Ralph Neville

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Other people|otherPeople}} Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Bots Template:Infobox Christian leader Ralph Neville (or Ralf Nevill<ref name=Clanchy90>Clanchy From Memory to Written Record p. 90</ref> or Ralph de Neville;<ref name=DNB/> died 1244) was a medieval clergyman and politician who served as Bishop of Chichester and Lord Chancellor of England. Neville first appears in the historical record in 1207 in the service of King John, and remained in royal service throughout the rest of his life. By 1213 Neville had custody of the Great Seal of England, although he was not named chancellor, the office responsible for the seal, until 1226. He was rewarded with the bishopric of Chichester in 1222. Although he was also briefly Archbishop-elect of Canterbury and Bishop-elect of Winchester, both elections were set aside, or quashed, and he held neither office.

As keeper of the seal, and subsequently as chancellor, Neville was noted for his impartiality, and he oversaw a number of changes in the way the chancery operated. Neville was deprived of the Great Seal in 1238 after quarrelling with King Henry III, but continued to hold the title of chancellor until his death. He died in his London palace, built on a street later renamed Chancery Lane owing to his connection with the chancery.

Early life

Neville, who was illegitimate,<ref name=Vincent111/> had at least three brothers: Nicholas de Neville, a canon at Chichester Cathedral; William de Neville, treasurer of the see of Chichester; and Robert de Neville, holder of a prebend at Chichester.<ref name=BHOChich/> The identity of their father is unknown,<ref name=Familyxiii>Young Making of the Neville Family p. xiii</ref> but another likely sibling was Roger, who held land in Lincolnshire.<ref name=Vincent111>Vincent "Origins of the Chancellorship" English Historical Review pp. 111–112</ref> Robert became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Nicholas a baron of the Exchequer.<ref name=Vincent109>Vincent "Origins of the Chancellorship" English Historical Review pp. 109–110</ref> Ralph Neville was also related to Hugh de Neville, King John of England's chief forester.<ref name=BHOChich>Greenway "Bishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 5: Chichester</ref>

Neville was a royal clerk to King John in the spring of 1207, and in December of that year was at Marlborough Castle on royal business.<ref name=DNB>Cazel "Neville, Ralph de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref> Earlier references to a Ralph Neville who in 1207 delivered items to Hugh de Neville, or the Ralph Neville who was the same Hugh de Neville's chaplain, may be to the future bishop, but the evidence is inconclusive. Hugh de Neville and Neville subsequently worked together, and corresponded on both business and personal affairs. Both men claimed the other as a kinsman.<ref name=Family35>Young Making of the Neville Family p. 35</ref>

Neville's activities during the years immediately after 1207 are unknown, owing to the lack of royal records, but in December 1213 he was given custody of the Great Seal of the kingdom.<ref name=DNB/> He was Dean of Lichfield by 11 April 1214, at which time he held a prebend in the diocese of London.<ref name=BHOChichPreb>Greenway "Chancellors" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 5: Chichester</ref> Neville was appointed to the royal chancery in about 1214, largely through the patronage of Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester and one of the king's favourites.<ref name=Roches477>Vincent Peter des Roches p. 477</ref> From March to October 1214, Neville was in France with the king. After the king returned to England after 1214, Neville remained in royal service until at least May 1216, although without custody of the Great Seal. His activities during the final period of John's reign prior to the king's sudden death in October 1216 are unknown.<ref name=DNB/><ref name=Clanchy192>Clanchy England and its Rulers p. 192</ref>

Royal service and Bishop of Chichester

Neville was keeper of the royal seal under the new king, Henry III (r. 1216–1272)Template:Efn from about 6 November 1218.<ref name=Handbook85>Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 85</ref><ref>Powell and Wallis House of Lords p. 173</ref> He had been at the royal court since May 1218, and was given custody of the seal as soon as it was made up.<ref name=DNB/> One of the first documents subsequently sealed was a declaration that no charters or other rights would be granted in perpetuity until Henry attained his majority.<ref name=Minority94>Carpenter Minority of Henry III pp. 94–95</ref> Neville was also vice-chancellor of England under the chancellorship of Richard Marsh, who had been elected as Bishop of Durham in 1217 and spent most of his time attending to ecclesiastical affairs in his northern diocese. In fact, if not in name, Neville was responsible for all the duties of the chancellorship, and he exercised most of the power of that office,<ref name=DNB/><ref name=Chrimes109>Chrimes Introduction pp. 109–114</ref> although Marsh continued to hold the title of chancellor until his death in 1226.<ref name=Handbook85/> When instability threatened the royal government in May and June 1219 Neville was ordered by Pandulf, the papal legate, to remain in London with the Great Seal while a royal council was held at Gloucester. The council resulted in royal government coming under the control of Hubert de Burgh the Justiciar, Pandulf, and Peter des Roches, the Bishop of Winchester.<ref name=Minority128>Carpenter Minority of Henry III pp. 128–131</ref>

Neville received a papal dispensation for his illegitimacy on 25 January 1220,<ref name=BHOChich/>Template:Efn on the recommendation of the king, Stephen Langton the Archbishop of Canterbury, other bishops, and the papal legate Cardinal Guala Bicchieri, all of whom testified to his good reputation and character.<ref name=Family67>Young Making of the Neville Family pp. 67–68</ref> In late October he was named chancellor of the see of Chichester,<ref name=BHOChich/> but was then elected Bishop of Chichester on about 1 November 1222. He was given control of the temporalities of the bishopric on 3 November 1222, and was consecrated on 21 April 1224.<ref name=Handbook239>Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 239</ref> In April 1223 Neville was ordered by Pope Honorius III to cease using the Great Seal on the command of the justiciar or other members of the minority council, but instead to do so only at the king's command,<ref name=Minority301>Carpenter Minority of Henry III pp. 301–302</ref> essentially ending the royal minority. But it did not finally end until December 1223, and even then, as the king had not yet been officially declared of age, the ban on grants without a fixed time limit remained in force.<ref name=Minority321>Carpenter Minority of Henry III pp. 321–322</ref>

Lord Chancellor

File:At Lincoln's Inn 2023 022.jpg

Engraving and coat of arms above a fireplace at Lincoln's Inn, London

Neville was named Lord Chancellor of England on 17 May 1226.<ref name=Handbook85/> The appointment was made by the great council during the minority of King Henry III, and Neville obtained a grant of the office for life.<ref name=Chrimes87>Chrimes Introduction p. 87</ref> Unlike Hubert de Burgh, who lost his offices when Henry III attained his majority and took control of the government,Template:Efn Neville remained chancellor with only slight disagreements until 1238,<ref name=Chrimes109/> although a confirmation of the lifetime nature of his tenure was made in 1232.<ref name=Roches297>Vincent Peter des Roches p. 297</ref> Under Neville, the first signs that the chancery was becoming a department of the government, rather than just a royal department that was part of the royal household, began to emerge.<ref name=Pegues538>Pegues "Clericus in Legal Administration" English Historical Review p. 538</ref> The contemporary writer Matthew Paris praised Neville for his actions as chancellor, claiming that he treated all equally and was transparent in discharging his duties, which was important, as the chancellor's office controlled access to the king.<ref name=Mastery351>Carpenter Struggle for Mastery pp. 351–352</ref> Neville oversaw a number of changes in chancery procedures, splitting off the liberate rolls from the letters close in 1226 and reviving the keeping of the Charter Rolls in 1227. He also issued writs on his own authority, the so-called writs de cursu.<ref name=DNB/> Neville received a number of gifts and privileges from the king while chancellor, including the right of exemption from the seizure of his possessions by any royal or other secular official. The king also agreed not to interfere with the execution of Neville's last will and testament.<ref name=Family67/>

Surviving letters from the precentor of Chichester Cathedral beg the bishop to come to Chichester over Easter to celebrate the Easter Mass and to deal with pressing issues in the diocese. Neville's duties as chancellor kept him from attending to much of the business of his diocese,<ref name=Moorman164>Moorman Church Life pp. 164–165</ref> but he employed clerics to administer the ecclesiastical offices of his diocese and in general his relationship with his cathedral chapter appears to have been good. He employed a teacher of theology for his cathedral, and supported students at schools in Lincoln, Oxford, and Douai.<ref name=DNB/> He worked to protect the rights, lands, and privileges of his diocese and cathedral chapter from encroachment by others, both secular and clerical. On one occasion he threatened to excommunicate the Earl of Arundel or the earl's men for hunting on land the bishop considered to be his own.<ref name=Family77>Young Making of the Neville Family pp. 77–78</ref>

Neville was elected Archbishop of Canterbury on about 24 September 1231 by the monks of Canterbury, but his election was quashed in early 1232 by Pope Gregory IX,<ref name=DNB/><ref name=Handbook233>Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 233</ref> on the grounds that Neville was an {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or illiterate, even though he had been found to be literatus in 1214 when appointed dean; literatus in this sense meant "learned" rather than "literate".<ref name=Clanchy229>Clanchy From Memory to Written Record p. 229</ref> Other concerns were that Simon Langton, the Archdeacon of Canterbury, described Neville as a courtier instead of a true priest, and claimed that Neville's goal was to free England from its feudal ties to the papacy.<ref name=DNB/>

As well as his chancery duties, Neville occasionally sat with the barons of the exchequer or with royal justices, and he had a role in the appointment of royal justices. In 1230 he was regent of England while Henry was absent in France,<ref name=DNB/> during which time he met with Llywelyn the Great in an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate an agreement that would resolve the disputes between the English and the Welsh.<ref name=Family73>Young Making of the Neville Family p. 73</ref> In 1232, during the events surrounding the de Burgh's downfall Neville, along with Ranulf, the Earl of Chester, urged that de Burgh should not be dragged from sanctuary to face the royal accusations against him. Neville's pleas prevailed for a time, but eventually de Burgh was removed from sanctuary.<ref name=Roches314>Vincent Peter des Roches pp. 314–315</ref>

The king attempted to deprive Neville of the chancellorship in 1236, which the bishop countered by claiming that as he had been appointed during the royal minority with the consent of the great council, only the council could dismiss him.<ref name=Mastery358>Carpenter Struggle for Mastery p. 358</ref> In 1238 the cathedral chapter of the see of Winchester elected as Bishop of Winchester first William de Raley in opposition to the king's choice of William the Bishop of Valence, and when that election was quashed, they elected Neville. His election to Winchester was quashed in 1239,<ref name=BHOChich/> leading to a quarrel with Henry III.<ref name=Chrimes109/> Valence was the uncle of Eleanor of Provence, whom Henry had married in 1236. Valence had gained much influence with the king quite quickly, and worked to eliminate the older royal officials and institute reforms in the royal administration. This, along with the disputed election to Winchester, was the cause of Neville's fall from favour.<ref name=Plant88>Prestwich Plantagenet England pp. 88–90</ref> Although Henry deprived Neville of the custody of the Great Seal from 1238 until 1242, Neville retained the title of chancellor until his death,<ref name=Chrimes109/> thus entitling him to the revenues he would normally have received from the office.<ref name=Govern190>Warren Governance of Norman and Angevin England p. 190</ref> The Great Seal itself was held by a number of minor officials, probably to allow Henry greater control over its use by preventing the establishment of another powerful official who might interfere with his plans.<ref name=Maddicott169>Maddicott Origins of the English Parliament pp. 169–170</ref> But they lacked the power base that Neville had possessed, which enabled him to oppose the king.<ref name=Maddicott178>Maddicott Origins of the English Parliament p. 178</ref>

In 1239 Neville may have been offered the custody of the Great Seal, which he refused. In May 1242 Neville was once again responsible for the seal while Henry was in France, a responsibility apparently shared with the regent.Template:Efn After the king's return in September 1243 Neville did seal a few documents with the Great Seal until his death a few months later.<ref name=DNB/>

Death and writings

File:High altar at Chichester Cathedral.JPG

Ralph Neville was buried behind the high altar in Chichester Cathedral

Neville died between 1 and 4 February 1244<ref name=Handbook239/> at the palace he had built in London in what was then New Street, subsequently renamed Chancery Lane because of his being Lord Chancellor. He was buried in Chichester Cathedral, behind the high altar.<ref name=DNB/> After Neville's death Matthew Paris described him as "a man laudable in all things, and a pillar of fidelity in the business of the kingdom and the king".<ref name=QFamily79>Quoted in Young Making of the Neville Family p. 79</ref> Some of the provisions of his will are known: he left some jewellery and gems to the king, some of his lands were given to his successors as bishop, and other lands and items were bequeathed to his cathedral chapter at Chichester. He also endowed a distribution of bread to the poor residents of Chichester, a gift that continued into the 20th century.<ref name=DNB/> Neville also endowed a chapel near Chichester with two clergy to pray for the soul of King John.<ref name=Family65>Young Making of the Neville Family p. 65</ref>

Many of Neville's letters survive, as they were collected by him during his lifetime. They are currently in the National Archives of the United Kingdom, having previously formed part of the Public Record Office.<ref name=DNB/> The letters were published in Sussex Archaeological Collections volume 3 in 1850 and were edited by William Henry Blaauw.<ref name=Moormanxv>Moorman Church Life p. xv</ref> Neville was instrumental in promoting the career of his brother William,<ref name=DNB/> but non-relatives also benefited from his patronage: one of Neville's clerks, Silvester de Everdon, was a member of the chancery until 1246, when he was selected as Bishop of Carlisle.<ref name=Plant62>Prestwich Plantagenet England p. 62</ref>

References

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