Portuguese sweet bread

Portuguese sweet bread refers to an enriched sweet bread or yeasted cake originating from Portugal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Efn Historically, these sweet breads were generally reserved for festive occasions such as Easter or Pentecost and were typically given as gifts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, in contemporary times, many varieties are made and consumed year round.<ref name="ptt" /> Outside of Portugal, Portuguese "sweet bread" translated as "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" is often associated with Azorean "{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}" which are similar but traditionally prepared differently.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="dgadr"/>

History

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is of Spanish origin derived from a Renaissance era sponge cake known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In French cuisine, it would later be known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, after the city of Genoa, and in Italy {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation). The Portuguese would further develop this cake into what is now known today as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="ines">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Many traditional Portuguese sweet breads are defined by the associated region or by the convents, artisan bakers or religious confraternities (similar to a guild) that historically made them. Since many have deep historical and cultural significance to the area which they originate from, these breads are as well as other foods and ingredients are inventoried by the Portuguese governmental office Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DGARD), which collaborates with a collective of independent confraternities known as the Portuguese Federation of Gastronomic Confraternities (FPCG) throughout Portugal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Pão-de-Ló de Miragaia.png

lang}}, a type of sponge cake that relies on beaten eggs.

There are currently ninety-three confraternities that specializes in various gastronomies varying from specific dishes or ingredients to a particular region of Portugal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As an example, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was given the responsibility of defining {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from Vagos,<ref name="dgadr"/> while the similar {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from the same region is defined by the "Directorate-General for Regional Development" (DGRD),<ref name="tfhora"/> while {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from the Azores is defined by the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="msdg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Variations

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (wikt:arrufada) originates from Coimbra which were once made by nuns of the Santa Clara convent. Historically, this bread was enriched with surplus egg yolks left over from wine clarification.<ref name="arruf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The bread is also enriched with milk, butter, sugar and sometimes cinnamon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The nuns would later incorporate coconut as an exotic ingredient brought back from Asia during Portuguese exploration.<ref name="arruf"/> It is also known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was typically given to the poor on All Saints Day, typically by children as a tradition called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is an artisanal yeast cake from Miranda do Douro similar to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. It is enriched with eggs, butter and olive oil, and flavored with cinnamon. The dough is rolled out into a thin sheet and sprinkled with sugar and cinnamon. Unlike a cinnamon roll, it is layered like a cake with 6 to 7 layers before being baked.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is an artisanal yeast cake from Figueira da Foz created by the baker Leonor das Alhadas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is enriched with sugar, eggs, lemon, butter, and cinnamon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Boloancascoring.png

lang}} in the middle of baking

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a mildly sweet artisanal yeast cake enriched with eggs, butter, and scented with lemon zest. Halfway through baking, the bread is scored with a knife creating small pointed ridges on the top.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is a large yeast cake from Algarve which incorporates margarine, lard, olive oil, eggs, walnuts (or almonds), lemon zest, cinnamon and fennel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) from Santa Maria da Feira is a yeasted cake enriched with eggs, sugar, butter, and milk and flavored with cinnamon and port wine. The loaf is braided and sprinkled with chopped almonds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are mildly sweet, yeasted cakes from Castro Daire. It contains eggs, olive oil, butter, lard, and cinnamon. The dough takes 3 to 4 hours to rise, giving the name "rotten cake".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is a sweet sourdough muffin found in the Azores.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It resembles a large English muffin but is much sweeter and chewier.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This bread incorporates milk, eggs, and butter.<ref name="atk">Template:Cite book</ref> Some recipes include lemon zest or cinnamon. This bread was traditionally grilled on a stone tile with a wood fire beneath it.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from the Azores is a yeasted cake using barley, lard, and butter prepared for {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a festival celebrating Pentecost. It is traditionally stamped with a symbols of the Cult of the Holy Ghost six times before baking, leaving dimples on the loaves after baking.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Regular wheat flour can be used when barley flour is not available.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Confrariafogacadefeira.jpg

Members of several confraternities meeting during a festival in Santa Maria da Feira dressed in their distinct cloaks and headwear.

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is a yeasted cake typically served on the Feast of the Three Kings, otherwise known as Epiphany. It is a ring-shaped bread that is mixed with candied fruits resembling gemstones on a golden crown, the nuts for myrrh, while the sweet aroma of cinnamon or port mimic the scent of frankincense, representing the gifts of the Three Magi to the baby Jesus. The recipe was imported to Portugal around 1869 by the French, known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Like its French counterpart, charms are customarily incorporated into the dough as prizes for the finder, while a dried fava bean representing the baby Jesus, signified the person who would pay for the next cake.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is a modern, alternative yeasted cake that omits the candied fruits. Rather, it is filled generously with nuts such as pine nuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, or almonds, and sometimes raisins.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other modern versions include chocolate and walnuts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from Vagos is a yeasted {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a bread that include cornmeal in addition to wheat flour. This bread is enriched with eggs, brown sugar, flavored with cinnamon and lemon peel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) from the Central Region is a sweet bread that resembles a large cookie.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is simply made with just flour, eggs, sugar, salt and yeast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is from Santa Maria da Feira.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> This castle-shaped bread includes eggs, sugar, butter, lemons, and cinnamon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When the area was hit by a plague in 1505, the townspeople prayed to Saint Sebastian and made an offering by presenting in his honor this sweet bread. A festival is now celebrated every January 20th to commemorate the saint.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Algarve - bread oven (13366098525).jpg

A bread oven in Algarve

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a popular Easter bread enriched with eggs, sugar, milk and butter and often scented with aniseed, fennel seed, or cinnamon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} may have been influenced by the Marranos, ethnic Sephardic Jews.<ref name="tct">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A variation of the Purim dish bourekas, which was also known as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, was a hard-boiled egg wrapped in dough (like a foulard) representing Haman in a jail cell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However in Alentejo, they are sometimes shaped like animals.<ref name="ptt"/> There are {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} stuffed with meats, such as the ones from Chaves, Valpaços and Trás-os-Montes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} vary by region, many contain hard boiled eggs, held in place by a cross of bread dough alluding to the festivities surrounding Easter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Godparents traditionally gave each of their godchildren one of these cakes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are scented with cinnamon. The eggs are dyed by boiling the eggs with onion skin.
  • In Centro and Beiras, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are sweet and commonly scented with cinnamon or fennel, which wraps a painted egg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="tct"/>

• • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is enriched with a fair amount of butter and egg. Once the dough is prepared, it is filled with additional butter and sugar then shaped into a horseshoe then sprinkled with more sugar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> These {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were traditionally given to godparents by their godchildren.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• • {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of the Algarve region is layered akin to monkey bread and is made with a combination of orange juice, butter, and Aguardente, port, brandy, or rum and topped with a combination of butter, honey, orange peel, cinnamon, and brown sugar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is typically round loaves that are enriched with butter, eggs, milk, and sugar from the Azores traditionally eaten at Easter and on the Feast of the Holy Spirit.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is sometimes flavored with fennel or lemon zest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sweet potato is traditionally used to activate the yeast.<ref name="msdg"/> {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is often paired with {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="cod"/> It is also prepared for weddings, christenings, and anniversaries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is a sweet bread from the Central Region that traditionally required additional steps. An initial dough made of flour, yeast, butter, and salt was prepared. After resting, it is mixed with egg whites, olive oil (or butter), and lemon zest (or cinnamon) then baked after resting for twenty-four hours. It has a crust characteristic of wood oven bread since loaves were often baked upside down in order to develop a crescent-shaped split or crack. Historically, because of its ingredients and laborious preparation, it was expensive and made only for festive occasions although it is now made throughout the year.<ref name="dgadr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from the Centro is a sweet bread enriched with eggs, olive oil and lard. The dough is rolled out and folded in half to create an elongated loaf.<ref name="tfhora">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) is a non-traditional bread made with milk and is slightly sweet similar to Japanese milk bread. It is a favorite of children because it is fluffy and soft.<ref name="ptt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Regueifa Xacarandaina Lorient 2019.jpg

lang}} dance, brides with a loaf of bread on their heads.

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (wikt:regueifa) is traditionally a large round loaf with a hole enriched with eggs and sugar,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and flavored with cinnamon and port wine, once given away as a prize.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As such, it is now made exclusively for weddings,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with an associated wedding dance ritual.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Literal translation) from Santa Maria da Feira is enriched with eggs, butter, and milk and flavored with cinnamon and port wine. The dough is braided and formed into a round loaf with a hole in the center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is named after the Lusitanian leader, Viriathus. It is a sweet bread from Viseu filled with an egg custard mixed with shredded coconut, and shaped into a "V".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was created in the 1940s by Delfim de Sousa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Outside of Portugal

Portuguese sweet breads are common in areas with a large Portuguese diaspora population, such as New England, northern New Jersey, southern Florida, California, Ontario, and Toronto. They are also found in other former colonies including Brazil, Macau, India, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, and the island of Timor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} are popular in the Cape Cod area with a large Portuguese population, including Rhode Island where they are sometimes known as "Portuguese muffins" or "pops".<ref name="cod">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They are eaten for breakfast with butter and jam or used for sandwiches.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Hawaiian sweet bread

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was brought to Hawaii by Portuguese immigrants from the Azores in the late 1800s and has since been adapted into Hawaiian cuisine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was frequently called "stone bread" because of its habit of turning hard as a rock within one day of baking. Robert Taira of King's Hawaiian tweaked the recipe to manufacture a mass-produced shelf-stable product known as "Hawaiian rolls".<ref name="Perry">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Gallery

• Coimbrasc.jpg

  Arrufadas de Coimbra

• Arrufada.jpg

  Arrufada, pão de Deus

• Slice of Bola Doce Mirandesa.png

  Bola Doce Mirandesa

• Bolo das Alhadas.jpg

  Bolo das Alhadas

• Ançã's cake.jpg

  Bolo de Ançã

• Bololevedo.jpg

  Bolo Lêvedo

• BoloPodreCasDair.png

  Bolo Podre

• Christmas- Bolo-Rainha (8431593121).jpg

  Bolo Rainha

• Bolo Rei - Natal.JPG

  Bolo Rei

• Vesperasbolo.jpg

  Bolos de Vésperas

• Broa Mimosa do Boco.jpg

  Broa Mimosa do Boco

• Fogaca Sweet Bread.jpg

  Fogaça da Feira

• Folar da Páscoa.jpg

  Folar da Páscoa

• Folar de Chaves (grande plano).jpg

  Folar de Chaves

• Folarvouzela.jpg

  Folar de Vouzela

• Olhaofollar.jpg

  Folar de Olhão

• Pão doce.jpg

  Massa Sovada

• Paodeleite.jpg

  Pão de Leite

• Paodoce.jpg

  Pão Doce

• Regueifa (wedding bread).jpg

  Requeifa - Wedding bread

• Regueifapascoa.jpg

  Regueifa da Páscoa

• Boloviriatos.jpg

  Viriato

• Portuguese sweet bread.jpg

  Portuguese sweet bread found in Massachusetts

See also

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