpg
Building of the regional administration (by Vasyl Krychevsky)

Poltava is the administrative center of the Poltava Oblast (province) as well as of the Poltava Raion housed within the city. However, Poltava is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.

Poltava's government consists of the 50-member Poltava City Council (Template:Langx) which is headed by the Secretary (currently Oleksandr Kozub). The city's current mayor is Oleksandr Mamay, who was sworn in on 4 November 2010 after being elected with more than 61 percent of the vote.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015 he was re-elected as a candidate of Conscience of Ukraine with 62.9% in a second round of Mayoral election.<ref>Mamai reelected as Poltava mayor – election commission, Interfax-Ukraine (16 November 2015)</ref>

The territory of Poltava is divided into 3 urban districts:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  1. Shevchenkivskyi District,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> to the south-west with an area of 2077 hectares and a population of 147,600 in 2005. It is a largely residential area and includes the city centre.

  1. Kyivskyi District,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> is the largest by area, comprising 5437 hectares, or 52.8% of the city total situated in the north and north-west. Its census in 2005 was 111,900. This district has a large industrial zone.

  1. Podilskyi District,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> to the east and south-east, in the valley of the Vorskla river, with an area of 2988 hectares and a population of 53,700 in 2005.

The village of Rozsoshentsi, Shcherbani, Tereshky, Kopyly and Suprunivka are officially considered to be outside the city, but constitute part of the Poltava agglomeration.

CultureEdit

File:Свято-Успенський кафедральний собор, Полтава.jpg
Assumption Cathedral

The centre of the old city is a semicircular Neoclassical square with the Tuscan column of cast iron (1805–11), commemorating the centenary of the Battle of Poltava and featuring 18 Swedish cannons captured in that battle. As Peter the Great celebrated his victory in the Saviour church, this 17th-century wooden shrine was carefully preserved to this day. The five-domed city cathedral, dedicated to the Exaltation of the Cross, is a superb monument of Cossack Baroque, built between 1699 and 1709. As a whole, the cathedral presents a unity which even the Neoclassical belltower has failed to mar. Another frothy Baroque church, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos, was destroyed in 1934 and rebuilt in the 1990s.

A minor planet 2983 Poltava discovered in 1981 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named after the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SportsEdit

The most popular sport is football (soccer). Two professional football teams are based in the city: Vorskla Poltava in the Ukrainian Premier League and FC Poltava in the Second League. There are 3 stadiums in Poltava: Butovsky Vorskla Stadium (main city stadium), Dynamo Stadium are situated in the city centre and Lokomotiv Stadium which is situated in Podil district.

Notable peopleEdit

File:Marusya Churay.jpg
Marusia Churai, postage stamp, 2000
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Nikolai Gogol, 1845
File:Иван Федорович Паскевич.jpg
Ivan Paskevich, 1823
File:Symon Petlura. Photo 1919.jpg
Symon Petliura, 1920s
File:Alina Treiger1.jpg
Alina Treiger, 2010

SportEdit

File:Ruslan Rotan2016.jpg
Ruslan Rotan, 2016

Economy and infrastructureEdit

TransportationEdit

File:Poltava train station.jpg
Poltava-Kyivska railway station

Poltava's transportation infrastructure consists of two major train stations: Poltava-Pivdenna and Poltava-Kyivska, with railway links to Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Kremenchuk. Poltava-Kyiv line is electrified and is used by the Poltava Express. The electrification of the Poltava-Kharkiv line was completed in August 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Avtovokzal serves as the city's intercity bus station. Buses for local municipal routes depart from "AC-2" (autostation No. 2 – along Shevchenko Street) and "AC-3" (Zinkivska Street). Local municipal routes are parked along the Taras Shevchenko Street. Marshrutka minibuses serve areas where regular bus access is unavailable; however, they are privately owned and cost more per ride. In addition, a 10-route trolleybus network of Template:Convert runs throughout the city. On the routes of the city go more than 50 units of trolleybuses.

Poltava is also served by an International Airport, situated outside the city limits near the village of Ivashky. The international highway M03, linking Poltava with Kyiv and Kharkiv, passes through the southern outskirts of the city. There is also a regional highway P-17 crossing Poltava and linking it with Kremenchuk and Sumy.<ref>Poltava – Plan. Kyiv Army-Cartographic Fabric.</ref>

EducationEdit

Poltava has always been one of the most important science and education centres in Ukraine. Major universities and institutions of higher education include the following:

File:Полтавська духовна семінарія.jpg
Theological seminary, which during World War I was converted into a military school quartering the Vilno Cadet School

Astronomy

  • Poltava gravimetric observatory (PGO) is situated a bit north from city centre (27–29 Miasoyedov St.). Its main work directions are measurements of Earth rotation, latitude variations (applying zenith stars observations, lunar occultation observations and other)
  • Observational station of PGO in rural area, some 20 km east along the M03-E40 highway. Radiotelescope URAN-2 (Ukrainian: УРАН-2) is situated there too.

Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

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Poltava is twinned with:

GalleryEdit

  • Poltava Dvoryanske zibrannya.JPG

    Building of the Noble Assembly

  • Poltava City Hall.JPG

    State administrative building (Russian Empire)

  • PoltavaSpasskajaCerkov.jpg

    Church of the Savior

  • P1230516 Вул. Жовтнева, 23.jpg

    Poltava Theatre of Music and Drama

  • "Грандъ Отель" купця І. Гінсбурга.JPG

    Merchant Ginzburg's "Grand Hotel"

  • Poltava Ivan Kotlyarevsky Obelisk.JPG

    Obelisk at the Ivan Kotlyarevsky's burial

  • Poltava Mansion of Bahmackiy.JPG

    Moorish-styled mansion of Bakhmatsky

  • Poltava Monastery 03.jpg

    Exaltation of the Cross nunnery

  • Poltava Well (Memorial - Estate writer I.P.Kotlyarevsky).JPG

    Traditional Ukrainian well, krynytsia (Kotlyarevsky's estate)

  • Будинок земства P1230868 пл. Конституції, 2.jpg

    Former Regional Administration building

  • Інститут шляхетних дівчат,Полтава, Проспект Першотравневий, 24 061.jpg

    Former Institute of Noble Maidens (today - National Technical University)

  • Братська могила 1345 російських воїнів (Поле Полтавської битви),.jpg

    Mass burial of 1345 Russian soldiers (perished at the Battle of Poltava)

  • Poltava2.jpg

    Main pedestrian street of Poltava

  • Poltava selansky bank SAM 7645 53-101-0521.JPG

    State security office

  • Корпусный парк.jpg

    Round square in central Poltava

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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