Ramavataram
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The Ramavataram, popularly referred to as Kamba Ramayanam, is a Tamil epic that was written by the Tamil poet Kambar during the 12th century. Based on Valmiki's Ramayana (which is in Sanskrit), the story describes the legend of King Rama of Ayodhya. However, the Ramavataram is different from the Sanskrit version in many aspects – both in spiritual concepts and in the specifics of the storyline.<ref name="Sundaram2002">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Aiyar">Template:Cite book</ref> This historic work is considered by both Tamil scholars and the general public as one of the greatest literary works in Tamil literature.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Kambar wrote this epic with the patronage of Thiruvennai Nallur Sadayappa Vallal, a chieftain of the Pannai lineage.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In gratitude to his patron, Kamban references his name once in every 1,000 verses.
Early references in Tamil literatureEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Even before Kambar wrote the Ramavataram in Tamil in the 12 century CE, there are many ancient references to the story of Ramayana, implying that the story was familiar in the Tamil lands even before the Common Era. References to the story can be found in the Sangam literature of Akanaṉūṟu,(dated 200 BCE–300 CE)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Purananuru (dated 200 BCE–300 CE),<ref name="Hart">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the twin epics of Silappatikaram (dated 6th century CE)<ref name="VRRDikshitar">Template:Cite book</ref> and Manimekalai,<ref name="PPP">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="RBKA">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Daniélou">Template:Cite book</ref> and the Alvar literature of Kulasekhara Alvar, Thirumangai Alvar, Andal and Nammalvar (dated between 8th and 10th centuries CE).<ref name="Hooper">Template:Cite book</ref>
StructureEdit
The book is divided into six chapters, called Kandam in Tamil. The Kandams are further divided into 113 sections called Padalam (படலம்) in Tamil. These 113 sections contain approximately 10569 verses of the epic.<ref name="Mukherjee1998">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Bala Kandam (Chapter: Childhood)
- Ayodhya Kandam (Chapter: Ayodhya)
- Aranya Kandam (Chapter: Forest)
- Kishkindha Kandam (Chapter: Kishkindha)
- Sundara Kandam (Chapter: Beautiful)
- Yuddha Kandam (Chapter: War)<ref name="Mudaliyar">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="GLHart">Template:Cite book</ref>
CompilationEdit
As with many historic compilations, it was very difficult to discard the interpolations and addendum which have been added over a period of time to the original. This task was taken up a committee of scholars headed by T. P. Meenakshisundaram called the Kamban Kazhagam (Kamban Academy). The compilation published by this committee in 1976 is what is used as the standard today. Valmiki's Ramayana in Sanskrit has seven chapters. The Tamil poet Ottakoothar<ref>The seventh kandam, (last chapter) Uttara Kandam of the Tamil epic Ramayanam was written by Ottakoothar. Tamil Ramayana's Uttara Kandam: page 59 Tamil Virtual University. Retrieved 26 April 2022.</ref> wrote Uttara Kandam, the seventh (last chapter) kandam of the Tamil epic Ramayanam.
Literary significanceEdit
Kamban's use of Virutham (Sanskrit: vṛttam) and Santham (Sanskrit: chandas) in various verses is effective in bringing out the emotion and mood for storytelling. He achieves the Virutham and Santham by effective choice of words.Template:Citation needed
Religious significanceEdit
This epic is read by many Hindus during prayers. In some households, the entire epic is read once during the Tamil calendar's month of Aadi (mid-July to mid-August). It is also read in Hindu Temples and other religious associations. On many occasions, Kambar talks about surrendering to Rama, who is a manifestation of Vishnu himself.Template:Citation needed
The chapter Sundara Kandam is considered very auspicious and is the most popular. The chapter talks about the hardships faced by the main characters in the epic, their practice of restraint, and their hopes for a better tomorrow.Template:Citation needed
TranslationsEdit
Kamba Ramayanam has been translated into English by P. S. Sundaram.<ref name="Penguin_KambaRamayana">Template:Cite book</ref> Nityananda Mohapatra translated the Tamil work into Odia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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- Tamil Virtual University: Kamba Ramayanam
- Tamil literature repository: Kamba Ramayanam at Project Madurai
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