Regions of Europe
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Europe is often divided into regions and subregions based on geographical, cultural or historical factors. Since there is no universal agreement on Europe's regional composition, the placement of individual countries may vary based on criteria being used. For instance, the Balkans is a distinct geographical region within Europe, but individual countries may alternatively be grouped into Southeastern, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe.
Regional affiliation of countries may also evolve over time. Malta was considered an island of North Africa for centuries,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but is now considered a part of Southern Europe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The exact placement of the Caucasus has also varied since classical antiquity<ref>Histories 4.38. Cf. James Rennell, The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, p. 244</ref> and is now regarded by many as a distinct region within or partly in Europe.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica”, Caucasus, June 2021: “another scheme identifies the Aras River and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe.”</ref> Greenland, and partially Iceland, is geographically a part of North America but has been politically and culturally influenced by Northern European countries for more than a millennium.<ref>Dale Mackenzie Brown. "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings" Template:Webarchive. Archaeological Institute of America: 28 February 2000</ref> As such, several regions are often included as belonging to a Greater Europe, including Anatolia, Cyprus, the South Caucasus, Siberia, Asian Kazakhstan (the part of Kazakhstan located east of European Kazakhstan), Greenland, as well as the overseas territories of EU member states.
SubregionsEdit
Groupings by compass directions are the hardest to define in Europe, since there are a few calculations of the midpoint of Europe (among other issues), and the pure geographical criteria of "east" and "west" are often confused with the political meaning these words acquired during the Cold War era.
Some typical geographical subregions of Europe include:
Note: There is no universally agreed definition for continental subregions. Depending on the source, some of the subregions, such as Central Europe or South-eastern Europe, can be listed as first-tier subregions. Some transregional countries, such as Romania or the United Kingdom, can be included in multiple subregions.
Common geopolitical subregions of Europe include:
Two Europes
Three Europes<ref>F. Braudel, Preface to Szucs J., Les trois Europes, Paris 1990</ref>
Historical divisionsEdit
Europe can be divided along many differing historical lines, normally corresponding to those parts that were inside or outside a particular cultural phenomenon, empire or political division. The areas varied at different times, and so it is arguable as to which were part of some common historical entity (e.g., were Germany or Britain part of Roman Europe as they were only partly and relatively briefly part of the Empire—or were the countries of the former communist Yugoslavia part of the Eastern Bloc, since it was not in the Warsaw Pact).Template:Citation needed
- Greek East and Latin West: those parts that fell into the eastern (Byzantine) and Western Roman Empires.Template:Citation needed
- Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe: those parts on either side of the Great Schism.Template:Citation needed
- After Reformation: countries of Western Christianity (Catholic and Protestant Churches) and Eastern Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox churches and the Eastern Catholic Churches)Template:Citation needed
- Protestant and Catholic Europe: those parts that, in the main, left the Catholic Church during the Reformation contrasted with those that did not.Template:Citation needed
- Communist Europe (Eastern Bloc), Capitalist Europe (Western Bloc): those parts on either side of the Iron Curtain and third world countries (neutral and non-aligned during the Cold War).Template:Citation needed
ContemporaryEdit
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Economic and politicalEdit
- Countries that are member states of the political and economic bloc (27 as of 2024):
- Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.
- An alliance of Mediterranean countries within EU:
- Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain.
- Countries that have adopted the euro as their currency:
- Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Vatican City.
- A free trade organisation that operates in parallel with, and is linked by treaties to, the EU:
- Liechtenstein, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland.
- A free trade agreement among non-EU members:
- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo (represented by UNMIK), Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia.
- A borderless zone created by the Schengen Agreements, comprising:
- Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden; in addition, by separate agreements Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland fully apply the provisions of the Schengen acquis.
- A customs union of all the member states of the European Union (EU) and some neighbouring countries:
- Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden. Andorra, San Marino, and Turkey are each in customs union with the EU's customs territory.
- An economic union of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. Moldova and Uzbekistan hold observer status.
- A free trade agreement among the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, and Tajikistan.
- A forum of regional economic cooperation:
- Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.
Other politicalEdit
- An international organisation whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe, and to promote European culture.
- It has 46 member states, with approximately 820 million people.
- One of five United Nations regional groups
- Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
- A group of former Soviet Eastern European countries cooperating with the EU:
- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.
- An intergovernmental forum for political and strategic discussions about the future of Europe, with participants from 47 European countries.
- OECD Europe countries
- European countries that are a part of the OECD:
- Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom.
- A forum of regional cooperation including:
- Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
- A group of former Soviet disputed states in Eastern Europe:
- Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.
- The world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, with 57 participating states mostly in the Northern Hemisphere.
- A cultural and political alliance of four Central European states for the purposes of furthering their European integration, as well as for advancing military, economic and energy cooperation with one another:
- Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary.
- An Interreg IIIA project to establish a multinational region in Central Europe encompassing four European countries: Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.
- Promotes Central European cooperation.
GeographicalEdit
PeninsulasEdit
- Apennine Peninsula (Italian Peninsula)
- Located in the south of Europe, the Apennine Peninsula contains the states of Italy, San Marino, and Vatican City
- The Balkan Peninsula is located in Southeastern Europe and the following countries and territories occupy land on the peninsula either exclusively or partially:
- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia (approximately the southern half), Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania (the Dobrudja region), Serbia, Slovenia (the coastal section), and Turkey (East Thrace)Template:Citation needed
- Located in the north of Europe, including Finland, Norway, Sweden, and part of RussiaTemplate:Citation needed
- Located in Southwestern Europe, this peninsula contains Andorra, Gibraltar, Portugal, Spain, and a small part of FranceTemplate:Citation needed
- Jutland of Denmark (main part of the country excluding its islands) and the Schleswig-Holstein region of GermanyTemplate:Citation needed
- Located in the north of Europe, including Norway, Sweden, and part of FinlandTemplate:Citation needed
RegionalEdit
- Atlantic Europe
- Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, France, western Scandinavia and Germany.
- States that occupy the Alps:
- Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Germany, France, and ItalyTemplate:Citation needed
- Balkans region
- In its broadest sense, encompasses Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and European Turkey
- Baltic Rim region
- Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and SwedenTemplate:Citation needed
- The term Baltic states emerged after World War I referring to the new sovereign states that emerged on the east coast of the Baltic Sea: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Since World War II, the term has been used for just Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.<ref name="Bojtar">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Guernsey, The Isle of Man, the Republic of Ireland, Jersey and the United Kingdom
- Carpathian states
- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia; also the disputed territories of Abkhazia, and South OssetiaTemplate:Citation needed
- Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, parts of France, and parts of GermanyTemplate:Citation needed
- Benelux: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
- Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Greenland, and IcelandTemplate:Citation needed
- Scandinavia: Sweden, Norway, DenmarkTemplate:Citation needed
- Fennoscandia: Finland, Sweden, Norway and Karelia; a geological region defined by the Fennoscandian shieldTemplate:Citation needed
- States that lie along the River Danube:
- Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and UkraineTemplate:Citation needed
- Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, AlbaniaTemplate:Citation needed
- Serbia, Kosovo and Italy occupy a small portion of the Dinaric Alps.Template:Citation needed
- Chain of Islands in the North Atlantic
- Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira; also including Cape Verde, an independent African nation.Template:Citation needed
- Mediterranean countries
- Mediterranean nations are European countries on the Mediterranean Basin:
- Portugal, Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Slovenia, San Marino, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, and the British territory of GibraltarTemplate:Citation needed
- The Black Sea nations (although some sections lie within Asia) are:
- Abkhazia (de facto state), Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and UkraineTemplate:Citation needed
- The world's largest lake which forms a section of the Asian-European border has five countries occupying its shore. Iran and Turkmenistan lie entirely within Asia while the following countries are transcontinental and have sovereignty over the Caspian Sea's European sector:
- Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and RussiaTemplate:Citation needed
Other groupingsEdit
- Blue Banana: describing the concentration of the wealth/economic productivity of Europe in a banana-shaped band running from north west England, London, through Benelux, eastern France, western Germany to northern Italy.
See alsoEdit
- Assembly of European Regions
- Enlargement of the European Union
- European integration
- Geography of Europe
- Politics of Europe
- Politics of the European Union
- Potential enlargement of the European Union
- United Nations geoscheme for Europe
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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