Incubator escapee wiki

Pueblo

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:About

File:Acoma Pueblo Sky City 2.jpg
Acoma Pueblo in northern New Mexico, one of the oldest pueblo towns

Pueblo refers to the settlements of the Pueblo peoples, Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, currently in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. The permanent communities, including some of the oldest continually occupied settlements in the United States, are called pueblos (lowercased).

Spanish explorers of northern New Spain used the term pueblo to refer to permanent Indigenous towns they found in the region, mainly in New Mexico and parts of Arizona, in the former province of Nuevo México. This term continued to be used to describe the communities housed in apartment structures built of stone, adobe, and other local material.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The structures were usually multistoried buildings surrounding an open plaza. Many rooms were accessible only through ladders raised and lowered by the inhabitants, thus protecting them from break-ins and unwanted guests. Larger pueblos are occupied by hundreds to thousands of Puebloan people.

Several federally recognized tribes have historically resided in pueblos of such design. Later Pueblo Deco and modern Pueblo Revival architecture, which mixes elements of traditional Pueblo and Hispano design, has continued to be a popular architectural style in New Mexico, expanding to surrounding states over time.

The term is part of the official name of some historical sites, such as Pueblo of Acoma.

Etymology and usageEdit

Template:Administrative divisions of the United States

The word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is the Spanish word both for "town" or "village" and for "people". It comes from the Latin root word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} meaning "people". Spanish colonials applied the term to their own civic settlements, but to only those Native American settlements having fixed locations and permanent buildings.<ref name="Fletcher" />

In the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico, specifically in the region between Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Taos, the word "pueblo" defines a "distinct cultural group in the Southwestern United States" and their villages. The Holmes Museum of Anthropology defines this specific group as a "common culture with individual variances [that] connects them.<ref name="Morgan">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Less-permanent Native settlements (such as those found in California) were often referred to as rancherías,<ref>Rancheria. Template:Webarchive The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07 (retrieved 12 April 2009)</ref> however, the oldest area of Los Angeles was known as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señorala Reina de los Ángeles del Rio de Porciúncula or El Pueblo de Los Angeles for short.<ref name="laalmanac a">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="LAT-name">Template:Cite news</ref>

<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Template:ErrorTemplate:Main other{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

}}

{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}

Pueblo tribesEdit

Of the federally recognized Native American communities in the Southwest, those designated by the King of Spain as pueblo at the time Spain ceded territory to the United States, after the American Revolutionary War, are legally recognized as Pueblo by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some of the pueblos also came under the jurisdiction of the United States, in its view, by its treaty with Mexico, which had briefly gained rule over territory in the Southwest ceded by Spain after Mexican independence. There are 21 federally recognized Pueblos<ref>"Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs; Notice" Federal Register 12 July 2002, Part IV, Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs</ref> that are home to Pueblo peoples. Their official federal names are as follows:

One unrecognized tribe, the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan Guadalupe is currently petitioning the US Department of the Interior for federal recognition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Civic institutionsEdit

File:Indian Pueblo Cultural Center - panoramio (1).jpg
Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Each Pueblo is autonomous with its own governmental structure. Several organizations serve to unite the interests of difference Pueblos including the Albuquerque-based All Pueblo Council of Governors<ref name="nmdia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> who collectively negotiates for land and water rights and advocates for Pueblo interests with the state and federal government. The interests of Eight Northern Pueblos are served by the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council based in Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo).<ref name="nmdia" /> Cochiti, Jemez, Sandia, Santa Ana, and Zia are served by the Five Sandoval Indian Pueblos, a nonprofit organization based in Rio Rancho.<ref name="nmdia" />

The Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, founded in 1976 in Albuquerque, educates the public about all Pueblos through art, dance, and educational experiences.<ref name="nmtrue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The center has a museum that presents Pueblo history and artifacts, and an interactive Pueblo House museum. An archive holds a collection of photographs, books, and tape recordings of oral histories.<ref name="JoW">Template:Cite journal</ref> It also has a café and a restaurant,<ref name="nmtrue" /> Indian Pueblo Kitchen, serving Indigenous cuisine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Infobox subdivision type

Historical placesEdit

File:She-we-na (Zuni Pueblo) (Native American). Kachina Doll (Paiyatemu), late 19th century.jpg
She-we-na (Zuni Pueblo), katsina tihu (Paiyatemu), late 19th century. Brooklyn Museum

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Pre-Columbian towns and villages in the Southwest, such as Acoma, were located in defensible positions, for example, on high steep mesas. Anthropologists and official documents often refer to ancient residents of the area as pueblo cultures. For example, the National Park Service states, "The Late Puebloan cultures built the large, integrated villages found by the Spaniards when they began to move into the area."<ref>NPS with link to PDF file: "The Origins of the Salinas Pueblos", in In the Midst of a Loneliness: The Architectural History of the Salinas Missions, U.S. National Park Service</ref> The people of some pueblos, such as Taos Pueblo, still inhabit centuries-old adobe pueblo buildings.<ref name="Gibson">Gibson, Daniel (2001) Pueblos of the Rio Grande: A Visitor's Guide, Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, Arizona, p. 78, Template:ISBN</ref>

Contemporary residents often maintain other homes outside the historic pueblos.<ref name="Gibson"/> Adobe and light construction methods resembling adobe now dominate architecture at the many pueblos of the area, in nearby towns or cities, and in much of the American Southwest.<ref>Paradis, Thomas W. (2003) Pueblo Revival Architecture Template:Webarchive, Northern Arizona University</ref>

In addition to contemporary pueblos, numerous ruins of archeological interest are located throughout the Southwest. Some are of relatively recent origin. Others are of prehistoric origin, such as the cliff dwellings and other habitations of the Ancestral Puebloans, who emerged as a people around the 12th century BCE and began to construct their pueblos about 750–900 CE.<ref name="UNCO">Hewit "Puebloan History" Template:Webarchive, University of Northern Colorado</ref><ref name="Gibson2">Gibson, Daniel (2001) "Pueblo History", in Pueblos of the Rio Grande: A Visitor's Guide, Tucson, Arizona: Rio Nuevo Publishers, pp. 3–4, Template:ISBN</ref>

Feast daysEdit

Many pueblos participate in syncretism between Indigenous Pueblo religion and Roman Catholicism. The pueblos welcome outsiders to participate in feast days, in which the Pueblo communities hold seasonal ceremonial dances, and certain households volunteer to feed visitors meals. Photography is forbidden.<ref name="travel">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Visitors are advised to confirm events in advance with the Pueblos.<ref name="feast">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dances include the antelope, bow-and-arrow, Comanche, corn, basket, buffalo, deer, harvest, Matachines, and turtle dances.<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>

January
  • 1: Transer of Canes: dances at most pueblos<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 6: King's Day Celebration: Nambé, Picuris, Sandia, Santa Ana,<ref name=feast/> Santo Domingo, Taos<ref name=travel/>
  • 22–23: St: Ildephonsus feast: San Ildefonso<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 25: Picuris, San Ildefonso<ref name=travel/>
February
  • 1st or 2nd weekend: Governor's Feast: Old Acoma, Ohkay Owingeh<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 2nd weekend: Caldelaria Day: Picuris,<ref name=feast/> San Felipe<ref name=travel/>
March
  • 19: St. Joseph feast: Laguna<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
April
  • Easter weekend: most pueblos<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • Easter Sunday: Jemez,<ref name=feast/> Nambé, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, Zia<ref name=travel/>
May
June
  • First Sunday of the month: Blessing of the fields: Tesuque<ref name=travel/>
  • 13: San Antonio feast: Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, Sandia, Santa Clara, Taos<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 13: Ysleta del SurTemplate:Citation needed
  • 24: St John the Baptist feast: Ohkay Owingeh, Taos<ref name=feast/>
  • 29: San Pedro/St. Paul feast: Santa Ana, Santo Domingo<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
July
  • 14: St. Bonaventure feast: Cochiti<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 25: Santiago feast: Taos<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 26: St. Anne feast: Laguna, Santa Ana, Taos<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 28: Peoples' Day: Pojoaque, Santa Ana<ref name=feast/>
August
September
October
November
  • 12: San Diego feast: Jemez, Tesuque<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • Thanksgiving Weekend: Acoma<ref name=travel/>
  • Thanksgiving Day: Christmas light parade: Zuni<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
December
  • 11: Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe feast: Pojoaque<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 12: Our Lady of Guadalupe feast: Jemez, Pojoaque,<ref name=feast/> Santa Clara, Tesuque<ref name=travel/>
  • 24: Christmas Eve celebration: Acoma, Laguna Nambé, Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Taos, Tesuque<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 25: Christmas Day: Cochiti, Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Zia<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 25–27: Cochiti, Laguna<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 26: Ohkay Owingeh<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 26–28: Christmas dances at most pueblos<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>
  • 28: Holy Innocents Day: Ohkay Owingeh, Picuris<ref name=travel/><ref name=feast/>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

External linksEdit

Template:Pueblos Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Pueblo&oldid=183378"