Proto-Esperanto

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Proto-Esperanto (Template:Langx) is the modern term for any of the stages in the evolution of L. L. Zamenhof's language project, prior to the publication of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in 1887.

The Neo-Jewish language of ca. 1879

The precursors to the Esperanto alphabet can be found in Zamenhof's proposal for the use of Latin script in his Litvish-based unified Yiddish project (Template:Langx, Template:Langx "Neo-Jewish language").<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The consonant letters are equivalent to those of modern Esperanto, apart from lacking a letter for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The diacritic, however, is an acute: ć, h́, ś, ź (the last for Esperanto ĵ ). The vowel letters are the same apart from there being no ŭ. Their values are similar to Esperanto in the Litvish reading, with the addition of oŭ, though Poylish reading is divergent. There was in addition a letter ě for the schwa, which only appeared before the consonants l and n and was replaced by e in some circumstances. The circumflex is used, but indicates that a letter is not pronounced: e.g. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The following is a sample, with Litvish and Poylish readings:<ref>P. 3</ref>

Neo-Jewish:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Litvish reading:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Poylish reading:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of 1878

As a child, Zamenhof had the idea to introduce an international auxiliary language for communication between different nationalities. He originally wanted to revive some form of simplified Latin or Greek, but as he grew older he came to believe that it would be better to create a new language for his purpose. During his teenage years he worked on a language project until he thought it was ready for public demonstration. On December 17, 1878 (about one year before the first publication of Volapük), Zamenhof celebrated his 19th birthday and the birth of the language with some friends, who liked the project. Zamenhof himself called his language {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Universal Language).

W is used for v. Otherwise, all modern Esperanto letters are attested apart from those with diacritics (ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ). Known verb forms are present -á, imperative -ó, infinitive -are.<ref>Zamenhof appears to have not distinguished acute and grave accents in his orthography (Kiselman 2010:53).</ref> Nouns were marked by -e in the singular and -es in the plural; the article was singular la and plural las. It appears that there was no accusative case, and that stress was as in modern Esperanto, except when marked, as in -á and -ó.

Only four lines of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} stage of the language from 1878 remain, from an early song that Zamenhof composed:

In modern Esperanto, this would be, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} remains an idiom in modern Esperanto, an allusion to this song.

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of 1881

While at university, Zamenhof handed his work over to his father, Mordechai, for safe-keeping until he had completed his medical studies. His father, not understanding the ideas of his son and perhaps anticipating problems from the Tsarist police, burned the work. Zamenhof did not discover this until he returned from university in 1881, at which point he restarted his project. A sample from this second phase of the language is this extract of a letter from 1881:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Modern: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

(My dearest friend, never (lit. 'when') would my innocent pen become a tyrant for you. From a hundred of your letters I can conclude that announcements of this kind must wound your brotherly heart; I [can] already see you thus...)

By this time the letter v had replaced w for the [v] sound; verbal inflection for person and number had been dropped; the nominal plural was -oj in place of -es (as well as adjectival -a and adverbial -e); and the noun cases were down to the current two (though a genitive -es survives today in the correlatives). The accusative case suffix was -l, but in many cases was only used on pronouns:

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) 'The princess needed to receive this rose and this nightingale'.

In addition to the stronger Slavic flavor of the orthography compared to the modern language (ć, dź, h́, ś, ź for ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ŝ, ĵ ), the present and past imperfective verb forms still had final stress:

present tense -è, imperfect -à, preterite -u, future -uj, conditional -as, jussive -ò and infinitive -i.

The pronouns ended in a nominal o (or adjectival a for possessives: mo "I", ma "my"), but there were other differences as well, including a conflation of 'he' and 'it':

1881 pronouns

	singular	plural
1st person	mo	no
2nd person	to	vo
3rd masc./neut.	ro	po
3rd feminine	śo
3rd reflexive	so

In addition, there was indefinite o 'one'.

The correlatives were similarly close, though it is not clear if there was a distinction between indefinite and relative forms (modern i- and ki-; these may have corresponded to kv- and k-) and no possessive forms are known:

	-o	-u	-a	-e	-al	-el	-am	-om
ti-	fo	fu	fa	fi	fej	fe	fan
ki- / i-	kvo, ko	kvu, ku	kva			kve, ke	kvan, kan	kom
ĉi-	ćio	ćiu		ćii			ćian
neni-	fio	fiu					fian

The last row was evidently pronounced as fj-.

Esperanto at this stage had a consonantal ablaut in verbs, with a voiceless consonant for an attempt at something, and a voiced consonant for success. For example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to listen (for), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to hear; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to look for, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to find; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to argue (a point), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} to prove. Traces of this remain in a few pairs of words such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to weigh (an item)' and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'to weigh (have weight)' (cf. their derivatives {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'scales' & {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'a weight').<ref>Kiselman (2010:64–65)</ref>

Transition to the modern Esperanto of 1887

Zamenhof refined his ideas for the language for the next several years. Most of his refinements came through translation of literature and poetry in other languages. The final stress in the verb conjugations was rejected in favour of always stressing the second-last vowel, and the old plural -s on nouns became a marker of finite tenses on verbs, with an imperfect -es remaining until just before publication. The Slavic-style acute diacritics became circumflexes to avoid overt appearances of nationalism, and the new bases of the letters ĵ, ĝ (for former ź, dź) helped preserve the appearance of Romance and Germanic vocabulary.

In 1887 Zamenhof finalized his tinkering with the publication of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (First Book), which contained the Esperanto language as we know it today. In a letter to Nikolai Borovko he later wrote, Template:Quote

Later proposals by Zamenhof

By 1894, multiple proposals to change Esperanto had appeared. Zamenhof was pressured to incorporate them into Esperanto, and in response reluctantly presented a reformed Esperanto in 1893. A vote was put to the members of the Esperanto League, including all subscribers to La Esperantisto, and the proposal was voted down 60% opposed to 5% in favor, with a further 35% wanting different reforms.

Further reading

• Gaston Waringhien, in his book {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Language and Life), analyzed the evolution of the language through manuscripts from 1881, 1882, and 1885.

See also

• Arcaicam Esperantom – a constructed fictitious 'archaic' version of Esperanto.

External links

• Christer Kiselman, 2010. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. In Esperanto: komenco, aktualo kaj estonteco, UEA. Compares the variants of 1878, 1881, 1887, 1894, and 1906.